Part 39

4. Describe the systems of labor which preceded the modern wage system. Page 64.

5. How has the extreme individualism of Adam Smith’s theory been modified? Page 65.

6. What are the three peculiarities of the sale of labor? Page 66.

Labor Organizations and Collective Bargaining.

1. Why have labor organizations grown more rapidly in the United States and England than on the Continent of Europe? Page 69.

2. What are the two types of trade unions in the United States? Page 69.

3. Describe the two most important national organizations which have been in this country. Page 70.

4. What are the methods by which labor organizations monopolize the labor market? Page 71.

5. Why do labor leaders object to piece work? Page 72.

6. What are the two arguments in favor of shorter hours put forth by the trade unionist? Page 73.

7. What is the economic justification of the shorter working day? Page 74.

8. Give illustrations where unions have directly limited the amount of output. Page 75.

9. What is the attitude of the majority of the employers in the United States toward collective bargaining? Page 77.

10. What erroneous ideas exist as to the purpose of labor 408 organizations? Page 78.

11. Describe the method of settling an industrial dispute by conciliation. Why is the principle of arbitration fast going out of favor? Page 79.

Women and Children at Work.

1. Describe the evils of the early factory system in England. Page 80.

2. Are the women crowding the men out of their occupations and taking their places? Page 81.

3. What is the most important reason for the low economic position which woman occupies in the industrial world? Page 83.

4. How does George L. Bolen justify the employment of women? Page 86.

5. How can the evil arising from child labor be cured? Page 87.

6. What obstacles have been in the way of efforts to improve labor conditions by legislation? Page 88.

7. Name, and give examples of, the two classes into which the factory acts may be divided. Page 88.

8. What has been accomplished in the United States in the way of labor legislation? Page 89.

Unemployment and Insurance.

1. Classify the unemployed. Page 91.

2. What are personal causes of unemployment? Page 92.

3. Name some industrial causes of unemployment. Page 93.