Part 3

"Roundaboutness"--Some advantages of this characteristic--Illustrations--Study of English for direct and accurate habits of thought--Rapid modern growth of directness--"Nominality"--All Japanese history an illustration--The Imperial rule only nominal--The daimyo as a figure-head--"Nominality" in ordinary life--In family relations--Illustrations in Christian work--A "nominal" express train--"Nominality" and the social order, 210

XIX. INTELLECTUALITY

Do Japanese lack the higher mental faculties?--Evidence of inventions--Testimony of foreign teachers--Japanese students, at home and abroad--Readiness in public speech--Powers of generalization in primitive Japan--"Ri" and "Ki," "In" and "Yo"--Japanese use of Chinese generalized philosophical terms--Generalization and the social order--Defective explanation of puerile Oriental science--Relation to the mechanical memory method of education--High intellectuality dependent on social order, 218

XX. PHILOSOPHICAL ABILITY

Do Japanese lack philosophical ability?--Some opinions--Some distinctions--Japanese interest in metaphysical problems--Buddhist and Confucian metaphysics--Metaphysics and ethics--Japanese students of Occidental philosophy--A personal experience--"The little philosopher"--A Buddhist priest--Rarity of original philosophical ability and even interest--Philosophical ability and the social order in the West, 225

XXI. IMAGINATION

Some criticisms of Japanese mental traits--Wide range of imaginative activity--Some salient points--Unbalanced imaginative development--Prosaic matter-of-factness--Visionariness--Impractical idealism--Illustrations--An evangelist--A principal--Visionariness in Christian work--Visionariness in national ambition--Imagination and optimism--Mr. Lowell's opinion criticised--Fancy and imagination--Caricature--Imagination and imitation--Sociological interpretation of visionariness--And of prosaic matter-of-factness--Communalism and the higher mental powers--Suppression of the constructive imagination--Racial intellectual characteristics are social rather than inherent, 233

XXII. MORAL IDEALS

Loyalty and filial piety as moral ideals--Quotations from an ancient moralist, Muro Kyuso--On the heavenly origin of moral teaching--On self-control--Knowledge comes through obedience--On the impurity of ancient literature--On the ideal of the samurai in relation to trade--Old Japan combined statute and ethical law--"The testament of Iyeyasu"--Ohashi's condemnation of Western learning for its impiety--Japanese moral ideals were communal--Truthfulness undeveloped--Relations of samurai to tradesman--The business standards are changing with the social order--Ancient Occidental contempt for trade--Plato and Aristotle, 249

XXIII. MORAL IDEALS (Continued)

The social position of woman--Valuation of the individual--Confucian and Buddhistic teaching in regard to concubinage and polygamy--Sociological interpretation--Japan not exceptional--Actual morality of Old Japan--Modern growth of immorality--Note on the "Social Evil"--No ancient teaching in regard to masculine chastity--Mr. Hearn's mistaken contention--Filial obedience and prostitution--How could the social order produce two different moral ideals?--The new Civil Code on marriage--Divorce--Statistics--Modern advance of woman--Significance of the Imperial Silver Wedding--The Wedding of the Prince Imperial--Relation of Buddhism and Confucianism to moral ideals and practice--The new spirit of Buddhism--Christian influence on Shinto; Tenri Kyo--The ancient moralists confined their attention to the rulers--The Imperial Edict in regard to Moral Education, 258

XXIV. MORAL PRACTICE

The publicity of Japanese life--Public bathing--Personal experience at a hot-spring--Mr. Hearn on privacy--Individualism and variation from the moral standard--Standards advancing--Revenge--Modern liberty of travel--Increase of wealth--Increasing luxury and vice--Increase of concubinage--Native discussions--Statistics--Business honesty--A native paper quoted--Some experiences with Christians--Testimony of a Japanese consul--Difference of gifts to Buddhist and to Christian institutions--Christian condemnation of Doshisha mismanagement--Misappropriation of trust funds in the West--Business honesty and the social order--Fitness of Christianity to the new social order--A summary--Communal virtues--Individual Vices--The authority of the moral ideal--Moral characteristics are not inherent, but social, in nature, 273

XXV. ARE THE JAPANESE RELIGIOUS?

Prof. Pfleiderer's view--Percival Lowell's definition of religion--Japanese appearance of irreligion due to many facts--Skeptical attitude of Confucius towards the gods--Ready acceptance of Western agnosticism--Prof. Chamberlain's assertion that the Japanese take their religion lightly--Statements concerning religion by Messrs. Fukuzawa, Kato, and Ito--Statements of Japanese irreligion are not to be lightly accepted--Incompetence of many critics--We must study all the religious phenomena--Pilgrimages--Statistics--Mr. Lowell's criticism of "peripatetic picnic parties"--Is religion necessarily gloomy?--God and Buddha shelves universal in Japan--Temples and shrines--Statistics, 286

XXVI. SOME RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA

Stoical training conceals religious emotions--The earnestness of many suppliants--Buddhistic and Shinto practice of religious ecstasy--The revolt from Buddhism a religious movement--Muro Kyu-so quoted--"Heaven's Way"--"God's omnipresence"--Pre-Christian teachers of Christian truth--Interpretation of modern irreligious phenomena--Japanese apparent lack of reverence--Not an inherent racial characteristic--Sketch of Japanese religious history--Shinto--Buddhism--Confucianism--Christianity--Roman Catholicism--Protestantism--Religious characteristics are social, not essential or racial, 296

XXVII. SOME RELIGIOUS CONCEPTIONS

Japanese conceptions as to deity--The number and relation of the gods to the universe--Did the Japanese have the monotheistic conception?--Attractiveness of Christian monotheism--Confucian and Buddhist monism--Religious conception of man--Conception of sin--Defective terminology--Relation of sin to salvation--"Holy water"--Holy towels and the spread of disease--The slight connection between physical and moral pollution--W.E. Griffis quoted--Exaggerated cleanliness of the Japanese--Public bathing houses--Consciousness of sin in the sixteenth century--A recent experience--Doctrine of the future life--Salvation from fate--"Ingwa"--These are important doctrines--"Mei" (Heaven's decree)--Japan not unique--Sociological interpretations of religious characteristics, 310

XXVIII. SOME RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

Loyalty and filial piety as religious phenomena--Gratitude as a religions trait--Hearn quoted--Unpleasant experiences of ingratitude--Modern suppression of phallicism--Brothels and prostitutes at popular shrines--The failure of higher ethnic faiths to antagonize the lower--Suppression of phallicism due to Western opinion--The significance of this suppression to sociological theory--Religious liberty--Some history--Inconsistent attitude of the Educational Department--Virtual establishment of compulsory state religion--Review and summary--The Japanese ready learners of foreign religions--The significance of this to sociology--Japanese future religion is to be Christianity, 322

XXIX. SOME PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL EVOLUTION

Progress is from smaller to larger communities--Arrest of development--The necessity of individualism--The relation of communal to individual development--A possible misunderstanding--The problem of distribution--Personality, 332

XXX. ARE THE JAPANESE IMPERSONAL?

Assertion of Oriental impersonality--Quotations from Percival Lowell--Defective and contradictory definitions--Arguments for impersonality resting on mistaken interpretations--Children's festivals--Occidental and Oriental method of counting ages--Argument for impersonality from Japanese art--From the characteristics of the Japanese family--The bearing of divorce on this argument--Do Japanese "fall in love"?--Suicide and murder for love--Occidental approval and Oriental condemnation of "falling in love"--Sociological significance of divorce and of "falling in love," 344

XXXI. THE JAPANESE NOT IMPERSONAL

The problem stated--Definitions--Remarks on definitions--Characteristics of a person--Impersonality defined--A preliminary summary statement--Definitions of Communalism and Individualism--The argument for "impersonality" from Japanese politeness--Some difficulties of this interpretation--The sociological interpretation of politeness--The significance of Japanese sensitiveness--Altruism as a proof of impersonality--Japanese selfishness and self-assertiveness--Distinction between communal and individualistic altruism--Deficiency of personal pronouns as a proof of impersonality--A possible counter-argument--Substitutes for personal pronouns--Many personal words in Japanese--Origin of pronouns, personal and others--The relation of the social order to the use of personal pronouns--Japanese conceive Nationality only through Personality--"Strong" and "weak" personality--Strong personalities in Japan--Feudalism and strong personalities, 356

XXXII. IS BUDDHISM IMPERSONAL?