Chapter Vii.--All Hallow Tide to Martinmas

1. #R. Chambers, "The Book Of Days"# (London, n.d.), ii. 538 [referred to as "B. D."]; #T. F. Thiselton Dyer, "British Popular Customs"# (London, 1876), 396 f.

2. # J. Rhys, "Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom"# (London, 1888), 514, #"Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx"# (Oxford, 1901), i. 321.

3. Tille, "Y. & C.," 57 f.

4. Rhys, "Celtic Folklore," i. 315 f.

5. #J. Dowden, "The Church Year and Kalendar"# (Cambridge, 1910), 23 f.

6. Cf. #J. G. Frazer, "Adonis, Attis, Osiris"# (2nd Edition, London, 1907), 315 f.

7. #E. B. Tylor, "Primitive Culture"# (3rd Edition, London, 1891), ii. 38.

8. Frazer, "Adonis," 310.

9. Ibid. 312 f.

10. #P. Sebillot, "Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne"# (Paris, 1886), 206.

11. #L. von Hoermann, "Tiroler Volksleben"# (Stuttgart, 1909), 193.

12. Frazer, "Adonis," 315.

13. #G. Pitre, "Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane"# (Palermo, 1880), 393 f. Cf. #H. F. Feilberg, "Jul"# (Copenhagen, 1904), i. 67.

14. #"Notes and Queries"# (London), 3rd Series, vol. i. 446; Dyer, 408.

15. Frazer, "Adonis," 250.

16. Dyer, 405 f.

17. Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. iv. 381; Dyer, 407.

18. #C. S. Burne and G. F. Jackson, "Shropshire Folk-Lore"# (London, 1883), 383.

19. Ibid. 381 f.

20. Quoted by Dyer, 410.

21. #O. von Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, "Das festliche Jahr der germanischen Voelker"# (2nd Edition, Leipsic, 1898), 390.

22. #"Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari"# (Palermo), vol. viii. 574.

23. Hoermann, "Tiroler Volksleben," 189 f.

24. Frazer, "Adonis," 303 f.

25. Ibid. 306 f.

26. Evans, 363 f.

27. Dyer, 394.

28. Ibid. 398.

29. Ibid. 394. Cf. Chambers, "B. D.," ii. 519 f.

30. Dyer, 395.

31. Ibid. 399.

32. Ibid. 397 f.

33. #S. O. Addy, "Household Tales, with other Traditional Remains. Collected in the Counties of Lincoln, Derby, and Nottingham"# (London and Sheffield, 1895), 82.

34. Ibid. 85.

35. #W. Henderson, "Folk Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders"# (2nd Edition, London, 1879), 101.

36. Dyer, 399.

37. Ibid. 403. |374|

38. Rhys, "Celtic Folklore," i. 321, "Celtic Heathendom," 514.

39. Rhys, "Celtic Folklore," i. 328.

40. MacCulloch, "Religion of the Ancient Celts," 259, 261.

41. Rhys, "Celtic Heathendom," 515.

42. Ibid. 515.

43. Ibid. 515, "Celtic Folklore," i. 225.

44. MacCulloch, "Religion of the Ancient Celts," 262.

45. Brand, 211.

46. Dyer, 402.

47. Ibid. 394 f.

48. Frazer, "Golden Bough," iii. 299 f.

49. Burne and Jackson, 389.

50. Dyer, 409.

51. #J. Grimm, "Teutonic Mythology"# (Eng. Trans. by J. S. Stallybrass, London, 1880-8), i. 47.

52. #K. Weinhold, "Weihnacht-Spiele und Lieder aus Sueddeutschland und Schlesien"# (Vienna, 1875), 6.

53. #U. Jahn, "Die deutschen Opfergebraeuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht"# (Breslau, 1884), 262.

54. Ibid. 262.

55. Weinhold, 6.

56. Dyer, 472.

57. Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. i. 173; Dyer, 486.

58. Weinhold, 7.

59. Ibid. 10.

60. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 449.

61. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 166.

62. Dyer, 480.

63. Feilberg, ii. 228 f.

64. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 393.

65. #Tacitus, "Annales,"# lib. i. cap. 50, quoted by Tille, "Y. & C.," 25.

66. Tille, "Y. & C.," 26.

67. Ibid. 52.

68. Ibid. 27.

69. Brand, 216 f.

70. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 401 f. For German Martinmas feasting, see also Jahn, 229 f.

71. Grimm, iv. 1838, for Danish custom; Jahn, 235 f., for German.

72. #"The Folk-Lore Record"# (London), vol. iv., 1881, 107; Dyer, 420.

73. MacCulloch, "Religion of the Ancient Celts," 260.

74. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 403.

75. Jahn, 246 f.

76. Ibid. 246; Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 403.

77. Tille, "Y. & C.," 34 f.

78. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 404; Jahn, 250.

79. Jahn, 247.

80. Angela Nardo-Cibele in Archivio trad. pop., vol. v. 238 f., for Venetia; Pitre, 411 f., for Sicily.

81. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 405. |375|

82. Jahn, 240.

83. Ibid. 241 f.

84. Ibid. 241.

85. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 404.

86. Weinhold, 7.

87. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 268; Weinhold, 7; Tille, "D. W.," 25.

88. Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, illustration facing p. 406.

89. Ibid. 405.

90. Ibid. 404.

91. Ibid. 410; Tille, "D. W.," 26 f.; #W. Mannhardt, "Der Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstaemme"# (Berlin, 1875. Vol. i. of "Wald- und Feldkulte"), 273.

92. Cf. Mannhardt, "Baumkultus," 303, and Reinach, i. 180.

93. Archivio trad. pop., vol. v. 238 f., 358 f.

94. Mannhardt, "Baumkultus," 274.