Part 5

NODE: the point of the stem from which one or more leaves arise.

OBLANCEOLATE: lance-shaped with the base tapering downwards. OBTUSE: blunt. ORBICULAR: circular. OVATE: egg-shaped (applied to flat bodies). OVOID: egg-shaped (applied to solids).

PALMATE: (compound leaf) with the divisions so arranged that they radiate from the petiole-like the fingers of the hand. PANICLE: a branched, flower-cluster with the older flowers outermost. PANICULATE: with much branched open flower clusters. PAPILLÆ: minute, blunt projections. PAPPUS: the bristles, awns, or hairs which crown the fruit of the Composites. PARIETAL: (placentæ) attached to the wall of the ovary. PEDUNCLE: a flower-stalk. PERENNIAL: lasting from year to year. PERFOLIATE: (leaves) having the basal part so extended and united as to make it appear as though the stem grew through them. PERIANTH: the calyx and corolla collectively. PETAL: a corolla-leaf. PETALOID: petal-like. PETIOLE: the leaf-stalk. PINNÆ: the primary divisions of a compound leaf. PINNATE: compound with leaflets arranged along a common axis. PINNATIFID: pinnately cleft. PINNULES: secondary pinnæ. PLACENTÆ: the parts of the ovary to which the seeds are attached. PLUMOSE: feathery. POLLEN: the fertilising powder of the anther. POLYGAMOUS: having both perfect and imperfect flowers. PROSTRATE: lying flat on the ground. PUBERULENT: covered with tiny almost imperceptible hairs. PULVINI: cushions or pads.

RACEME: a flower-cluster in which the stalked flowers are arranged along an elongated axis. RACEMOSE: raceme-like. RACHIS: the axis. RADICAL: arising from the root, or portion of the stem resembling the root. RECEPTACLE: the usually somewhat enlarged portion of the stem on which parts of a flower or of a flower-cluster are borne. RENIFORM: kidney-shaped. REPAND: wavy-margined. RETICULATE: arranged like a network. REVOLUTE: rolled backward. RHIZOME: an underground stem; a rootstock. RHOMBIC: having the shape of a four-sided figure with parallel and equal sides which may be either perpendicular or oblique to each other. RHOMBOID: of a somewhat rhombic shape. ROTATE: wheel-shaped. RUNCINATE: coarsely cut into with the segments turned backward.

SAGITTATE: shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes turned downward. SAMARA: a simple, indehiscent, winged fruit. SAPROPHYTE: a plant which grows on dead organic matter. SCALE: a minute, rudimentary leaf. SCAPE: a leafless or nearly leafless flower-stalk arising from near the ground. SCARIOUS: dry, thin, membranous. SCURF: minute scales on the epidermis (skin). SEPALS: the divisions of the calyx. SERRATE: with teeth pointing forwards. SERRULATE: with minute forward pointing teeth. SESSILE: (leaf) without any stalk. SHEATH: a tubular structure such as is formed by the lower part of the leaves of grasses, etc. SILICLE: a short and broad silique. SILIQUE: the elongated two-valved and usually dehiscent fruit of the Cress family. It is divided by a partition and the placentæ are parietal. SINUATE: with a strongly wavy margin. SINUS: the recess between the lobes of a leaf. SORI: the fruit-dots of ferns. SPADIX: a fleshy spike as in the Araceæ. SPATHE: a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a flower or an inflorescence. SPATULATE: spoon-shaped. SPIKE: a flower-cluster in which the flowers are stalkless on an elongated axis. SPORANGES: the sacs containing the spores. SPORE: the reproductive body of ferns. SPOROPHYLL: leaf-like organ or receptacle containing spores. STAMEN: the organ of the flower which produces the pollen. STAMINODIA: sterile stamens or structures which are developed in the place of stamens. STELLATE: star-shaped. STIPE: the leaf-stalk of a fern. STIPULE: an appendage such as is found at the base of many leaf-stalks. STOLON: a trailing and rooting shoot. STRIATE: marked with slender, longitudinal stripes. STRICT: straight and upright. STYLE: (of pistil) the elongated portion at top of ovary. SUBULATE: awl-shaped. SUPERIOR: (side of flower) the one next the axis of a flower-cluster; (ovary) free from calyx tube.

TERETE: cylindrical, circular in cross-section. TERNATE: in threes. TOMENTOSE: clothed with matted wool-like hairs. TORULOSE: knobby; swollen at intervals. TRUNCATE: as if cut off at the top. TUBERCLE: a small knob-like outgrowth. TURBINATE: top-shaped.

UMBEL: an umbrella-like flower-cluster. UNDULATE: wavy.

VALVATE: (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not overlapping. VERTICILLATE: whorled. VEXILLUM: the standard of the peculiar flower of pea, etc. VILLOUS: with long soft hairs.

GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS

FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES

Leaves large, fern-like. Sporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile leaf. =Ophioglossaceæ.= Sporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of the leaves. =Polypodiaceæ.= Leaves small, reduced to scales. Stems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints; sporanges in the terminal, cone-like spike. =Equisetaceæ.= Stems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scale-like; sporanges of one kind, solitary in the axils of the leaves. =Lycopodiaceæ.= Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; sporanges of two kinds in the axils of the upper leaves, which are formed into a quadrangular spike. =Selaginellaceæ.=

PLANTS WITH FLOWERS

WOODY STEMMED PLANTS; TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES

TREES OR SHRUBS WITH RESINOUS JUICE; LEAVES USUALLY EVERGREEN. Fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. =Pinaceæ.= Fruit a fleshy crimson berry. =Taxaceæ.=

TREES, SHRUBS, OR VINES WITH WATERY JUICE. Leaves deciduous. Flowers in catkins. Staminate and pistillate catkins on different plants; seed with white, silky hairs. =Salicaceæ.= Staminate and pistillate catkins on the same plant; fruit cone-like. =Betulaceæ.= Flowers not in catkins. (A) Trees. Leaves simple, not lobed; flowers white. =Drupaceæ.= Leaves lobed; flowers greenish-yellow. =Aceraceæ.= Leaves pinnate; flowers white. =Pomaceæ.= (B) Shrubs or vines. *Stems spiny erect or trailing. (a) Leaves simple or lobed. Flowers small in dense terminal racemes. =Araliaceæ.= Flowers few in axillary clusters or racemes. =Grossulariaceæ.= (b) Leaves pinnate or palmate. =Rosaceæ.= **Stems not spiny but with minute scales; fruit silver, scarlet or orange berries. =Elæagnaceæ.= ***Stems erect, smooth. (a) Petals distinct. †Leaves simple. Flowers small, in flat heads or clusters. Petals 4; stamens 4. =Cornaceæ.= Petals 5; stamens numerous. =Rosaceæ.=

Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes; petals 5; stamens numerous. Fruit a berry. =Drupaceæ.= Fruit a pome. =Pomaceæ.= ††Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Rosaceæ.= (b) Petals united. Flowers small, short-campanulate in axillary or terminal heads. =Caprifoliaceæ.= Flowers large, funnel-form, in terminal or axillary clusters. (Azaleastrum) =Ericaceæ.= Flowers bell or urn-shaped, few, axillary. =Vacciniaceæ.= ****Stems creeping or twining, smooth or hairy. Flowers with distinct petals, blue or purple. (Atragene). =Ranunculaceæ.= Flowers with united petals. Corolla tubular. =Caprifoliaceæ.= Corolla bell-shaped. =Ericaceæ.= Leaves evergreen; shrubs or vines. Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Berberidaceæ.= Leaves simple. Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a black berry. =Empetraceæ.= Flowers showy, open, campanulate or urn-shaped, white or pink. =Ericaceæ.=

HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Plants without leaves. Parasitic on branches or stems of evergreens. =Loranthaceæ.= Not parasitic on trees; roots coral-like. (Corallorhiza) =Orchidaceæ.= Plants with leaves. Leaves parallel-veined. (A) Flowers small, collected on a spadix. =Araceæ.= (B) Flowers not collected on a spadix. *Flowers regular; corolla lobes 6; stamens 6. (a) Leaves grass-like, mostly at the base. Flowers white or greenish. =Melanthaceæ.= Flowers pink. (Allium). =Liliaceæ.= Flowers blue. (Sisyrinchium). =Iridaceæ.= (b) Leaves not grass-like, mostly on the stem. Flowers white or pink. =Convallariaceæ.= Flowers green. =Melanthaceæ.= Flowers yellow or orange. =Liliaceæ.= Flowers red or wine-color. (Kruhsea.) =Convallariaceæ.= **Flowers irregular, frequently with broad or inflated lip and spur. =Orchidaceæ.= Leaves not parallel-veined. (A) Flowers small, in close heads surrounded by an involucre. Flowers all alike, florets ligulate. =Cichoriaceæ.= Flowers not alike, central ones tubular, marginal usually with rays. =Carduaceæ.= (B) Flowers in umbels at the ends of the stems or branches. Umbels broad, flat or nearly so, flowers white, yellow, or purple. =Apiaceæ.= Umbels round. Flowers greenish; leaves compound. =Araliaceæ.= Flowers white or pink; leaves simple. (Eriogonum.) =Polygonaceæ.= (C) Flowers not in umbels. *Flowers regular. (a) Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals; corolla pink. =Portulacaceæ.= (b) Flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; seeds triangular. =Polygonaceæ.=

(c) Flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals. Stem angular; leaves in whorls. =Rubiaceæ.= Stem round; leaves not in whorls. Stamens 6, erect. =Brassicaceæ.= Stamens 8, spreading. =Onagraceæ.= (d) Flowers with 5 sepals or petals, distinct. †Stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla lobes. Stems swollen at the nodes. =Caryophyllaceæ.= Stems not swollen at the nodes. Stem leaves numerous, entire, thin; flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, white or greenish. =Santalaceæ.= Leaves basal, entire; flowers solitary on a 1-leaved scape. =Parnassiaceæ.= Leaves mostly basal, lobed or cut; flowers in a close spike or head. =Saxifragaceæ.= Leaves and stems fleshy. Follicles 2. =Saxifragaceæ.= Follicles 4. =Crassulaceæ.= Leaves numerous, stiff, awl-shaped; stems low, tufted. =Saxifragaceæ.= ††Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes. §Leaves basal or mostly so. Leaves evergreen, simple or lobed, flowers yellow or white, solitary on naked scapes. (Dryas.) =Rosaceæ.= Leaves not evergreen, simple, lobed, or much divided. Smooth. Stems erect or floating. =Ranunculaceæ.= Stems creeping. Flowers white or pink. =Rosaceæ.= Flowers yellow. =Ranunculaceæ.= Rough-hairy. Flowers yellow or pink. =Rosaceæ.= Flowers white, blue or purple. =Ranunculaceæ.= §§Leaves mostly on the stem. Leaves finely cut; stems creeping; flowers white. =Rosaceæ.= Leaves entire. Leaves bright green, black-dotted; flowers yellow. =Hypericaceæ.= Leaves glaucous, without black dots; flowers blue. =Linaceæ.= (e) Flowers with 5 sepals and 5 united petals or lobes. †Stamens 3; flowers small, in terminal clusters. =Valerianaceæ.= ††Stamens 5. Opposite to the corolla lobes. =Primulaceæ.= Alternate with the corolla lobes. Stems smooth, leafy; corolla campanulate. Stem leaves broad; flowers pink. =Apocynaceæ.=

Stem leaves narrow; flowers blue. =Campanulaceæ.= Stems rough-hairy. Corolla salver-form; stamens included. =Boraginaceæ.= Corolla tubular; stamens exserted. =Hydrophyllacæ.=

†††Stamens 10; flowers mostly in terminal heads or singly. =Pyrolaceæ.= **Flowers irregular. (a) Leaves all entire and basal, forming rosettes; flowers blue. =Lentibulariaceæ.= (b) Leaves all heart-shaped; flowers blue, white or yellow. =Violaceæ.= (c) Leaves not heart-shaped, simple or much cut, not pinnate. Stems square; flowers in close verticels in the axils of the leaves or in terminal heads. =Menthaceæ.= Stems round; flowers numerous in elongated terminal leafy heads or few on slender stems in the axils of the upper leaves. =Scrophulariaceæ.= (d) Leaves palmate; flowers blue in elongated spikes. =Ranunculaceæ.= (e) Leaves pinnately divided; flowers pea-like. =Papilionaceæ.= (f) Leaves compoundly lobed, not pinnate. Stems low, spreading, flowers small in dense terminal or axillary spikes. =Papaveraceæ.= Stems erect; flowers drooping in open terminal heads, either showy and spurred or not showy and without spurs; leaves maiden-hair fern-like. =Ranunculaceæ.=

Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains

OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ

Adder’s-Tongue Family

More or less succulent fern-like plants, consisting of a stem and leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or panicle.

Very fleshy, 2—12 inches high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or above the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2—8 pairs of moon-like or fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire and either close and folded together or distant; spore-bearing portion 2—3 pinnate, often dense, 1—2 inches long, about as high as the leaf.

In open or exposed situations, frequently on the tops of the highest mountains, rather rare; occurring in midsummer.