Part 45

6. What process took the place of the puddling process? Page 241.

7. What is steel? How is iron obtained by the Bessemer 417 process made into steel? Page 245.

The Textile Industry.

1. What is the most important of the textile industries? Page 247.

2. Compare the value of textile manufactures in the principal countries of Europe during the period from 1800 to 1896, inclusive, with that of the United States during the same period. Page 247.

3. Define textiles. How are they made? Page 251.

4. What were the so-called “Manchester cottons”? Page 254.

5. Who invented the spinning jenny? What was its use? Page 255.

6. Up until the invention of the water frame, why was the making of cloth entirely from cotton impracticable? Page 256.

7. What was the spinning mule? By whom was it invented? Page 257.

8. What is the purpose of the cotton gin? Page 257.

9. What factors have made cotton the most important textile? Page 258.

10. Why is the cotton industry moving toward the South? Page 262.

Manufacturing Industries of the United States.

1. Why was manufacturing neglected by the early settlers of the United States? Page 263.

2. What manufactories sprang up in the nineteenth century? Page 266.

3. Name the four greatest producers of manufactures for exportation. Page 270.

4. When was the largest growth of agricultural exports in the United States? Of exports of manufactures? Page 272.

5. What articles are the chief requisites of 418 manufacturing? Page 272.

6. How do you account for the rapid growth of copper as an export of manufacture? Page 277.

7. Illustrate the fact that the United States does not need to invade foreign markets with its manufactures. Page 278.

8. Distinguish between the gross value of the factory product of manufactures and the net value of the same. Page 284.

9. Compare the growth of the exportation of manufactures with that of the production. Page 286.

10. Under what head does the Bureau of Statistics classify boots and shoes; flour; salted meats; illuminating oil; pig iron. Page 287.

Concrete and Steel.

1. How do concrete and steel supplement each other? Page 322.

2. Of what is the standardization of concrete applications indicative? Page 323.

3. What is a corrugated bar? Page 324.