Part 14

First to lose life in Revolutionary War was Chrispus Attucks, Negro ... first commodore of Navy was John Barry, Irish ... naval hero John Paul Jones, Scot ... $5,000,000 contributed toward War of 1812 by Stephen Girard, French ... famous privateer, who abolished corporal punishment in the Navy, was Uriah Levy, Jew ... British defeated on Lake Erie by Captain Perry, Scotch-Irish.

Labor

First president of American Federation of Labor, who improved living standards of workers was Samuel Gompers, English Jew ... leader of C. I. O., John L. Lewis, Welsh ... organizer of coal miners, John Mitchell, Welsh ... president of A. F. of L., William Green, English-Welsh ... leader of Amalgamated Clothing Workers, Sidney Hillman, Lithuanian Jew.

Religious Work

Participating in Washington’s Inaugural was Rabbi Seixas, Portuguese Jew ... one of our greatest clergymen, Jonathan Edwards, Welsh ... leader in welfare and religious work, Huie Kin, Chinese ... first Protestant missionary to West Indies was George Lisle, former Negro slave ... professor of theology at Hartford Seminary, N. Y. Ananigian, Armenian ... authority on early church history is Prof. La Plana, Albanian.

Education

First book on pedagogy published in 1770 by Christopher Dock, German ... Harvard University named after John Harvard, English; Yale University by Elihu Yale, Welsh; William and Mary by James Blair, Scot; Brown University by Morgan Edwards and Samuel Jones, Welsh ... New York University by Gallatin, Swiss ... Tuskegee Institute by Booker Washington, Negro, world-famed educator ... Williams College by Ephraim Williams, Welsh ... one of incorporators of Columbia University was Rabbi Seixas, Portuguese Jew ... Hunter College by Thomas Hunter, Irish ... Creighton University, Omaha, by Creighton brothers, Irish ... Princeton University founded by Scottish Presbyterians ... Barnard College founded by Annie Nathan Meyer, German Jew.

Infant school introduced in 1816, by Robert Owen, Welsh ... first German kindergarten introduced in Wisconsin in 1855 by wife of Carl Schurz, German ... a primer, first book produced in Pennsylvania, written by Franz Pastorius, German, headmaster of first school in Germantown ... College of Journalism at Columbia University founded by Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian Jew ... School of Mines founded by Adolph Lewisohn, German Jew ... first English kindergarten founded in Boston in 1860 by Elizabeth Peabody, English ... father of modern American education was Horace Mann, English.

World-famous orientalist P. K. Hitti, Syrian ... one of foremost educators was Henry Suzallo, Yugoslav ... Angelo Patri, Italian, counsels parents and children ... one of our greatest economists was Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian.

Law and Order

First Chief Justice of Supreme Court was John Jay, French ... present Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, Welsh ... one of foremost authorities on international law is Stephen Ladas, Greek.

* * * * *

Finns work the iron-ore fields of northern Minnesota. ... Netherlanders and Poles developed wood-working trades of Michigan.... Italians, Portuguese, Greeks, and Swiss have built up the grape and wine industry of California.... Greek candy-makers.... Mexicans and Japanese in beet fields of Colorado, Nebraska, and California.... Italians, Poles, and Slavs in meatpacking, textile, and building industries.

THE PROGRAMS AND THEIR PURPOSE

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=10. The Germans.=—The Germans—Protestant, Catholic, and Jew—push frontiers westward, fashion the Kentucky rifle, build “Switzer” barn and Conestoga wagon, and develop agriculture, forestry, music, art, education, and science.

DUBOIS, R. and SCHWEPPE, E. (eds). Germans in American Life. Thomas Nelson and Sons, New York. 1936.

FAUST, A. B. German Element in the United States. (2 vols.) Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. 1927.

HARK, ANN. Hex Marks the Spot. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 1938.

=11. The Scandinavians.=—Swedes, Norwegians, and Finns settle North-Central States, introducing log cabins, co-operatives, progressive dairy methods, social consciousness, gymnastics, and folk high schools.

BENSON, ADOLPH B. and HEDIN, NABOTH (eds). The Swedes in America. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 1938.

HAVIGHURST, WALTER. Upper Mississippi: A Wilderness Saga. Farrar and Rinehart, N. Y. 1937.

RÖLVAAG, O. E. Giants in the Earth. McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, Canada. 1937.

=12. Closing Frontiers.=—When there is no more good free land to settle, immigrants crowd into our cities to supply demand for unskilled labor.

HOUGH, EMERSON. The Passing of the Frontier. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 1918.

PAXSON, F. J. History of the American Frontier. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. 1924.

=13. The Jews.=—Participating in American life since early colonial days, the Jews make significant contributions to science, industry, music, literature, theatre, law, medicine, and philanthropy.

BROWNE, LEWIS. Stranger Than Fiction. Macmillan Company, N. Y. 1933.