A Text-Book on Hygiene and Pediatrics From a Chiropractic Standpoint

Section Ii, Dealing With the Care of the Infant and the Adjusting of

children, has been written in response to the hundreds of inquiries which have come in from the practicing chiropractors in the field requesting such a work. This is not intended as an exhaustive study in the care of the infant; its purpose is merely to give a general understanding to those who are interested in adjusting babies.

The technic used in adjusting children is of great importance and is so considered.

It is sincerely hoped that this hygiene will fill the long-felt need on the part of our Faculty for such a text, and that pediatrics considered chiropractically will be of assistance to those in the field who have requested a work on this subject.

February, 1924. JOHN H. CRAVEN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Dedication 5

Preface 7

SECTION I

CHAPTER PAGE

I. Introduction 13

II. Housing Hygiene 28

III. Air 44

IV. Ventilation 65

V. Heating 79

VI. Lighting 95

VII. Water 103

VIII. School Hygiene 140

IX. Industrial Hygiene 156

X. Definitions 171

XI. Immunity 181

XII. Germs 195

XIII. Disinfection and Fumigation 207

XIV. Hygiene and Sanitation of the Sick Room 217

XV. Food 231

XVI. Food Poisons 245

XVII. Milk 254

XVIII. Meat 267

SECTION II

I. The Baby 277

II. Dentition 299

III. Analyzing Infants 307

IV. Adjusting Infants 321

V. Respiratory System 327

VI. Digestive Tract 353

VII. Miscellaneous 373

Index 393

CHAPTER I. Introduction

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

ORIGIN OF WORD HYGIENE

HYGIENE DEFINED PERSONAL PUBLIC

SANITARY SCIENCE

SANITARY ART

DISTINCTION BETWEEN SANITATION AND HYGIENE

AIM AND FUNCTION OF HYGIENE AND SANITATION TO INCREASE INTERNAL RESISTANCE TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CLEANLINESS ESSENTIAL TO HEALTH CHIROPRACTORS INTERESTED IN

SEWERAGE SYSTEM OF THE BODY CHYME CHYLE ABSORPTION ELIMINATION

THREE VIEWPOINTS ON HYGIENE MEDICAL LAYMAN’S CHIROPRACTIC

ADVANTAGES OF PROPER SANITARY ENVIRONMENT

CAUSE OF DIS-EASE NOT RESULT OF EXTRINSIC CONDITIONS INTERFERENCE WITH TRANSMISSION OF MENTAL IMPULSES

SOURCES OF COMMUNICATION MAN ANIMALS SO-CALLED COMMUNICABLE DIS-EASES

SECTION I. Chiropractic Hygiene

CHIROPRACTIC HYGIENE

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Origin of the Word Hygiene

Hygeia was the name given the Greek goddess of health. In her statues she was always represented as a woman of perfect health and beauty, and was worshipped as the goddess of health. She was supposed to be the daughter of Esculapius, the god of medicine. In Greek mythology Esculapius attained great fame as a physician, having power not only to prevent dis-ease, but also to raise the dead. A temple was erected to Hygeia near that of her father. Here the people came to worship. There was even a statue of Hygeia in the temple of her father. Thus we see, from time immemorial, health and medicine have been associated.

Hygiene Defined

From the word Hygeia we get the word hygiene, which means health. Hygiene is defined as the science and the art of promoting health; the science of the preservation of human health by the removal of the cause of dis-ease. It is sometimes defined as the science of health. Hygiene is divided into two classes, personal and public.

=Personal Hygiene= is the science of the promotion of the individual’s health and deals with personal habits, such as eating and drinking; personal cleanliness; personal activities such as work, recreation, self-restraint. The handling of children comes under this branch of hygiene. The human machine is limited by the limitations of the physical, which necessitates the observance of these laws governing the expression of life.

=Public Hygiene= deals with the methods and processes necessary to preserve and promote the health interests of the public. It deals with man collectively rather than individually. This includes consideration of the environment, such as cleaning of streets, disposal of the dead, and proper hygienic methods in buildings and in public places.

Sanitary Science

Sanitary science includes the sum total of the knowledge of those principles and processes necessary to maintain personal and public health. It is an inductive science and therefore depends upon observation and verification in determining the general laws and truths of health and the relation between cause and effect in public and personal health.

Sanitary Art

Sanitary art is the practical application of those principles which are necessary to create a proper environment for man in his present artificial state of living, not only for the individual, but for the public as well.

Distinction between Sanitation and Hygiene

The term sanitation or sanitary science is often used synonymous with the term hygiene although there is a difference in their meaning and usage. The term sanitation or sanitary science has been used largely in Great Britain and in this country, although both terms are used in America but with somewhat different meanings.

In reality there is a very important distinction between the two terms hygiene and sanitation. Hygiene may be considered the broader term which may be made to include everything relating to health, but more particularly those things which relate to the person. Sanitation or sanitary science relates more to the environmental conditions and their relation to the health of the individual or the community.

This distinction is drawn more sharply by reason of the developments along the line of sanitary engineering on the one hand and the biological and physiological developments on the other.

Sanitary science has been largely under the supervision and in the hands of sanitary engineers, while hygiene has been almost entirely in the hands of the medical profession.

Aim and Function of Hygiene and Sanitation

Medically the aim and function of hygiene is to increase the internal resistance of the individual and thus prevent dis-ease and prolong life. The aim and function of sanitation or sanitary science is to improve the environmental conditions and thus prevent dis-ease and prolong life of the individual.

Doctor Price gives the aim and function of hygiene as: “The prevention of dis-ease, the prevention of premature death, and the promotion of normal health of individuals and the community by the removal of the causes of dis-ease, destruction of the causes, improvement of the environmental conditions, and by the increase of the vital resistance of the individual and members of communities.” The premise here is correct, but the conclusions as to the methods which are to be used in accomplishing the desired end are erroneous.

Internal and External Cleanliness

There is a distinction between internal cleanliness and external cleanliness. It is a mistaken idea that because the external is clean, the internal will be correspondingly clean. Cleanliness is absolutely essential to health, but by this we mean internal cleanliness. There must be external cleanliness also, but perfect external cleanliness will not necessarily result in perfect health.

Vital resistance of the body is not determined by the degree of external cleanliness nor by the perfect sanitary condition of the environment. However, it can never be said that Chiropractic does not believe in cleanliness. Chiropractic, of all the sciences, lays great stress on hygiene and sanitation. Our greatest teacher in all things is Nature and if there is any one thing that Chiropractic insists upon more than any other, it is that we live according to the laws of Nature and the closer we live to Nature, the more normal will be our functions. When we study the laws of Nature, we find the secret of sanitation. Everywhere in Nature we find laws in operation which result in the destruction of waste material and in the purification of the environment.

From the standpoint of common decency we are interested in sanitation or cleanliness, yet an immaculately clean environment will not result in perfect health or in the cure of dis-ease. The streets and alleys of the city may be kept clean and in a sanitary condition, yet the inside of the homes may be filled with filth. So the environment of man may be in a perfect condition so far as sanitation is concerned, yet the body may be filled with all kinds of poison and refuse.

Sewerage System of the Body

The human body is a machine which performs certain functions and in order that these functions be performed there is a constant process of activity; this means that the tissues which make up the body are being constantly worn out the same as the part of any other machine. This necessitates a constant process of repair.

In order that this process of reparation be carried on, new material must be added to the machine; this is done by means of food. The food is taken into the mouth and properly masticated and mixed with the secretions of the glands of the mouth; it is then carried through the esophagus into the stomach. Here other digestive juices are added to it and thoroughly mixed by the vermicular motion of the stomach until the process of gastric digestion is completed; then this chyme, as it is now called, passes into the small intestines, where other secretions are added and chemical changes are brought about until this process of intestinal digestion is completed. This product is given the name of chyle.

During the time these processes have been going on, the process of absorption has been taking place whereby this digested food has been utilized in building up the tissue cells that are being constantly worn out by the activities of the body. The digested products are being taken up by the serous circulation and carried to every cell in the body. That which one cell gives off as an elimination, another may take up as food, finding just the chemical composition necessary to its life and development. Finally all of the waste material is collected and eliminated from the body through the organs of elimination. Innate Intelligence has provided a wonderful sewerage system for the purpose of taking care of the sewage of the body. This system is much more perfect than any system ever invented by man, but it is possible for it to get out of order. The remarkable thing about it is that the Intelligence within the body is capable of correcting the disorders if the interference with transmission to the affected parts is removed. All that is necessary from the outside is to remove that which is interfering with the transmission of the mental impulses.

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