Appendix 1._

Soule--How to plan a library building for library work. Boston, 1912.

Stansbury--Library buildings from a librarian’s standpoint. P.L. November, 1906, p. 495.

Tilton--Scientific library planning. L.J. September, 1912, p. 497.

Walter--Interior decoration of libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 10, 1908, pp. 649-659.

QUESTIONS.

1. Plan a combined children’s open-access lending library and reading room to accommodate 120 children at a time, with 2 assistants on duty.

2. Tabulate the features or essentials you would look for in selecting a site for a public library.

3. Give a specification of the principal items of furniture required for a library estimated to cost £20,000.

4. Describe three different varieties of adjustable shelving; state which you would like the best and why.

5. Name the principal conditions which should govern an architectural competition for a Central library building to cost £50,000.

6. Write a brief essay on the organisation and equipment of a combined reference library and reading room for business men.

Lesson 4.

BOOK-BUYING AND ACCESSION METHODS.

A knowledge of book purchase and accession methods is necessary in organising and administering a library service. The sources of supply, and the names of the different classes of publishers and booksellers should be known to all students. The steps to be taken in purchasing, say, 10,000 volumes, and what classes of books to buy second-hand should be carefully considered. Get acquainted with the methods of treating donations, and the principles governing the replacement of withdrawals should be known. Constant revision of stock is necessary in all libraries and advantage should be taken of the special opportunity which is presented whenever a new catalogue is contemplated. Note the difference between “reprints” and “new editions.” The recognised rules and principles on what to withdraw or discard should be carefully read.

READING LIST.

Aldred--Book selection and rejection. L.A.R. Vol. 3, 1901, pp. 143-156.

Baker--Book selection. L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 17-29.

Baker--Gift horses. L.A.R. Vol 11, 1909, pp. 422-423.

Bostwick--American Public Library. 3rd edition, pp. 148-161.

Brown--Book selection. L.W. Vol. 26, 1923-24, pp. 98-104.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1907 edition. Sects. 215-235; 489-495. 1919 edition, Sects. 207-229.

Clarke--Scientific text-books, and the disposal of editions out-of-date. L. Vol. 6, 1894, pp. 164-169.

Doubleday--Weeding out. L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 327-335.

Duncan--Standardization in accession methods. L.W. Vol. 9, 1906-07, pp. 83-87.

Formby--Donations. L. Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 197-202.

Hooper--Order and accession department. Preprint of A.L.A. Manual of Lib. Economy. Chap. 17, Passim.

Lord--Notes on book-buying for libraries. L.J. 1907, pp. 3, 56.

Neesham--Accession methods. L.W. Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 317-320.

Palmer--Relationships of publishers, booksellers and librarians. L.J., 1901. Conference Number, p. 31.

Pitt--Practical accession work. L.A.R. Vol. 7, 1905, pp. 68-71.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 40-50.

Willcock--Recording, replacing and disposal of worn-out books. L.W. Vol. 4. 1901-02, pp. 91-93.

QUESTIONS.

1. Name twenty-five “quick-reference” books.

2. Describe how you would keep up-to-date with new editions in the scientific and technical sections.

3. Is a stock register best kept on cards or in book form? Give your views on this matter.

4. What books are periodically discarded in a lending department? What steps would you take in purchasing at one time books to the value of £2,000?

Lesson 5.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

The popularity of a public library used to be conditioned by its rules and regulations, but during recent years utility has taken the place of hard and fast rules. The student should read the rules of early libraries, understand their principles and compare them with present day rules. The legal aspect of all sides of the library service must also be known and what powers are available for enforcement of penalties, etc. The number of hours the different departments are open to the public, holiday opening, duration of vacation for the staffs, age limits to Juvenile and Senior departments, periods of loans, etc., should be known to all assistants who wish to become qualified and efficient in their work.

READING LIST.

Barnett--Sunday labour in public libraries. Greenwood’s Year Book, 1897, pp. 102-106.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1907 edition, Sects. 353-382; 506-509. 1919 edition, Sects. 348-375.

Brown--The small library. The English Library, pp. 139-148.

Brown and others--Open-access libraries, pp. 179-198.

Clark--Care of books. 2nd edition. Camb. Univ. Press, 1902. 24s. Useful for early rules.

Dana--Library primer. pp. 122-139.

Edwards--Memoirs of libraries. 2 vols. Early rules.

Fry--Fines and other penalties. L.W. Vol. 17, 1914-15, pp. 1-8.

Farrow--Rules and regulations for lending libraries. L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 36-41.

Greenwood--Sunday opening of public libraries. In his Year Book, 1894, pp. 458-470.

Johnston--The replacement of “infected” books. L.W. Vol. 4, 1901-02, pp. 6-9.

Local Government Board--Draft rules. L.A.R. Vol. 5, 1903, pp. 28-30.

Mathews--Public library bye-laws and regulations. L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 279-289.

Sanderson--Library law, pp. 117-122.

Sayers--The children’s library, pp. 78-100.

Shaw and others--Sunday opening of libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 7, 1905, pp. 580-584. Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 79-88.

Willcock--Notification of infectious disease and the public library. L.W. Vol. 2, 1899-1900, pp. 89-91.

QUESTIONS.

1. What rule or rules would you include in your bye-laws, if you wish to obtain exemption from the payment of rates?

2. Make a comparison of the early rules in libraries with those of to-day.

3. State what steps you would take to obtain the return of a book long overdue, and what power you have for the enforcement of payment of the fines?

4. Discuss the pros and cons of Sunday opening of reading rooms.

5. If you saw a person cutting an advertisement from a newspaper in the reading room, what action would you take?

6. Give the dimensions of tables, chairs and newspaper stands or wall stands for a general reading room.

TEST EXAMINATION.

1. Give a brief account of the Public Libraries Act of 1919. What amendments or additions would you suggest in order to improve the Municipal Library System of England?

2. Outline the legislation of the United States and state how it differs from English legislation.

3. Assume that a library is free from debt and that the income from the rates and other sources amounts to £20,000, state under the usual main headings how you would allocate the expenditure.

4. A library authority wishes to raise a loan of £50,000 for the building of a library. State the Act or Acts it must work under, the period for the repayment of the loan, and the general procedure in connection with obtaining loans.

5. Draw a plan of a library, on one floor, to serve a population of 100,000 showing what departments you consider essential, and giving the area you would allocate to each.

6. State what size you would have the book-cases; what gangway space between each stack, and your method of dealing with oversize books in a large open access library.

7. Name the ten best guides to book selection.

8. State how you would proceed to select the nucleus stock for a library.

9. Draft a set of rules for a lending library.

10. Draft twelve rules for the juvenile lending library.

11. If a person wished to become a borrower, but worked and lived outside the library district, under what conditions could you accept his application?

FACTORS AND NOTES RELATING TO LIBRARY AND MUSEUM LEGISLATION, ORGANISATION AND EQUIPMENT.

PRINCIPAL ACTS OF PARLIAMENT AFFECTING PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

1843--Scientific Societies Exemption Act. 1855--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act. 1861--Malicious Injuries to Property Consolidation and Amendment (England and Ireland) Act. 1875--Public Health Act. 1877--Public Libraries Amendment (Ireland) Act. 1885--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act. 1887--Public Libraries Consolidation (Scotland) Act. 1887--Public Libraries Amendment and Consolidation (Scotland) Act. 1891--Museums and Gymnasiums Act. 1892--Public Libraries Consolidation and Amendment Act. 1893--Public Libraries Amendment Act. 1894--Public Libraries Amendment and Consolidation (Scotland) Act. 1894--Public Libraries Amendment (Ireland) Act. 1894--Local Government Act (England and Wales). 1898--Libraries Offences Act. 1899--Public Libraries Amendment (Scotland) Act. 1899--Local Government Act (Metropolitan Boroughs). 1901--Public Libraries Museums and Gymnasiums Amendment Act. 1902--Public Libraries Amendment (Ireland) Act. 1911--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act. 1918--Education Act. 1919--Public Libraries Act. 1920--Public Libraries (Scotland) Act. 1920--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act. 1920--Blind Persons Act. 1924--Public Libraries Act (Northern Ireland). 1925--Irish Free State Local Government Act.

FIRST TOWNS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND TO ADOPT THE PUBLIC LIBRARIES ACT.

1848--Warrington. 1849--Salford. 1850--Brighton, Norwich. 1851--Winchester. 1852--Bolton, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford. 1853--Airdrie, Cambridge, Ipswich, Sheffield. 1855--Hertford, Maidstone. 1856--Birkenhead, Dundalk, Westminster. 1857--Leamington, Walsall. 1858--Canterbury.

COMMITTEES.

Most of the Committees are composed partly of the members of the local Council and partly of co-opted members who are not on the Council, the Council generally being represented by 66%, with the exception of Scotland, where Committees are, by law, half and half. The average constitution of a committee is 16 but some range from 6 to 40.

LOANS.

The Ministry of Health determine the period for which sums of money for particular purposes may be borrowed. The periods usually are:--

For sites or lands 65 or 50 years. For buildings (with fixtures), 30 years. For books, 10 years. For furniture (movable only), 10 years.

ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL EXPENDITURE FOR BRITISH MUNICIPAL LIBRARIES, WITH AND WITHOUT LOANS.

With Without Loans. Loans. Salaries and Wages 40 45 Books 14 18 New 10 12 Old 2 3 Replacements 2 3 Periodicals and Newspapers 6 6 Binding 4 5 Buildings 12 14 Heating 4 4 Lighting 4 4 Fittings and Repairs 2 3 Cleaning 1 2 Insurance 1 1 Establishment 6 9 Stationery and Printing 2 5 Postages 1 1 Rates 3 3 National Insurance 1 1 Loans 15 -- Miscellaneous 2 2 ---- ---- 100 100 ---- ----

STAFF.

The number of librarians and assistants employed in British Municipal Libraries is considerably over 4,000. The percentage of males is 55%. Our largest staffs are in Liverpool and Glasgow libraries (over 200 each) followed by Manchester and Birmingham with over 150 and 100 respectively. Bradford, Bristol, Cardiff, Leeds, have each over 50 staff, and Bolton, Brighton, Edinburgh, Newcastle-on-Tyne and Sheffield have staffs ranging from 30 to 50.

STAFF HOURS.

The average number of hours worked by the staffs in our larger libraries is 42 weekly.

MISCELLANEOUS PERCENTAGES PERTAINING TO THE ORGANIZATION OF A LIBRARY SERVICE.

When a town has adopted the Public Libraries Acts it is possible, by taking the population as a basis, to form an idea of the requirements necessary to meet the demands that will probably be made upon the service.

A careful survey of the statistics of over 500 British Municipal Libraries results in the following figures. The total percentage of inhabitants who will make use of the Lending Department is 8%; the Reference Department, ¼%; and the Reading Room, 1¼%.

As an example of the working of these percentages for a town of 100,000 inhabitants the following results are obtained:--

The Lending Department must cater for 8% (8,000) of the population. We can assume that each borrower will read 28 books per annum. Thus we would have an annual issue of 224,000. If we assume that the Department is open 307 days in the year we would have a daily average of 730. The Library would be open 11 to 12 hours daily giving us an hourly average of from 60 to 66. Experience has proved that more borrowers are present at one time in the evenings and if we allow 40% extra to the hourly average attendance we get the number present of from 84 to 92. By allowing 25 square feet for each reader, the total floor space required would be from 2,100 to 2,300 square feet; or, an area 55 feet by 40 feet would admirably meet these requirements.

REFERENCE LIBRARY.

¼% (250) of the population will use the Reference Department daily. Using the above factors we would have an hourly average attendance of 20, and allowing for crowded periods and 25 square feet for each reader we would require an area of 700 square feet; or, a room 28 feet by 25 feet.

READING ROOM.

1¼% (1,250) of the population will make use of the Reading Room daily. Using the given factors we would have to provide accommodation for 144 readers present at one time. Allow 18 square feet for each reader, and we require an area of 2,592 square feet; or a room about 60 feet by 44 feet.

JUVENILE DEPARTMENT.

About 500 square feet will be ample accommodation for this Department in a town of this size.

LECTURE ROOMS.

Attendances vary so much here that it is impossible to secure reliable figures. For a popular lecture room in a town of 100,000 inhabitants upwards of 400 would have to be accommodated, and allowing 7 square feet for each person including platform, gangway, etc., we would require an area of 2,800 square feet; or, a room 40 feet by 70 feet.

FURNITURE AND FITTINGS.

The greater part of the fittings and furniture of public libraries are made of wood. Oak is the kind most used, but walnut and mahogany are very satisfactory for book-cases, tables and card cabinets.

BOOK CASES.

The chief requirements of book-shelving are accessibility and adjustability. The best material for book-stacks is undoubtedly fumed oak. An oak book-stack 10 feet 10 inches in length, 1 foot 4 inches in breadth and 6 feet 10 inches in height containing shelves 3 feet 6 inches in length, 7 inches in width and 1 inch in depth is an ideal stack for an open-access Lending Library. This stack fitted with Tonks’ fittings, the metal studs being about ¾ inch apart, contains 7 shelves to the tier. For Lending Library purposes we can estimate that nine books will take one foot of shelf space, and each of the shelves will carry thirty books, therefore 7 shelves or one tier will accommodate 210 books, 3 tiers, or one bay will take 630 books and the complete stack will hold 1,260 volumes. If we take 1,250 as an average for each stack we can work out any problem arising if we know the number of books. For Reference Libraries 8 books to the foot is the usual run. The shelves are 9 inches apart and the top shelf 6 feet from the floor and the bottom shelf 1 foot from the floor.

Iron and steel book-stacks, standard size, for “closed” libraries or for books accessible only to the staff are generally 7 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 2 inches, by 15 inches, which may be joined (generally in bays of three) together. Standard reference book-stacks are 7 feet 6 inches, by 3 feet 2 inches, by 18 inches. Special cases must be provided for large books. For detailed particulars of shelving see Brown’s “Manual of library economy,” 1907 edition, Sections 139-150, and 1919 edition, Sections 143-158; Champney’s “Public Libraries,” pp. 30-39; Brown and others--“Open-access Libraries.”

READING TABLES.

Reading-room Tables should be made of oak, and for adults they should be 2 feet 6 inches high, and the breadth, where both sides are used by readers should not be less than 3 feet. Each reader should be allowed 2 feet 6 inches. Tables should never be longer than 7 feet 6 inches. Where there is sufficient space tables 5 feet long and 3 feet in breadth are the best. If a sloping top is required a fillet should be placed at the bottom to prevent papers slipping off. No more than 4 to 6 readers should be accommodated at each table.

NEWSPAPER READING SLOPES.

A projecting brass rail, upon which readers may rest their arms, should always be fixed at the bottom of the slope. About 4 feet run should be allowed for each paper when possible, but 3 feet 6 inches will do if space is limited. The usual height of wall slopes is 3 feet, from the floor to the bottom of the slope, and 5 feet from the floor to the title plate, which should take the form of movable boards fitted into brass brackets and placed at the top of the slope in the centre of the newspaper. The bottom of the slope should be 1 foot 3 inches from the wall. There are several kinds of brass screw clips for fastening the newspapers to the stands, but revolving holders should be used for illustrated papers.

READING ROOM CHAIRS.

Arm-chairs are to be preferred to any others. The height of the seat should be 1 foot 4 inches except for juvenile readers (when the height will range from 12 inches for children 5-9 years of age, with an additional inch for every four years up to 21 years of age).

“OPEN-ACCESS” ENCLOSURE.

The lending library counter in an open-access library should be 3 feet high and 2 feet wide and the minimum area for the enclosure should be 8 feet by 8 feet for the smaller libraries and a minimum of 10 feet by 10 feet for libraries registering a daily issue of over 1,000 volumes. For detailed kinds of barriers, latches, etc., see Brown’s “Manual of library economy,” 1907 edition, Sections 128-129; 1919 edition, Sections 131-136; and Brown and others “Open-access libraries.”

MISCELLANEOUS.

Gangways between double reading tables, with movable chairs should be at least 6 feet. Gangways down the sides of centre of a room should be 7 feet. Space between each book, stack in a closed library should be a minimum of 4 feet and in an open-access library a minimum of 6 feet.

In planning buildings 18 to 24 inches should be allowed for external walls, and 6 to 9 inches for internal walls.

COURSE 7: LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION.

TEXT BOOKS REQUIRED.

American Library Association--Manual of library economy. Preprints Nos. 1-32. A.L.A. Also Grafton. 1s. 6d. each.

Baker (E. A.)--The public library. O’Connor, 1922. 12s. 6d.

Bostwick (A. E.)--The American public library. 3rd edition. Appleton, 1923. 12s. 6d.

Brown (J. D.)--Manual of library economy. 3rd edition, revised by W. C. B. Sayers. Grafton, 1919, 30s.

Brown (J. D.) and others--Open access libraries. Grafton 1915. 10s. 6d.

Dana (J. C.)--Library primer. 1910. Library Bureau. 6s.

Library Economics. Grafton, 1909. 2s. 6d.

Rae (W. S. C.)--Public library administration. Routledge, 1913. Also Grafton. 3s. 6d.

Roebuck (G. E.) and Thorne (W. B.)--A primer of library practice. Grafton, 1914. 5s.

Lesson 1.

GENERAL POLICY, ADMINISTRATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF CHIEF DEPARTMENTS.

In conjunction with the study of matters appertaining to the administration of libraries, the student will find that a policy of visiting as many libraries as possible will prove to be of material assistance in demonstrating the comparative value of the various details of arrangement, equipment, service, etc.

Note carefully the points taken into consideration in planning the interior arrangement of the various departments, paying special attention to the essential requirements with regard to accommodation. (Read carefully the factors on pages 165-168).

Several matters are to be taken into consideration in deciding the best means of providing library facilities, and the functions and methods of administering branch libraries, delivery stations, and travelling libraries require studious attention.

The provision of newsrooms is sometimes criticised as unnecessary. Go fully into the question, considering their purpose, cost, value, etc. Their planning and arrangement, as also of magazine rooms, govern in a large measure their success, and should be studied.

The passing of the “1919 Act” has resulted in the rapid establishment of County Libraries, and introduced new problems in library policy. These will become more acute and consequently require increasing attention during coming years as the County Library systems develop. The loss of efficiency due to lack of co-operation will become more accentuated until means for the latter are provided. Various suggestions have already been made and these should receive careful consideration when making the necessary survey of the whole question.

Many libraries have adopted a policy of centralising certain branches of administrative work, such as cataloguing, classification, etc. Give full attention to this and consider in what circumstances and to what extent this practice can be advantageously adopted.

READING LIST.

GENERAL.

Aldred--Matters connected with the organisation of libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 18, 1916, pp. 1-20.

Bond--Some features of recent library practice in Great Britain. L.A.R. Vol. 17, 1915, pp. 227-243.

Bostwick--Administration. Chap. 12. A.L.A. Manual of library economy.

Bostwick--The American Public Library. Chap. 21, pp. 282-311.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chaps. 8-12, pp. 106-166.

Brown and others--Open access libraries. Chaps. 2-4, pp. 16-104.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 3-40.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 29-66.

Sandbach--Inter-library lending. L.A.R. New Series. Vol. 3, 1925, pp. 230-241.

Sharp--Adult education and the public library. L.A. Vol. 18, 1925, pp. 124-127; 159-164.

BRANCH LIBRARIES, DELIVERY STATIONS, TRAVELLING LIBRARIES.

Barrett--Branch libraries ... relations with central library. L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 78-84.

Bostwick--The American Public Library. Chaps. 8 and 18, pp. 114-121; 243-260.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap, 26, pp. 366-374.

Eastman--Branch libraries. Chap. 15. A.L.A. Manual of library economy.

Library economics, pp. 89-91.

Rae--Public library administration, pp. 41-48.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice, pp. 83-85.

Savage--Delivery stations and town travelling libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 119-127.

RURAL LIBRARIES.

Baker--The Public Library, pp. 134-168.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 35, pp. 477-485.

Gray--County library systems. Grafton, 1922. 7s. 6d.

Hetherington--Rural libraries. L.A.R. Vol 18, 1916, pp. 195-211.

Macleod--County rural libraries. Grafton, 1923. 10s. 6d.

Savage--Possible means of co-operation between burgh and rural libraries. L.A. Vol 16, 1923, pp. 375-385.

Wright--Some principles of rural library economy. L.W. Vol. 23, 1920-21, pp. 537-540.

NEWSROOMS. MAGAZINE ROOMS.

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 55-63.

Bolton--The newsroom as a department of the public library. L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp. 335-343.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 31, pp. 424-438.

Ellison--Newspapers and periodicals: methods of display, etc. L.W. Vol. 17, 1914-15, pp. 129-137.

Evans--Reading room methods. L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10. pp. 373-378.

Jones--The newsroom. L.A.R. Vol. 14, 1912, pp. 182-190.

Library economics. pp. 7, 38, 97-101, 103.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 19-33.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 73-82.

QUESTIONS.

1. State what you know of the rural library movement in England. Can you give the administrative arrangements of any particular system?

2. What consideration would govern your choice between delivery stations and branch libraries?

3. Describe the principal methods of arranging newspapers and periodicals in a reading room. Give titles of 10 daily, 10 weekly, and 10 monthly newspapers and periodicals which would be your first choice.

4. In a library system with a central department and four branches would you place any administrative work under central control? Give full reasons for your decision.

5. What do you consider to be the chief services a newsroom renders to the public? State what you consider to be the main objections to the establishment of newsrooms.

Lesson 2.

SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS.

The several departments of which an up-to-date library is composed each have their own peculiar problems, all of which are incapable of satisfactory solution without special consideration.

Library work with children is growing in extent and importance, and librarians of the immediate future may find this branch of their many-sided activities requiring their first attention. Note the special provision of lectures, story-hours, exhibitions, etc., and the special points to be borne in mind during the planning, equipment and arrangement of children’s rooms.

The section dealing with children’s libraries in the appended reading list will require more time than many students are able to spare. In such cases Sayers’s “Children’s Library” should be read first, supplemented by the shorter articles.

Consider also the best methods of co-operation between libraries and schools.

The adolescent question is one of the constantly recurring problems which have exercised the minds of librarians for a number of years. With regard to the fact that the adolescent reader requires special attention, opinions may be said to be just as unanimous as they are divided in deciding the form in which that special attention is to be given, hence the necessity for fully considering the suggestions which have been made towards a solution.

A special effort should be made to make the local collection as complete as possible. Ascertain the best methods of storing and making its contents available, and note what should be included in it.

Increased activity is being shown in meeting business and commercial requirements. These vary according to locality, but every effort should be made to ascertain what has been accomplished in the large centres--Bolton, Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, etc., where a special feature has been made of this work. Obtain if possible, the handbooks issued by these towns describing their commercial libraries.

In connection with the provision of music in libraries some rather novel suggestions have been put forward, e.g., the use of gramophones, wireless, etc. These proposals should receive consideration, and the replies and views expressed while they have been under discussion should be noted.

Study the pros and cons of the policy of providing separate Ladies’ Room and Students’ Rooms, and their respective requirements in equipment, arrangement, supervision, etc.

Attention must be given to the necessary procedure in obtaining literature for blind readers, noting specially the sources of supply.

READING LIST.

LENDING DEPARTMENTS (GENERAL).

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 33-43.

Parker--Procedure in changing from a closed to an open-access library. L.A. Vol. 9, 1912, pp. 63-70.

Rae--Public library administration. pp 13-18.

Thorne--Problem of the adolescent. L.A. Vol. 16, 1923, pp. 206-210.

CHILDREN’S LIBRARIES (see also pp. 41-44.)

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 63-74.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition, Chap. 32, pp. 439-456.

Brown and others--Open-access libraries. Chap. 9, pp. 199-208.

Dallimore--Object lessons to school children in the use of libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 11, 1909, pp. 49-68.

Downey--Teaching the use of the library. L.J. Vol. 40, 1915, pp. 637-641.

Ellison--Library work with children. L. & B. W. Vol. 6, 1915, pp. 91-95; 114-117.

Gilbert--Talks and readings to children. L.W. Vol. 21, 1918-19, pp. 120-124.

Hazeltine--Library work with children. Wilson, New York, 1917. Also Grafton. 7s. 6d.

Jast--Library work with children. L.A.R. Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 90-102.

Olcott--Library work with children. A.L.A. Manual. Chap. 29.

Powell--The children’s library. Wilson, New York, 1917. Also Grafton. 10s. 6d.

Price--The story-hour in libraries. P.L. Vol. 12, 1907. pp. 347-9.

Rees---Libraries for children. Grafton, 1924. 12s. 6d.

Sayers--The children’s library. English Library. Routledge, 1911. Also Grafton. 3s. 0d. O.P.

Sayers--Some notes on story-telling in libraries. L.W. Vol. 20, 1917-18, pp. 288-90; 314-316.

SCHOOL LIBRARIES.

Alexander--School libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 24, 1922, pp. 12-19.

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 122-134.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 33, pp. 457-466.

Frayer--Co-operation between public libraries and elementary schools. L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 61-70.

Green--School libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp. 227-241.

McColvin--The relation between the library and the school. L.W. Vol. 22, 1919-20, pp. 360-362.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 49-53.

Ward--The high-school library. A.L.A. Manual. Chap. 7.

Wood--Administration of high-school libraries as branches of public libraries. L.J. Vol. 39, 1914, pp. 659-662.

LOCAL COLLECTIONS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. (See also pp. 47-50).

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chaps. 28-9, pp. 399-417.

Collier--Local records in public libraries. L.A.R. Vol 13, 1911, pp. 268-275.

Johnston--Special libraries. Chap. 8. A.L.A. Manual of library economy.

Library Economics. pp. 19-24.

Pollitt--The duty of the public librarian in relation to local literature and bibliography. L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 119-126.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 54-56.

Ridley--Special libraries and information bureaux. L.A.R. (New Series). Vol. 3, 1925, pp. 242-255.

Sayers--Local collection problems. L.W. Vols. 18-19, 1915-17.

COMMERCIAL AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES (see also pp. 46-47.)

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 74-91.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 30, pp. 418-423.

Jast--The commercial library. L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 118-124.

Jast--Organisation of British trade: the commercial library. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes. 2d.

Pitt--Memoranda on commercial libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 175-178.

Reynolds--The technical library in its relation to the educational and industrial development. L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 250-261.

Savage--Technical libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 264-270.

The technical library. L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 121-157.

MUSIC DEPARTMENT.

Bostwick---The American Public Library. Chap. 24, pp. 336-338.

Bostwick--Popularising music through the library. In his Library Essays. Wilson: New York, 1920, pp. 325-340.

McColvin--Music in public libraries. Grafton, 1924. 7s. 6d.

Riddle--Music in public libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 1-10.

Smith--Music and gramophones in public libraries. L.A. Vol. 18, 1925, pp. 60-65.

LADIES’ ROOMS. STUDENTS’ ROOMS.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Section 479, pp. 437-438.

Library Economics. pp. 27-28.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 34-40.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 82-83.

Willcock--Ladies’ reading rooms. L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 80-84.

BOOKS FOR THE BLIND.

Austin--National Library for the Blind. L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp. 304-312.

Austin--Present ... possibilities of the public library service to the blind. L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 450-460.

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 91-95.

Bostwick--The American Public Library. Chap. 33, pp. 324-335.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Section 197, pp. 181.

Chamberlain--Library work with the blind. Chap. 30, A.L.A. Manual of Library Economy.

Neisser--Report of the A.L.A. Committee on library work with the blind. A.L.A. Bulletin. Vol. 2, 1908, pp. 216-221.

Smith--Books for the blind. L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 257-259.

QUESTIONS.

1. Draw a rough plan of a children’s lending library and reading room, 30 feet by 25 feet, showing arrangement of bookcases, tables, and other necessary furniture.

2. Outline what you consider to be the ideal arrangement for dealing with adolescent readers.

3. What are the respective purposes of a commercial and a technical library? Indicate briefly the nature of the essential stock.

4. What subjects would you choose in giving eight short talks to children? Give the main points you would include in a talk on “How to use the library.”

5. What do you consider to be the best method of working school libraries? Give the main points you would include in instructions to school librarians.

6. State exactly what you would include in a local collection, and your procedure in the formation of one.

Lesson 3.

AIDS TO READERS.

If there is any dividing line in the duties of a librarian, it surely falls just when a suitable building has been erected and an adequate stock, carefully classified and catalogued, has been provided. From this point there is a good deal of what, perhaps, may be termed propaganda work to be undertaken. The ideal library should be the centre of all literary activity within the locality, but before this stage is reached advantage must be taken of every possible opportunity to reach and enrol those lukewarm citizens who are to be found in every locality.

After the necessary attention has been paid to the ground covered in this lesson, the student will find enjoyable, and certainly beneficial, the task of compiling a list of all methods of popularising and increasing the use of a library. If succeeding in contributing some new and practicable suggestion, something solid will have been contributed to library science.

A thoroughly efficient Reference Department cannot fail to render first-class service to any community, but it must be remembered that the very nature of reference work renders compulsory a high state of efficiency. A comparison of the duties of reference and lending staffs will assist one to visualise the special requirements of the department more clearly. In surveying the various reference duties, consider the advisability of allowing certain books to be taken out on loan, the extent to which you would allow access to the stock, the disposition of the various classes, and make a special note of the books which are essential for the quick-reference section (see page 72). Note also the means (indexing, etc.) necessary to render all information immediately accessible.

Useful work is done in many places by Information Bureaux. Note the information these are expected to supply, the preparation necessary to equip them for the purpose they serve, and their possible development.

The success of a series of lectures depends chiefly on their proper organization. See what arrangements are essential to their success, and the best methods of ensuring that the interest created results in increased use being made of the library. University Extension and other movements, by wise co-operation, can serve the library in this respect.

Study the various points in connection with the formation of Reading Circles, and the efforts required in order to guarantee their retention as a live factor contributing to the success of the library.

The Central Library for Students renders assistance to libraries. Study the nature of this, the conditions and the potentiality of the Library as the centre of a more ambitious scheme of a national reservoir library for the distribution of certain classes of books.

Consider the utility of the Bulletin, the information it should contain, the policy of including advertisements to defray cost, and the various points in connection with its production. Several libraries issue bulletins (see page 111). If possible, obtain copies of these.

Up to the present the usual publicity methods have not been called to the service of the library to the same extent in England as in America. View the question from all aspects, note what is at present being done by various libraries, and consider the numerous suggestions which have been made for the expansion of this form of activity.

Note the importance of good shelf and stack guiding as aids to readers. (See pages 84-5 and read the articles given under the names of Coutts, Savage and Stewart.)

READING LIST.

GENERAL.

Fay and Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. 2nd edition, revised. Faxon & Co.: Boston, 1919. Also Grafton. 22s. 6d.

Fearnside--Co-operation between a town library and local societies and bodies. L.A.R. Vol. 20, 1918, pp. 140-149.

Jones--Some aids to readers. L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 225-233.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 87-90.

Spofford--Book for all readers. 3rd edition. Putnam, 1905. O.P. Chap. 10, pp. 190-214.

Stewart--How to use a library. Elliot Stock, 1910.

REFERENCE WORK.

A.L.A.--Manual of library economy. Chap. 22.

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 44-55.

Ballinger--The reference library. L. Vol. 9, 1908, pp. 353-369.

Bostwick--The American Public Library. Chap. 5, pp. 63-80.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 27, pp. 375-398.

Library Economics. pp. 12-15; 52-55.

Pitt--Possible co-operation in reference library work. L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 408-412.

Powell--The reference library. L.A.R. (N.S.). Vol. 2, 1924, pp. 77-86.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 4-12.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice, pp. 64-66.

INFORMATION BUREAUX.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Section 421, pp. 396-7.

Information Bureaux and special libraries. Report of Proceedings of the First Conference, 1924. Library Association, 1925. 3s. 6d.

Krauss--Information bureaux in public libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp. 14-22.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 57-62.

Ridley--Special libraries and information bureaux. L.A.R. (N.S.) Vol. 3, 1925, pp. 242-255.

Smither--Information bureaux in public libraries. L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-1911, pp. 99-106.

LECTURES.

Baker--The Public Library. pp. 100-114.

Ballinger--Lectures and extensions. L. Vol. 10, 1909, pp. 188-200.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Sections 526-536, pp. 467-475.

Curran--The public lecture in relation to public library work. L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 313-321.

Gordon--Library lectures. L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 316-323.

Haxby--History, organisation, and educational value of municipal library lectures. L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 123-132.

Jast--A note on library readings. L.A.R. Vol. 18, 1916, pp. 53-62.

Newcombe--Raison d’etre of library lectures. L.A.R. Vol. 9, 1907, pp. 231-243; 261-266.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 89-95.

READING CIRCLES.

Harris--Organization and conduct of reading circles. L.W. Vol. 17, 1914-15, pp. 69-72.

Pomfret--Reading circles. L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 289-294.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 96-102.

EXHIBITIONS.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Sections 537-8, pp. 475-6.

Library Economics. pp. 32-33.

Piper--Library exhibitions. L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 275-280.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 128-130.

Ward--Publicity for public libraries. Wilson, New York: 1924. Also Grafton. (Chap. 12, pp. 155-202, Displays and exhibits).

Warner--Holiday literature and picture exhibitions. L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 49-54.

Wheeler--The library and the community. A.L.A., 1924. Also Grafton. (Chap. 26, pp. 291-307, Exhibits and displays).

CENTRAL LIBRARY FOR STUDENTS.

Central Library for Students, by A. W. Pollard. L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 372-378.

LIBRARY MAGAZINES, BOOK LISTS, etc.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Section 264, pp. 251-254.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 117-120.

Sayers and Stewart--Library magazines. L.W. Vols. 7 and 8, 1904-6.

Ward--Publicity for public libraries. Chap. 9, pp. 91-110.

Wheeler--The library and the community. Chaps. 22 and 23, pp. 243-267.

PUBLICITY.

A.L.A.--Manual of library economy. Chapter 31.

Briscoe--Library advertising. Coptic Series. Grafton, 1921. 7s. 6d.

Piper--Library advertising methods. L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 71-79.

Ward--Publicity for public libraries. Wilson, New York: 1924. Also Grafton.

Wheeler--The library and the community. A.L.A., 1924. Also Grafton. 15s.

QUESTIONS.

1. What steps would you take to ensure that the library obtained full publicity and benefit from co-operation in a course of University Extension lectures?

2. Give a brief account of the National Home Reading Union, and state how you would conduct a reading circle.

3. In what way can the Central Library for Students assist the public library?

4. What is an information bureau?

5. By what principal means would you advertise a library?

6. What steps would you take to keep readers fully acquainted with new additions?

Lesson 4.

BOOKBINDING. STATIONERY. PRINTING.

Note.--Bookbinding is dealt with in Course I, Lesson 7 on pp. 16-18, which should be treated as part of the present lesson.

All assistants should be thoroughly familiar, not merely with the various forms used in their own library, but with the several variations which are used in others. Study methods of storing stationery, recording supplies, and note the means of checking supplies in stock in order to avoid the irritating experience of finding some particular item out of stock when most urgently required.

The necessary procedure, agreements, and arrangements in dealing with the printer, and the checking of proof, should be noted.

READING LIST.

PRINTING.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Sections 265-266, pp. 254-257.

Proof reading marks and signs. L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 308-09.

Walter--Library printing. Chap. 32, A.L.A. Manual of library economy.

Ward--Publicity for public libraries. Chap. 16, pp. 271-298. Library printing and printing economies.

Wheeler--The library and the community. Chap. 21, pp. 223-242. Layout and typography of printed matter.

STATIONERY.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Sections 322-327, pp. 296-301.

Jast--Classification of office papers. (Originally published in Brown’s Subject Classification).

Madeley--Classification of office papers. L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 367-387.

QUESTIONS.

1. Outline in full the method you would adopt in dealing with stationery supplies, giving ruling of any record you would use.

2. Give as many proof correction marks, with explanations, as you can.

Lesson 5.

ROUTINE AND CORRESPONDENCE DETAILS.

Assistants are reminded that no matter how wisely the general policy and administration of a library may be directed, no small measure of its ultimate success is dependent on a scrupulous regard for accuracy in the discharge of the many and varied details which make up the daily routine. The various library duties are so co-ordinated that it is almost impossible to make mistakes singly, and the slightest inaccuracy or inattention to minor details will reduce the efficiency of a library’s service.

Everything appertaining to staff routine, accession methods, replacements, revision of stock, discarding, registration of borrowers, checks on work and readers, charging and filing methods, accounting, statistics, etc., can be done in different ways, but only work based on a careful study and comparison of the various methods can achieve real success.

READING LIST.

ACCESSION METHODS.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 14, pp. 189-205.

Collier--A rational accession method. L. & B.W. Vol. 9, 1908, pp. 1-8.

Hopper--Order and accession department. Chap. 17, A.L.A. Manual of library economy.

Jast--Accessions: the checking processes. L. Vol. 1, 1899, pp. 152-163.

Library Economics. pp. 8-10.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 46-50.

CHECKS ON WORK. TIME SHEETS.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Sections 89-90, pp. 90-92.

Library Economics. pp. 80-83.

McGill--A form of work-sheet. L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 204-206.

REGISTRATION OF BORROWERS.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 24, pp. 341-349.

Library Economics. pp. 87-89.

Neesham--Registration of borrowers. L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 341-343.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 78-88.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 50-53.

ISSUE METHODS.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Chap. 25, pp. 350-365.

Brown and others--Open access libraries. Chap. 7, pp. 155-178.

Library Economics. pp. 1-5; 57-63; 10-12.

Pollitt--Principles of book charging. L.W. Vol. 15, 1912-13, pp. 340-343.

Rae--Public library administration. pp. 63-77.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. pp. 54-58; 65-66.

STORING. MAPS. PRINTS. PAMPHLETS. PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYS, ETC.

A.L.A.--Manual of library economy. Chap. 25.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1919 edition. Sects. 300-313., pp. 414-5; 429-442.

Goss--Methods of ... preserving prints. L.A.R. Vol. 17, 1915, pp. 349-362.

Jast--The treatment of pamphlets. L.W. Vol. 4, 1901-2, pp. 60-63.

Sparke--Newspaper rack for bound volumes. L.W. Vol. 3, 1900-01, pp. 127-128.

Spofford--Book for all readers. Chap. 7, pp. 145-156.

Warner--Photographic surveys in connection with public libraries. L.A. Vol. 6, 1909, pp. 240-245.

Woodbine--Modern methods of book storage. L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp. 446-454.

STATISTICS. ANNUAL REPORT.

Bostwick--The American Public Library. Chap. 20, pp. 266-281.

Brown--Manual of library economy. Chap. 4, pp. 60-70.

Hetherington--Library statistics. L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 1-16.

Minto--Public library statistics. L. New Series. Vol. 2, 1900, p. 164.

Willcock--What should an annual report contain? L.A.R. Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 363-371; 392-397.

MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS.

Coutts--Overdue books and the treatment of defaulters. L.W. Vol. 14, 1911-12, pp. 241-246.

Dixon--the bespoken file. L.W. Vol. 15, 1912-13, pp. 316-7.

Fry--Fines and other penalties. L.W. Vol. 17, 1914-15, pp. 1-8.

Hatcher--Stocktaking methods. L.A. Vol. 5, 1904, pp. 43-46.

Library Economics. Reserved Books, p. 92.

QUESTIONS.

1. Draw up a weekly time and work sheet for a library containing lending, reference, and juvenile departments, open 9-30 a.m. to 8-0 p.m. each week day. The staff consists of five senior and ten junior assistants, working forty-two hours per week.

2. State what information you would include in an annual report.

3. Give the ruling of (a) accession book (b) overdue book (c) cash receipt book (d) donation book.

4. Mention the various methods of indicating ownership of books, stating which you prefer for reference and lending library books, newspapers, and periodicals.

5. Give in their correct order the various processes through which a book has passed from entering the library to the time it is issued to a reader.

6. By what means would you ascertain the number of books consulted in (a) an open access and (b) a closed reference department?

TEST EXAMINATION.

1. Describe what you consider to be the best means of advertising a library.

2. Assume that legal proceedings are about to be taken for the recovery of a book. By what steps has the case reached this stage? Give wording of the necessary correspondence in connection with the case.

3. Show, by a rough plan, how you would arrange the bookcases, barriers, and necessary furniture and fittings for an open-access library 50 feet by 40 feet, not top-lighted.

4. Discuss the policy of providing special reading rooms for ladies.

5. State how the public library can most usefully collaborate with the Education Committee in relation to continuation schools.

6. Describe what aids you would provide in a closely classified lending library to indicate the exact location of a book, and give what you consider to be the best method of dealing with “oversize” books.

7. Give the approximate initial cost of establishing a home bindery, stating what requisites you would provide. What advantages would be gained by having such a department?

8. Discuss the policy of allowing children free access to the whole of the stock in their department.

9. Name twenty works which you consider essential to the success of a quick-reference section.

10. Outline the duties of an assistant in a (a) children’s library (b) lending library (c) information desk.

11. Give a list of ten newspapers and six general, six trade, six political, and six ladies’ periodicals you would recommend for a general reading room. State what you consider to be the best means of displaying them, and outline fully the instructions you would give with regard to filing the periodicals you select.

12. Discuss the value of statistics in estimating the work done by a public library.

COURSE 8: HISTORY OF LIBRARIES.

There are not wanting those who claim as the first and greatest of all libraries that vast and glorious “stone book of nature.” It was by observing the ability of hard substances to leave their impress on those of a softer nature--the means by which this great stone-book was written--that man acquired the art of writing, of recording his opinions and the various incidents of his life and the lives of those around him. In the earliest stages of his progress in this art this was done on the walls of his rough habitations, but later man adopted a more permanent and convenient form on bark, leaves, skin, tablets of clay and like substances.

It was for the preservation of these that “houses of the records” came to be established throughout the countries of the ancient peoples, sometimes as parts of their temples and sometimes as distinct buildings, and it is from these that our modern libraries have evolved.

As a study, the history of libraries only appeals to a small portion of the library profession, therefore, I am not giving special reading lists, but simply a brief outline of the requirements necessary, a select bibliography of the more important works, and the questions one would expect a student to be able to answer should he present himself for examination. For a general idea of primitive libraries Edward Clodd’s “Story of the alphabet” Library of Useful Stories, Richardson’s “Beginnings of libraries,” 1914, and Rawlings’ “Story of books,” 1912 should be read as an introduction to the subject.

REQUIREMENTS.

Origin, varieties and history of libraries in general. The ancient libraries of Assyria, Babylonia, Chaldea, Egypt, Persia, Greece and Rome. Mediæval libraries and their modern successors--Monastic, Royal and University libraries. Private libraries should also be known, and students must become familiar with the lives of eminent book-collectors from the earliest times to the present day. Such names as the following should be noted: Benedict; Richard de Bury; Nicholas V.; the Medici Family; Jean Grolier; Sir Thomas Bodley; Gabriel Naudé; Jules Mazarin; Robert Harley; Sir Hans Sloane; J. A. Zaluski; Duke of Roxburghe; Lord Spencer; Lord Crawford; P. Morgan; H. E. Widener.

The principal British libraries are:--

British Museum, London (including the departments at South Kensington); Bodleian Library, Oxford; University Library, Cambridge; John Rylands Library, Manchester; Chetham Library, Manchester; London Library; Guildhall Library, London; Sion College, London; Lambeth Palace, London; Trinity College, Dublin; National Library of Ireland; National Library of Scotland, formerly The Advocate’s Library, Edinburgh; University Libraries of Aberdeen, St. Andrews, Edinburgh and Glasgow; Signet Library, Edinburgh; National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.

The principal American libraries are:--

Boston Public Library; Chicago Public Library; Harvard University; John Crerar Library, Chicago; Newberry Library, Chicago; Yale University Library, New Haven; New York Public Library; Columbia University, New York; New York State Library, Albany; Public Library, Pittsburg, Philadelphia University; Library of Congress, Washington; University Library, Chicago; Cornell University, Ithaca.

The principal European libraries are:--

Austria.--Royal Library, Vienna; University Library, Vienna.

Belgium.--Royal Library, Brussels; University Library, Ghent.

Denmark.--Royal Library, Copenhagen.

France.--Arsenal Library, Paris; Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; St. Geneviéve, Paris; University Library (Sorbonne), Paris; Mazarin Library, Paris.

Germany.--Royal Library, Berlin; Ducal Library, Darmstadt; Royal Library, Dresden; University Library, Gottingen; University Library, Heidelberg; University Library, Leipzig; Royal Library, Munich; University Library, Munich; University Library, Strassburg; Royal Library, Stuttgart; City Library, Hamburg.

Greece.--University Libraries, Athens.

Holland.--Royal Library, Hague; University Libraries, Leyden and Utrecht; Municipal University, Amsterdam.

Hungary.--Hungarian National Museum, Buda-Pest.

Italy.--National Library, Florence; Mediceo-Laurenzian Library, Florence; Vatican Library, Rome; Victor Emmanuel Library, Rome; Marcian Library, Venice; Ambrosian Library, Milan; National Library, Naples; University Library, Bologna; National Library, Turin.

Norway.--University Library, Oslo.

Portugal.--National Library, Lisbon.

Russia.--Imperial Library, Leningrad; University Library, Moscow.

Spain.--Royal Library, Escorial; National Library, Madrid.

Sweden.--Royal Library, Stockholm; University Library, Upsala.

Switzerland.--Cantonal and State Library, Zurich.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Americana--Article Libraries.

Axon--Ancient and modern libraries. In British Almanac Companion, 1876, pp. 103-122.

Blades--On chained libraries. L. Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 411-416.

Boyd--Public libraries and literary culture in ancient Rome. 1915.

Clark--The care of books: an essay on the development of libraries and their fittings, from the earliest times to the end of the eighteenth century. C.U.P., 1901.

Clark--Libraries in the Mediæval and Renaissance Periods. 1894.

Clarke--Repertorium bibliographicum; or some account of the most celebrated British libraries. 2 vols. Clarke.

Cowper--Notices of ancient libraries. Notes and Queries, 1855. Vol. 2, pp. 258, 337, 361, 493, 512.

Dechelette--Manuel d’archéologie prehistorique Celtique et Galto-Romaine. Vol. 1. Paris, 1908.

Edwards--Memoirs of libraries: including a handbook of library economy. 2 vols. Trubner, 1859.

Contents:--Vol. 1, Book 1.--Libraries of the Ancients, p. 3-82. Book 2.--Libraries of the Middle Ages, pp. 83-415. Book 3.--Modern libraries of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 416-820. Vol. 2, Book 3 (cont.)--Modern libraries of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 3-162. Book 4.--Libraries of the United States of America, pp. 163-242. Book 5.--Modern libraries of Continental Europe, pp. 243-568.

Encyclopædia Britannica, last two editions.--Articles Libraries.

Fay and Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. Chap. 12, pp. 163-178.

Graesel--Handbuch der Bibliothekslehre. Weber: Leipzic, 1902.

Greenwood--Free public libraries: their organisation, uses and management. 1886.

Greenwood--Public libraries: a history of the movement and a manual for the organisation and management of rate-supported libraries. 4th edition, 1894.

Horne--Introduction to the study of bibliography. 2 vols. Cadell and Davies, 1814.

Vol. 1.--Memoir of the public libraries of the ancients, pp. 1-25 and part 1, pp. 30-143.

Kirkwood--Proposals made in 1699 to found public libraries in Scotland. 1889.

Koch--Portfolio of Carnegie Libraries.

Libraries, Public--Return showing the names of all places in England, in Scotland, and in Ireland, in which the Public Libraries Acts have been adopted prior to the end of the last financial year, etc. 1912.

Morgan--Monastic libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 290-297.

New International Encyclopedia--Article Libraries.

Ogle--The free library: its history and present condition. The Library Series, 1897.

Phillips--The monastic libraries of Wales. 1913.

Prideaux--Library economy in the 16th century. L.A.R. Vol. 10, 1909, pp. 152-174.

Rau--Did Omar destroy the library of Alexandria. Nineteenth Century, 1894, pp. 555-571.

Rawlings--Story of books. Useful Knowledge Series. Hodder & Stoughton, 1912, pp. 9-70.

Richardson--The beginnings of libraries. 1914.

Richardson--Biblical libraries: a sketch of library history from B.C. 3400 to A.D. 150. Princeton Univ. Press. Milford, 1915. 5s. 6d.

Rye--The libraries of London: a guide for students. 1908.

Sandys--A history of classical scholarship, from the 6th century B.C. to the end of the Middle Ages. 3 vols., 1906-08.

Savage--Old English Libraries, the making, collection and use of books during the Middle Ages. The Antiquary’s Library. Methuen, 1911.

Savage--The story of libraries and book-collectors. The English Library. Routledge, 1908.

Smith--Babylonian and Assyrian libraries. North British Review, 1870, pp. 305-324.

Spofford--The history of libraries. In his “A book for all readers.” Putnam, 1905, Chap. 15, pp. 287-320.

Teggart--Contribution towards a bibliography of ancient libraries, 1899. Also in L.J. Vol. 24, p. 5.

Universal Cyclopædia.--Article Libraries.

Wheatley--Assyrian Libraries. L.A.T. 1880, pp: 87-90.

Williams and Meredith, editors.--The Librarians’ Guide. Annually from 1923.

Wynkoop--Commissions, state aid and state agencies. (A.L.A. Manual of library economy. Chap. 27).

BOOK COLLECTORS:--

Elton--Great book collectors. 1893.

Edwards--Free town libraries. Book-collectors, pp. 224 to end.

Fletcher---English book collectors. 1902.

Savage--The story of libraries and book collectors. 1909, pp. 211-220.

Stephen--One hundred book collectors. L.W. Vol. 10, 1907, pp. 194. Also in Library Economics; pp. 63-80.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES.

Note.--Cannons’ “Bibliography of library economy” [1876-1923]; the “Story of the Nations” and “Countries and Peoples” series, should be consulted for each country.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Bodleian Library Tercentenary. L.W. Vol. 5, 1902, pp. 113-119.

Bolton--History of the Bodleian library. L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 241-246.

Clark--A Bodleian guide for visitors. 1906.

Cowley--Recent history of the Bodleian library. L.A.R. Vol. 23, 1921, pp. 316-325.

Machray--Annals of the Bodleian library, 1598-1867. 1868.

British Museum, London.

Cowtan--Memories of the British Museum. 1872.

Edwards--Lives of the founders of the British Museum: with notices of its chief augmentors and other benefactors, 1570-1870. 2 Vols. 1870.

Greenwood--Public libraries, 1894, pp. 493-501.

Rawlings--British Museum Library. 1916.

Shelley--The British Museum: its history and treasures. Pitman, 1911.

Cambridge University Library.

Aldis--Organization and methods of the Cambridge University Library. L.A.R. Vol. 7, 1905, pp. 625-636.

Huck--University Library, Cambridge. L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 257-266.

Protheroe--A memoir of Henry Bradshaw. 1888.

Chetham Library, Manchester.

Nicholson--The Chetham Hospital and Library. 1910.

John Rylands Library, Manchester.

John Rylands Library, Manchester: a brief historical description of the library and its contents, illustrated with thirty-seven views and facsimiles. 1914. John Rylands Library, 6d.

John Rylands Library. L.A.R. Vol. 1, 1899. pp. 564-571; 679-688.

Lyell--John Rylands Library. L.W. Vol. 19, 1916-17, pp. 312-314.

London Library.

Purnell--The London Library. L.A.R. Vol. 23, 1921, pp. 102-112.

London University Library.

Baker--The library of the University of London. L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1904, pp. 28-38.

Chambers--Library of the University College of London. L.A.R. Vol 11, 1909, pp. 350-358; 361-363.

Marsh’s Library, Dublin.

White--An account of Marsh’s library. L.A.R. Vol. 1, 1899, pp. 132-145.

National Library of Ireland.

Vine--National Library of Ireland. L.A.R. Vol 4, 1902, pp. 95-109.

National Library of Wales.

The National Library of Wales. L.W. Vol 14, 1911-12, pp. 79-82.

The National Library of Wales. L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 211-215; 276-284.

Sion College Library, London.

Pearce--Sion College and Library. 1913.

FRANCE.

Mortet--The public libraries of France, national, communal and university. L.A.R. Vol 3, (N.S.), 1925, pp. 145-159.

Turnbull--The libraries of France. L.W. Vol 12, 1909-10, pp. 125-127.

Bibliotheque Nationale.

The National Library of France. L. Vol 4, 1892 pp. 277-287.

ITALY. Vatican Library.

Sayle--The Vatican Library. L. Vol 6, 1894, pp. 327-343.

SPAIN. Escorial Library.

Lyell--The Escorial and its library. L.W. Vol. 24, 1921-22, pp. 81-84.

UNITED STATES.

Bolton--American library history. A.L.A. Manual of library economy. Chap. 1.

Bolton--Proprietary libraries. A.L.A. Manual of library economy. Chap. 5.

Fletcher--Public libraries in America. English Bookman’s Library, 1902.

Flint--Statistics of public libraries in the United States, 1893.

Green--The public library movement in the United States, 1853-1893; from 1876, reminiscences of the writer. Useful Reference Series, No. 8.

Library of Congress.

Bishop--Library of Congress. A.L.A. Manual of library economy. Chap. 2.

Johnston--History of the Library of Congress. 1904. Vol. I. 1800-1864.

Library of Congress and its work. 21 pp. Library of Congress.

QUESTIONS.

1. Write a brief account of the origin of the British Museum, and describe three of the notable collections of books or manuscripts which it contains.

2. Where were public libraries usually situated in ancient Rome, and what was the nature of the books kept in them?

3. Give an account of the library of the Abbey of Monte Cassino and of the rule of St. Benedict so far as it relates to the use of books.

4. Describe the various forms and kinds of books preserved in the ancient libraries before the invention of printing.

5. What do you know of the method of chaining books in libraries? State where chained books may still be seen.

6. Give a short account of the lives of two of the following: Andrew Carnegie; Edward Edwards; Henry Bradshaw; James Duff Brown; H. E. Widener.

7. Describe the physical properties of early forms of books, and their method of storage.

8. Name some monastic libraries that existed in England, and briefly describe four of them.

9. Give a brief historical sketch of four of the following libraries:--British Museum; Library of Congress; Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; Vatican Library; Escorial Library; Royal Library, Copenhagen; John Rylands Library; National Library of Wales; National Library of Scotland; Trinity College, Dublin.

10. State briefly what you know of the following:--Richard de Bury; T. F. Dibdin; Henry Bradshaw; Matthias Corvinus; Petrarch; Assurbanipal; Sixtus IV.; Dr. Bray; Henry Huth; J. A. Zaluski; Lord Amhurst of Hackney; C. A. Cutter.

Corrections

The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.

The word “libaries” was converted to “libraries” throughout the book.

p. xii

Cloth. pp. 154. Chicago: Amercian Library Association. Cloth. pp. 154. Chicago: American Library Association.

p. 25

Crown Octovo Crown Octavo

p. 28

jusqu’a la fin du seiziéme siécle jusqu’à la fin du seizième siècle

en langue francaise en langue française

La minature Francaise La miniature Française

p. 32

English Cataogue of books English Catalogue of books

p. 46

lending departmant lending department

p. 52

Bibliographie der socialismus und cummunismus Bibliographie der Sozialismus und Kommunismus

p. 61

Describe briefly not nore Describe briefly not more

p. 62

Committee of the Bibliograhpical Committee of the Bibliographical

p. 74

Arcticles very brief Articles very brief

p. 108

These may be had at a triflng cost These may be had at a trifling cost

p. 113

carry out the work in accorddance carry out the work in accordance

p. 120

Manley (J. M.) and Rickert (E.)--Contemporary British literature: bibliographies and study outlines. 1923.

Manly (J. M.) and Rickett (E.)--Contemporary British literature: bibliographies and study outlines. 1923.

p. 135

outbreak of of the French Revolution outbreak of the French Revolution

p. 143

The Brontes. The Brontës.

p. 146

The Pre-Raphaelities The Pre-Raphaelites

p. 162

The numbers 7 and 8 were in reverse order in the original.

p. 172

Newrooms. Magazine Rooms. Newsrooms. Magazine Rooms.

p. 191

formerly The Advocate’s Library, Ebinburgh; formerly The Advocate’s Library, Edinburgh;

Belgium.--Royal Library, Brussells Belgium.--Royal Library, Brussels