PART III. The World of Action

THE WORLD OF ACTION

XX. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL 427

Object of discussion, 427. Sec. 1. Growth of individuality through social organizations:--Emancipation from custom, 428; double movement towards individuality and complex associations, 429; morality and legality, 432; two-fold contribution of social environment to individual morality, 433; moral value of the state, 434. Sec. 2. Responsibility and freedom:--Liability, 436; freedom as exemption and as power, 437; legal and moral freedom, 438. Sec. 3. Rights and obligations:--Their definition, 439; they are correlative, 440; physical rights, 442; limitations put upon them by war and punishment, 443; by poverty, 444; mental rights, 445; limitations to freedom of thought and expression, 446; education, 448.

XXI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL STATE 451

Sec. 1. Civil rights and obligations:--Their definition, 451; their classes, 452; significance of established remedies for wrongs, 454. Sec. 2. Development of civil rights:--Contrast with savage age justice, 456; social harm versus metaphysical evil, 457; recognition of accident and intent, 459; of character and circumstances, 460; of mental incapacity, 462; significance of negligence and carelessness, 464; conflict of substantial and technical justice, 465; relations of the legal and moral, 467; reform of criminal procedure necessary, 468; also of punitive methods, 470; and of civil administration, 471. Sec. 3. Political rights and obligations:--Significance of the state, 473; distrust of government, 474; indifference to politics, 476; political corruption, 477; reform of partisan machinery, 478; of governmental machinery, 479; constructive social legislation, 480; a federated humanity, 481. Sec. 4. The moral criterion of political activity:--Its statement, 482; the individualistic formula, 483; the collectivistic formula, 484.

XXII. THE ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE 486

Sec. 1. General analysis:--The economic in relation to happiness, 487; relation to character, 488; social aspects, 491. Sec. 2. The problem set by the new economic order:--Collective and impersonal organizations, 495; readjustments required, 496. Sec. 3. The agencies for carrying on commerce and industry:--Early agencies, 497; the business enterprise, 498; the labor union, 499; reversion to group morality, 500; members and management, 500; employer and employed, 501; relations to the public, 502; to the law, 503. Sec. 4. The methods of production, exchange, and valuation:--The machine, 507; basis of valuation, 508. Sec. 5. The factors which aid ethical reconstruction:--Principles more easily seen, 511.

XXIII. SOME PRINCIPLES IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER 514

1. Wealth subordinate to personality, 514. 2. Wealth and activity, 514. 3. Wealth and public service, 515. 4. A change demanded from individual to collective morality, 517. 5. Personal responsibility, 519. 6. Publicity and legal control, 520. 7. Democracy and distribution, 521.

XXIV. UNSETTLED PROBLEMS IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER 523

Sec. 1. Individualism and socialism:--General statement, 523; equal opportunity, 526. Sec. 2. Individualism or free contract analyzed; its values:--Efficiency, 527; initiative, 527; regulation of production, 528. Sec. 3. Criticisms upon individualism:--It does not secure real freedom, 528; nor justice, 530; competition tends to destroy itself, 531; position of the aristocratic individualists, 532.

XXV. UNSETTLED PROBLEMS IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER (CONTINUED) 536

Sec. 4. The theory of public agency and control, 536. Sec. 5. Society as agency of production:--Charges against private management, 537; corruption, 538; conditions of labor, 540; collective agency not necessarily social, 544. Sec. 6. Theories of just distribution:--Individualistic theory, 546; equal division, 547; a working programme, 548. Sec. 7. Ownership and use of property:--Defects in the present system, 551. Sec. 8. Present tendencies:--Individualistic character of the Constitution, 554; increased recognition of public welfare, 555; social justice through economic, social, and scientific progress, 557. Sec. 9. Three special problems:--The open versus the closed shop, 559; the capitalization of corporations, 561; the unearned increment, 564. Appendix: Prof. Seager's programme of social legislation, 566.

XXVI. THE FAMILY 571

Sec. 1. Historical antecedents of the modern family:--Maternal type, 572; paternal type, 572; influence of the church, 576. Sec. 2. The psychological basis of the family:--Emotional and instinctive basis, 578; common will, 580; parenthood, 581; social and religious factors, 582; the children, 582. Sec. 3. General elements of strain in family relations:--Differences between the sexes in temperament and occupation, 584; in attitude toward the family, 587; differences between parents and children, 589. Sec. 4. Special conditions which give rise to present problems:--The economic factors, 590; cultural and political factors, 593. Sec. 5. Unsettled problems:--Economic problems, 594; the dilemma between the domestic life and occupations outside the home, 595; the family as consumer, 598. Sec. 6. Unsettled problems:--Political problems, authority within the family, 599; equality or inequality, 600; isolation not the solution, 602; authority over the family, divorce, 603; general law of social health, 605; conclusion, 605.

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ETHICS