Part 298

The term glottis is commonly used to designate the interval between the vocal bands and arytenoid cartilages or the structures that inclose that space.

Footnote 124:

In so-called œdema glottidis this loose submucous tissue becomes infiltrated with fluid, in some cases causing occlusion of the vestibule.

Footnote 125:

The arrangement of the muscles should be noted, since the space inclosed by the divergence of the sterno-cephalici and the convergence of the omo-hyoidei is the area of election for the operation of tracheotomy.

Footnote 126:

The student should bear in mind that these terms are employed simply as a matter of convenience in description; all the parts, though differently named, form a continuous whole.

Footnote 127:

The apertures do not exist in the fœtus, and are sometimes absent in the adult subject. Some of them may be produced in dissection by the necessary disturbance of the parts. Clinicians state that a serous exudate formed in one pleural sac usually passes through to the other side in the horse.

Footnote 128:

A correct idea of the natural form and size of the lung cannot be obtained from a specimen in this state. The lungs should be hardened in situ for this purpose.

Footnote 129:

Some authors consider each lung to be divided into anterior and posterior lobes by the cardiac notch, so that the right lung would have three lobes and the left lung two lobes.

Footnote 130:

In fœtal lung the lobulation is much more distinct. Pigmentation of the lung is sometimes seen in horses, and in such cases the pigment is deposited mainly in the interlobular tissue, thus mapping out the lobules.

Footnote 131:

It must not be inferred from the necessarily brief account here given that the two sets of vessels are quite distinct. On the contrary, competent observers state that numerous small branches of the bronchial arteries anastomose with pulmonary vessels. Part of the blood conveyed to the lungs by the bronchial arteries is returned by the pulmonary veins. In the horse bronchial veins are absent or inconstant.

Footnote 132:

The cervical part of the gland is very variable. The thoracic lobe of one side may have no cervical continuation; the other lobe may then give off a single prolongation which bifurcates. The thoracic part in the new-born foal occupies most of the space which is later taken up by the apices of the lungs. Its two lobes are in contact, and its deep surface is molded on the anterior part of the pericardium and the large vessels.

Footnote 133:

It is therefore often termed the precardiac lobe.

Footnote 134:

The arrangement here is one of the most striking features of the pig’s larynx. The short, thick middle hyo-epiglottic ligament and the anterior part of the thyro-hyoid membrane are inelastic, while the posterior part of the membrane is thin and elastic and allows the epiglottis to be separated by a considerable interval from the thyroid cartilage. Moreover, the borders of the epiglottis are connected with the thyroid cornua of the hyoid bone by lateral hyo-epiglottic ligaments.

Footnote 135:

The kidneys are soft, plastic organs, and hence an accurate knowledge of their form can be gained only from a study of specimens which have been hardened in situ. The description here given is based on this method. For this purpose subjects should be hardened in the standing position to avoid artefacts.

Footnote 136:

The most instructive sections are those made in the horizontal and transverse planes, through the pelvis in each case.

Footnote 137: