Part I.--the Age of Tennyson (_1832-1870_).

Forces at Work.--This was an age of rapid change, and many events call for remark. Note especially the transcendental movement and its effects in England and America, the spread of democratic government, the raise of nationalism in Europe and its results on English poetry, the deep feeling for the working classes expressed in the Chartists and Christian Socialist movements, the Oxford Movement, the growth of commercial enterprise, the conventional outlook of the middle classes and the succeeding Pre-Raphaelite revolt, the beginnings of popular education and its effect on the reading public, especially in the development of magazines and newspapers, and also the cumulative effect of the new science on poetry, philosophy, history, and general outlook.

Literary Features.--As in the last age literature is abundant, the only weak section being the drama. In poetry and speculation the tendency is away from the hopeful expectations of the revolutionaries. Doubt and often despair is the note commonly struck. The old foundations are being undermined and man is seen to be not the easily perfectible animal he was thought to be. In work of a less philosophical character, the increased material prosperity of the middle classes tends towards conventionality, and the renewed interest in the past to imitative forms. The beginnings of the revolt occur in the fifties but it does not fully realise itself until the next period. In addition to the meditative element, narrative and lyric poetry are well represented. The most important event is the rise of the novel to the first place among literary forms. One must also notice the beginnings of the short story, the development of the literary lecture, and the popularity of the long essay, the new literary criticism and critical biography, and the rise of the scientific treatise to real literary rank. History is still chiefly “literary,” but there are tentative attempts at a philosophy of history and the beginnings of an application of scientific method to history.

1. POETRY.--(a) The Intellectual Movement: Browning. Tennyson. Arnold. Clough. Fitzgerald. Bailey. Horne. (b) The Pre-Raphaelites: The Rossettis. De Tabley. Morris. Patmore. (c) The Spasmodics: Dobell. Alex. Smith. (d) Religious Verse: Keble. Newman. Hawker. Faber. Williams. Neale. C. Rossetti. (e) Ballad Writers: Tennyson. Browning. Macaulay. Aytoun. Barham. Hawker. Ingelow. Massey. F. H. Doyle. A. L. Gordon. (f) Vers de Socitete: Praed. Milnes. Locker-Lampson. (g) Political Poetry: Cooper. Loft. (h) Wit and Humour: Barham. Hood. Blanchard. Calderley. J. K. Stephen. Aytoun. Lear. (i) The Celts: Mangan. De Vere. Darley. (j) The Ladies: Browning. Rossetti. E. Bronte. Ingelow. Proctor. L.E.L. (k) Dialect Writers: Motherwell. Barnes.

2. THE DRAMA.--(a) Poetic Drama: Browning. Beddoes. Knowles. Planché. De Vere. Sir H. Taylor. Lytton. Horne. (b) Melodrama: Boucicault. Tom Taylor. Wills. Jerrold. Poole. (c) Farce and Comedy: Brooks. H. J. Byron. Reade. Robertson. Gilbert.

3. THE NOVEL.--(a) Historical Romance: Ainsworth. James. Lytton. Grant. Thackeray. Kingsley. Reade. (b) Domestic Romance: Warren. Wood. Craik. Yonge. Reade. (c) Society Romance: Lytton. Disraeli. (d) The Novel of Manners: (i) English--Dickens. Thackeray. The Brontës. Gaskell. Kingsley. Eliot. Meredith. Trollope. (ii) Scotch--Oliphant. Macdonald. (iii) Irish--Carleton. Maginn. Mahony. Lover. Lever. (e) Romance of Adventure, etc.: Marryat. Whyte-Melville. Borrow. Collins. (f) Children’s Writers: M. Scott. Hughes. Kingsley. Carroll. Gatty. Rands. H. Martineau.

4. ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--(a) Literary Biography: Carlyle. Lockhart. Stanley. Lewes. Forster. (b) Johnsonian Tradition: Jeffrey. Wilson. Lockhart. (c) Romantic School: Carlyle. Hunt. De Quincey. Macaulay. Wilson. Froude. (d) The New Victorian School: Ruskin. Thackeray. Rossetti. Arnold. Swinburne. (e) The Miscellaneous Essay: John Brown. The Hares. Landor. Helps. Rands. (f) The New Literary Lecture: Carlyle. Thackeray. Dickens.

5. LETTERS, DIARIES, ETC.--Carlyle. Macaulay. Thackeray. Dickens. Fitzgerald.

6. SATIRE AND HUMOUR.--Dickens. Thackeray. Jerrold. See also Poetry, Sec. (h).

7. STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(a) Theology: (i) The Tractarians--Newman. Keble. Pusey. (ii) Liberals--Whately. T. Arnold. Maurice. Thirlwall. Stanley. Church. (b) Philosophy: (i) Carlyle and transcendentalism. (ii) Hamilton, Mansel, and the “commonsense” school (iii) J. S. Mill and the utilitarians, (iv) H. Martineau, Lewes, and the Comtists. (v) Spencer, James Martineau. Buckle. Bagehot. (c) Science: Lyell. Miller. Chambers. Spencer. Darwin. Huxley. Wallace. Scientific Travel--Wallace. Bates. Borrow. Livingstone. Speke. Burton. (d) Historians: (i) Students of Origins--Kemble. Palgrave. Trench. Muller. (ii) Ancient History--Lewis. T. Arnold. Thirlwall. Grote. Finlay. Milman. (iii) Literary Historians--Carlyle. Macaulay. Hallam. Froude. Burton. (iv) Scientific and Philosophical--Buckle. Maine. (v) Military history--Napier. Kinglake. Kaye. (e) Biographers: Carlyle. See also Essayists, Sec. (a).

AMERICAN LITERATURE (1830-1865).

1. POETRY.--(a) The New Englanders: Longfellow. Whittier. Lowell. Holmes. Emerson. Willis. (b) The Southerners: Poe. Lanier. Timrod. (c) The Middle States: Halleck. Drake. B. Taylor. Holland. Boker. Whitman.

2. THE DRAMA.--Bird. Smith. Conrad. Boker.

3. THE NOVEL.--(a) The Romancers: Hawthorne. Poe. Kennedy. Simms. Melville. (b) Novel of Manners: Stowe. Winthrop. O’Brien. “Ik Marvel.” (c) The Short Story: Hawthorne. Poe. Cooke.

4. THE HUMORISTS.--(a) Seba Smith. Haliburton. “Josh Billings.” “Artemus Ward.” D. R. Locke, (b) Saxe. Leland. Whittier. Lowell. Holmes.

5. ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--Emerson. Ticknor. Poe. Lowell. Hudson. Willis. Tuckerman. Grant White. Whipple. Curtis. Natural History Essay: Thoreau. Burroughs.

6. POLITICAL WRITINGS AND ORATORY.--Webster. Clay. Choate. Phillips.

7. STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(a) Philosophy and Religion: Channing. Alcott. Parker. Emerson. Fuller. Thoreau. Bushnell. Beecher. Hopkins. (b) History: Bancroft. Prescott. Motley. Parkman.

8. CHILDREN’S WRITERS.--Sedgwick. Child. Warner. Finley. Whitney. Goodrich. Abbott. Dana.

LATER VICTORIAN AND GEORGIAN AGE (1870-1920).

Forces at Work.--Amidst ever increasing complexity one may briefly note (a) The influence of British imperialism and commercialism, the development of dominion literature, and the Celtic Revival partly due to the frustration of Irish nationalism; (b) the rapid development of industry and the resulting increase in production and population; (c) the growth of trade unionism, the widening rift between classes and masses, and the resulting emphasis in literature on political and social abuses; (d) realisation of a national Education Act, its further development, and the subsequent growth of popular literature and of journalism; (e) the spread of the scientific spirit and its effects in heightening a critical and analytical attitude; (f) the influences from France, Russia, and Scandinavia with their trend towards crude or impressionistic realism and psychological analysis.

Literary Features.--The complexity of the age favoured many attitudes besides realism and analysis. In poetry one may range from romantic lyric or narrative to “satires of circumstance” or “stage-door flashlights,” while the feeling towards new models is shown not only in choice and treatment of subject but in the wide experimentation in new forms of verse. The drama in its first stage is limited to romantic comedy, but after Ibsen it becomes realistic and often satirical. The novel rises to be the chief instrument of public expression, and amidst the vast output, one may note the steady stream of romantic, realistic, and propaganda novels, while the short story achieves a triumph in itself. Miscellaneous prose writers are prolific; the growth of journalism tends to shorten the literary and critical essay, but the lengthy literary biography has still many adherents. A prominent class is the historical, philosophical and scientific treatise, and with the rise of popular education children’s literature achieves a special place. In poetry, style ranges from florid Swinburne and ornate Thompson to the delicate silver of Bridges, while in prose there are masters in every style.

LATER VICTORIAN AND GEORGIAN AGE (1870-1920).

1. POETRY.--(a) The Victorian Tradition: Tennyson. Browning. Austin. Bridges. Blunt. Gosse. Lang. “Owen Meredith.” Phillips. Watts-Dunton. Beeching. Benson. Gale. Quiller-Couch. Carpenter. Hewlett. Flecker. (b) The Pre-Raphaelites: Rossetti. Patmore. Morris. Swinburne. De Tabley. (c) The Impressionists: A. Symons. Dowson. Wilde. Le Gallienne. (d) Political and Muscular School: Henley. Watson. Kipling. Newbolt. Binyon. (e) The Catholic Poets: L. Johnson. F. Thompson. Meynell. L. Housman. Chesterton. (f) Philosophic and Realistic: E. Arnold. Meredith. Hardy. Watson. J. Thomson. Marston. Davidson. A. E. Housman. Gibson. Masefield. Abercrombie. Drinkwater. Brooke. Thomas. (g) The New Nature Poets: Davies. De la Mare. Hodgson. (h) The Celts: (i) L. Morris. O’Shaughnessy. De Vere. Buchanan. Shairp. (ii) Yeats. “A.E.” Jas. Stephens. Colum. Hyde. (j) The Ladies: (i) Webster. Woods. Meynell. Field. R. M. Watson. (ii) Barlow. O’Neill. Hopper. Tynan. Shorter. Gore-Booth. (k) Adlington, Flint, and the “Imagists.”

2. THE DRAMA.--(a) Poetic Drama: Tennyson. Swinburne. Phillips. Davidson. (b) Prose Drama: (i) Wilde. (ii) The Romantics--Pinero. Jones. Grundy. Chambers. Carton. (iii) The Realists--Shaw. Barker. Galsworthy. Hankin. Cannan. Houghton. Zangwill. (iv) The Middle School--Barrie. Sutro. Bennett. Milne. Maugham. Davies. Drinkwater. (v) The Irish Literary Theatre--Yeats. “A.E.” Geo. Moore. Synge. Gregory. Ervine. Mayne.

3. THE NOVEL.--(a) The Realists and the Novel of Manners: Eliot. Trollope. Reade. Meredith. Gissing. Hardy. Crackanthorpe. Harland. Moore. Wilde. Kipling. Phillpotts. Conrad. Zangwill. Wells. Bennett. Galsworthy. Walpole. Beresford. Lawrence. Mackenzie. (b) Philosophical Novel: Butler. Morris. Shorthouse. Shaw. Davidson. Watts-Dunton. “Mark Rutherford.” (c) The Scotch Novel: Macdonald. McCleod. Black. Munro. “Ian Maclaren.” Crockett. Stevenson. “Geo. Douglas.” (d) The Romance: W. Morris. Collins. Stevenson. Besant and Rice. Blackmore. Hudson. Haggard. Baring-Gould. Doyle. Kipling. Parker. G. Allen. Merriman. D. C. Murray. Hall Caine. Wells. “A. Hope.” Locke. (e) The Ladies: (i) Eliot. Mrs. Oliphant. Lady Ritchie. Mrs. Wood. Mrs. Craik. C. M. Yonge. “J. S. Winter.” M. E. Braddon. (ii) Mrs. H. Ward. “O. Schreiner.” Sarah Grand. “George Egerton.” B. Harraden. “Lucas Malet.” “Ouida.” “J. O. Hobbes.” “E. Robins.” May Sinclair. Kaye-Smith. (f) Humorous sketch: Anstey. Jerome. Jacobs. Pain. Pett Ridge. Lyons. Milne. Birmingham. Somerville and Ross. (g) The Short Story: Hardy. Kipling. Doyle. Bennett. Wells. Zangwill.

4. ESSAY AND CRITICISM.--(a) Literary Criticism: M. Arnold. J. Brown. L. Stephen. W. E. Henley. J. A. Symonds. A. Lang. E. V. Lucas. G. K. Chesterton. G. B. Shaw. Garnett. Gosse. “Q.” Archer. Clutton-Brock. Nevinson. Harrison. (b) Art Criticism: Ruskin. Pater. Wilde. Wedmore (c) Literary Essay: Stevenson. Jefferies. Pater. Carpenter. Bain. Paget. A. C. Benson. Squire. (d) Literary Biography: Forster. Masson. Smiles. Oliphant. L. Stephen. Pattison. Morley. (e) Letters and diaries: Swinburne. Stevenson. Brooke. Cory. “Barbellion.”

5. STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(a) Religion and Philosophy: (i) Lewes. Eliot. H. Martineau. Congreve and the positivists. (ii) Spencer. Darwin, Huxley, and the evolutionists (iii) Jowett, T. H. Green, Caird and the Neo-Hegelians. (iv) Newman, Church, Martineau, and the theologians. (b) The Scientists: Darwin. Wallace. Huxley. (c) Travel: A. B. Edwardes. Stanley. Stevenson. Burnaby. Isabella Bird. M. Kingsley. (d) The Historians: (i) Buckle. Maine. Bagehot. Pearson. Seeley. Acton. Lecky. Maitland. and the philosophical school. (ii) Froude. Freeman. Stubbs. J. R. Green. Creighton. Gardiner, and the Oxford school. (iii) Kinglake. Henderson, and the military historians.

6. CHILDREN’S WRITERS.--(a) English: Stephenson. Ewing. Carroll. Lear. Parry. Farrow. Nesbit. Lucas. Kipling. Barrie. Henty. Fenn, etc. (b) American: Stowe. Hawthorne. Alcott. “Mark Twain.” Harris. Field. Ryley. Coffin. Stockton. Pyle. Ellis. Burnett.

7. AMERICAN LITERATURE.--(a) Poetry: T. B. Aldrich. J. Miller. R. W. Gilder. J. W. Ryley. E. C. Stedman. R. H. Stoddard. R. Hovey. (b) The Drama: Howells. Daly. Fitch. Howard. The Mackayes. (c) The Novel: H. James. W. D. Howells. G. W. Cable. J. L. Allen. E. P. Roe. F. M. Crawford. L. Wallace. J. London. F. Norris. E. Wharton. (d) The Essayists: C. E. Norton. T. W. Higginson. M. W. Conway. E. C. Stedman. H. James. G. W. Curtis. H. W. Mabie. E. More. (e) The Humorous Sketch and Story: “Mark Twain.” “Bret Harte.” Ambrose Bierce. “Max Adeler.” “Bill Nye.” H. Ade. F. P. Dunne. C. G. Leland. “O. Henry.” (f) Religion and Philosophy: Gladden. Brooks. Fiske. Pierce. Schaff. MacCosh. Royce. W. James. Dewey. Baldwin. G. Santanyana. (g) Historians: Lea. Bancroft. Mahan.

TEST PAPER (1832-1920)

1. Who were the Pre-Raphaelites? What was their literary attitude?

2. Outline the history of the drama from Robertson to Barker.

3. In what respects do Hardy and Meredith agree and differ as poets and as novelists?

4. Compare Whitman with Swinburne, or Tennyson with Browning.

5. Write a brief essay on the cult of the short story from Irving to O. Henry.

6. Show the development of realism either in poetry or prose fiction from 1870.

7. Name three American and three English humorists. Compare the work of any two of them.

8. Write brief notes on any three of the following: Macaulay, Jas. Thomson, Sir W. Watson, O. W. Holmes, E. Fitzgerald. W. B. Yeats, J. Conrad, H. G. Wells.

9. What do you know of the following: “Eothen,” “Erewhon,” “The Hound of Heaven,” “Vailima Letters,” “A Shropshire Lad.”

10. Compare Dickens and Thackeray as satirists.

COURSE SIX: LIBRARY AND MUSEUM LEGISLATION, ORGANISATION AND EQUIPMENT.

TEXT BOOKS REQUIRED.

American Library Association--Manual of library economy. Reprints. Chaps. 1-32, A.L.A.; also Grafton, 1s. 6d. each.

Bostwick (A. E.)--The American Public Library. 3rd edition revised and enlarged. Appleton, 1923. 12s. 6d.

Brown (J. D.)--Manual of library economy. Library Supply, 1907 edition; 3rd and memorial edition by W. C. B. Sayers. Grafton, 1919. 30s.

Brown (J. D.) and others. Open-access libraries. Grafton, 1915. 10s. 6d.

Fovargue (H. W.)--Summary of the law relating to public libraries in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Grafton, 1922. 2s. 6d.

Roebuck (G. E.) and Thorne (W. B.)--A primer of library practice. Grafton, 1914. 5s.

Sanderson (C. R.)--“Library Law.” Bumpus, 1925. 6s.

Lesson 1.

LIBRARY AND MUSEUM LEGISLATION.

The first part of this section must be carefully studied and I advise all students to thoroughly understand Sanderson’s “Library Law.” It is essential to possess a detailed knowledge of the English, Scottish and Irish Acts of Parliament relating to Public Libraries and Museums. The Public Libraries Act, 1919, the Public Libraries (Scotland) Act, 1920, The Public Libraries (Ireland) Act, 1920, The Public Libraries (Northern Ireland) Act, 1924 and the Irish Free State Local Government Act, 1925 must be carefully read, and students should keep to British legislation until able to say exactly what may be done under the Acts and able to give dates and title of the Acts for particular powers. Note particularly Irish legislation (Sanderson, pp. 40-41). In conjunction with Sanderson’s work read the reports issued by the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees. They include the Annual Reports from 1914 to date. Library provision and policy, by W. G. S. Adams, 1915. Proceedings of the Carnegie Rural Library Conference, 1920. Stirling Conference Report: Extension to Burgh and Parish Library areas, 1923. The Public Library System of Great Britain and Ireland (1921-1923), 1924, and the County Library Conference, 1924.

Having obtained a thorough grounding from the above authorities the Reading List may now be commenced. For criticism on the 1919 Act consult the L.A. Vol. 15, 1920-21, pp. 5-7; 118-124; 135-137. L.A.R. Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 333-338 (Scotland), and L.W. Vol. 22, 1919-1926, pp. 330-333.

For county rural libraries Gray’s County library systems, and Macleod’s County rural libraries covers all the ground necessary to the student.

READING LIST.

Baker--Public libraries under the new Act (1919). Fortnightly Review. February, 1921, pp. 321-333.

Boose--Constitution of Colonial public libraries. L. Vol. 6, 1894, pp. 391-401.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1907 edition. Sects. 1-18. 1919 edition. Sects. 1-18.

Drury--The library and its organization. Classics of American Librarianship. Wilson: New York, 1924, pp. 131-155; 263-339. County Libraries, pp. 343-377.

Encyclopædia Britannica.--Articles: Libraries. Museums.

Fovargue--Summary of law relating to public libraries in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Revised edition, 1922.

Gray--County library systems: their history, organisation and administration. The Coptic Series. Grafton, 1922, pp. 11-125.

Johnston--The Education (Scotland) Act, 1918 and public library development. L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 92-97.

Macleod--County rural libraries: their policy and organisation. Grafton, 1923, 10s. 6d., pp. 31-76; 88-109.

Macleod--County library law. L.A.R. Vol. 24, 1922, pp. 309-321.

Minto--Exemption of libraries from rates and taxes. L. (N.S.). Vol. 3, 1902, pp. 256-260.

Minto--Public libraries and museums. L.A.R. Vol. 5, 1903, pp. 261-269.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. Grafton, 1914, pp. 11-28; 149-182.

Sanderson--Library law: a text book for the professional examinations in library organisation. Bumpus, 1925. 6s., pp 15-67, 125-147.

Sparke--Nationalisation of public libraries. In Librarians’ Guide, 1923, pp. 9-13.

Statutes relating to public libraries and museums, 1798-1898. L.A. Year Book, 1899-1907.

Stearns--How to organise State Library Commissions. L.J. Vol. 24, 1899. Conference Number, Chaps. 16-18, also in Drury’s Library and its organisation; pp. 287-292.

Superannuation. L.A.R. Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 339-342.

Superannuation, by S. Lord. N.A.L.G.O. Offices, 1922, 14 page pamphlet.

Third Interim Report of the Adult Education Committee ... on Libraries and Museums.

QUESTIONS:

1. Mention current acts of legislation, other than Library Acts, which have direct bearing on libraries, museums and art galleries.

2. Name the places where there is no fixed limit to the rate that may be levied for library purposes, and show the effect of this absence of limitation.

3. Compare the library legislation of South Africa with that of Australia.

4. What Act authorises the library authority to make bye-laws, and for what purpose?

5. What are the main provisions of the State Library Laws of the United States?

6. Write a brief essay (500 words) on County Rural Library Law.

Lesson 2.

COMMITTEE, FINANCE, STAFF.

Possessing a good knowledge of the powers conferred by the Acts the student must now pay special attention to the powers and duties of Library Committees; committee routine, accounts, and the provisions for loans and rates. Take particular care that the permissive and compulsory powers are thoroughly understood. Audit, annual budgets and financial factors affecting the buildings, books, salaries, etc., of the library services should be carefully considered and definite decisions and figures memorised. The qualifications and duties of librarians and assistants, and a knowledge of the facilities available for the training of assistants, both in England and America is also necessary. The statistics of our large public libraries relating to finance, etc., as given in the Librarian’s Guide and the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustee reports should be compared and studied.

READING LIST.

Ballinger--Constitution of public library committees. L. Vol. 7, 1895, pp. 1-9.

Bostwick--The American Public Library. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged, 1923, pp. 201-214.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1907 edition. Sects. 19-103; 483-484. 1919 edition. Sects. 19-98.

Fegan--Some thoughts on professional training. L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 237-242.

Hetherington--Library statistics. L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 1-16; 280-284.

Guppy--The librarian’s equipment. L.A. Vol. 6, 1903, pp. 66-71.

Law--Committee work. L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 127-129.

Lucas--On the delegation of powers to library committees. L.A.R., 1904, pp. 388-393.

McCall.--Library finance. L.A. Vol. 16, 1922, pp. 24-28; 38-40.

Minto--Education and training for librarianship. L.A. Vol. 17, 1924, pp. 236-242.

Neesham--Cash receipts and petty cash. L.W. Vol. 10, 1907-8, pp. 248-251.

Neesham--Committee work. L.W. Vol. 10, 1907-8, pp. 351-353.

Pacy--Borrowing and rating powers under the Public Libraries Acts. L. Vol. 1, 1899, pp. 132-136.

Piper--Technical training in librarianship in England and abroad. L.A.R. Vol. 14, 1912, pp. 332-351.

Prideaux--Professional registration and education. L.A.R. Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 1-6.

Robinson--Public finance. Camb. Univ. Press. 5s.

Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice, pp. 29-45; 139-148.

Ross--Technical training in librarianship in England and abroad. L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp, 99-117.

Sanderson--Summary of library law. pp. 68-117.

Sayers--Past and present professional training. L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 585-596.

Sayers--Library finance. L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 17-29.

Sparke--Library assistants and the future. L.A. Vol. 14, 1918, pp. 184-8.

Wright--Some principles of rural library economy. L.W. Vol. 23, 1920-21, pp. 537-540.

QUESTIONS.

1. What records should a librarian keep so as to be able to show the receipts and expenditure under the chief heads? Give suggested rulings.

2. Discuss the advantages to be gained by having co-opted members on the Libraries Committee.

3. What advantages would be likely to follow if all County Councils carried out the duties of library authorities?

4. Write an imaginary agenda for a public library committee meeting.

5. Compare the British system of training for librarianship with that of the United States.

6. A public library service has an income of £20,000. Tabulate the percentage you would devote under the various heads.

Lesson 3.

BUILDINGS AND FITTINGS.

This lesson is intended to enable the student to obtain a thorough grasp of the theory and principles of library architecture. The class of library required, its scope and size, the amount of money available, the environment, experience of the librarian and the method of administration intended are all factors that require careful consideration when planning a new library building. Great care must also be taken in selecting or accepting a site. Full factors in the planning of the various departments, together with the correct type of fittings and furniture, should be known to all students. I advise students to visit as many libraries as possible that are organised and administered on the most modern method of library science and to compare them. The factors on population in relation to buildings, spacing and cubical contents required for planning, and the miscellaneous percentages pertaining to the organisation of a library service found on pages 165-8 should be practised and memorised. The Builder should be looked through for specifications and competitions and these should be compared with those suggested by Champneys, Soule, Marks and others. The influence of the “open access” method of administration on planning, fittings and furniture must never be overlooked.

READING LIST.

Adams--Public libraries: their buildings and equipment. L.A.R. Vol. 7, 1905, pp. 161-177 and 220-236.

Bostwick--The American Public Library. 3rd edition revised and enlarged, 1923, pp. 282-311.

Brown--Manual of library economy. 1907 edition. Sect. 104-169; pp. 481-2; 485-8. 1919 edition. Sect. 107-173.

Brown and others--Open-access libraries. Grafton, 1915, pp. 11-104.

Burgoyne--Library construction, architecture and fittings, and furniture. The Library Series. Allen, 1906. O.P. Passim.

Burgoyne--Some points in library planning. Greenwood’s L.Y.B., 1900-01, pp. 12-20.

Champneys--Public libraries: a treatise on their design, construction and fittings. Batsford, 1907, 12s. 6d., pp. 1-60; 61-151.

Coulson--Situation of branch libraries. L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 201-4.

Greenhough--Ventilation, heating and lighting. L. Vol. 2, 1890, pp. 421-433.

Hadley--Library buildings. Notes and plans. Amer. Lib. Assoc., Chicago. Grafton, 17s. 6d.

Hare--Some suggestions on the planning of public libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 148-154.

Hart--Heating, lighting and ventilation. Greenwoods Y.B., 1897, p. 38.

Lowe--The public library building plan. 1924.

MacLeod--County rural libraries, pp. 120-130.

Marks--The principles of planning. Chap. Library planning.

Philip--Lighting, heating and ventilation of libraries. L.A.R. Vol. 9, 1907, pp. 225-230.

Sayers--The children’s library. _The English Library, pp. 78-116 and