PART I. The Beginnings and Growth of Morality

THE BEGINNINGS AND GROWTH OF MORALITY

II. EARLY GROUP LIFE 17

Sec. 1. Typical facts of group life:--Primitive unity and solidarity, 17. Sec. 2. Kinship and household groups:--The kinship group, 21; the family or household group, 23. Sec. 3. Kinship and family groups as economic and industrial units:--The land and the group, 24; movable goods, 25. Sec. 4. Kinship and family groups as political bodies:--Their control over the individual, 26; rights and responsibility, 27. Sec. 5. The kinship or household as a religious unit:--Totem groups, 30; ancestral religion, 31. Sec. 6. Age and sex groups, 32. Sec. 7. Moral significance of the group, 34.

III. THE RATIONALIZING AND SOCIALIZING AGENCIES IN EARLY SOCIETY 37

Sec. 1. Three levels of conduct:--Conduct as instinctive and governed by primal needs, regulated by society's standards, and by personal standards, 37. Sec. 2. Rationalizing agencies: Work, 40; arts and crafts, 41; war, 42. Sec. 3. Socializing agencies:--Cooperation, 42; art, 45. Sec. 4. Family life as idealizing and socializing agency, 47. Sec. 5. Moral interpretation of this first level, 49.

IV. GROUP MORALITY--CUSTOMS OR MORES 51

Sec. 1. Meaning, authority, and origin of customs, 51. Sec. 2. Means of enforcing custom:--Public approval, taboos, rituals, force, 54. Sec. 3. Conditions which render group control conscious:--Educational customs, 57; law and justice, 59; danger or crisis, 64. Sec. 4. Values and defects of customary morality:--Standards, motives, content, organization of character, 68.

V. FROM CUSTOM TO CONSCIENCE; FROM GROUP MORALITY TO PERSONAL MORALITY 73

Sec. 1. Contrast and collision, 73. Sec. 2. Sociological agencies in the transition:--Economic forces, 76; science and the arts, 78; military forces, 80; religious forces, 81. Sec. 3. Psychological agencies:--Sex, 81; private property, 83; struggles for mastery and liberty, 84; honor and esteem, 85. Sec. 4. Positive reconstruction, 89.

VI. THE HEBREW MORAL DEVELOPMENT 91

Sec. 1. General character and determining principles:--The Hebrew and the Greek, 91; Political and economic factors, 92. Sec. 2. Religious agencies:--Covenant, 94; personal law-giver, 95; cultus, 97; prophets, 99; the kingdom, 100. Sec. 3. Moral conceptions attained:--Righteousness and sin, 102; responsibility, 104; purity of motive, 105; the ideal of "life," 107; the social ideal, 108.

VII. THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEKS 111

Sec. 1. The fundamental notes:--Convention versus nature, 111; measure, 112; good and just, 113. Sec. 2. Intellectual forces of individualism:--The scientific spirit, 114. Sec. 3. Commercial and political individualism:--Class interests, 119; why obey laws? 122. Sec. 4. Individualism and ethical theory:--The question formulated, 124; individualistic theories, 126. Sec. 5. The deeper view of nature and the good, of the individual and the social order:--Aristotle on the natural, 127; Plato's ideal state, 129; passion or reason, 131; eudaemonism and the mean, 134; man and the cosmos, 135. Sec. 6. The conception of the ideal:--Contrast with the actual, 136; ethical significance, 138. Sec. 7. The conception of the self, of character and responsibility:--The poets, 138; Plato and the Stoics, 140.

VIII. THE MODERN PERIOD 142

Sec. 1. The mediaeval ideals:--Groups and class ideals, 143; the church ideal, 145. Sec. 2. Main lines of modern development, 147. Sec. 3. The old and new in the beginnings of individualism, 149. Sec. 4. Individualism in the progress of liberty and democracy:--Rights, 151. Sec. 5. Individualism as affected by the development of industry, commerce, and art:--Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems, 159. Sec. 6. The individual and the development of intelligence:--The Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165; the present significance of scientific method, 167.

IX. A GENERAL COMPARISON OF CUSTOMARY AND REFLECTIVE MORALITY 171

Sec. 1. Elements of agreement and continuity:--Regime of custom, 172; persistence of group morality, 173; origin of ethical terms, 175. Sec. 2. Elements of contrast:--Differentiation of the moral, 177; observing versus reflecting, 178; the higher law, 181; deepening of meaning, 182. Sec. 3. Opposition between individual and social aims and standards:--Withdrawal from the social order, 184; individual emancipation, 186. Sec. 4. Effects upon the individual character:--Increased possibilities of evil as well as of good, 187. Sec. 5. Moral differentiation and the social order:--Effects on the family, 193; on industry and government, 194; on religion, 195; general relation of religion to morality, 197.