Part 297

It is important to notice that the reticulum is separated from the pericardium by an interval of about 1 to 1½ inches (ca. 2 to 4 cm.) only, since foreign bodies which are often swallowed by cattle lodge in the reticulum, and not rarely (if sharp) perforate the reticulum and diaphragm.

Footnote 110:

The epiglottis in the pig seems to be constantly retrovelar. The pig frequently breathes through the mouth, and this is no doubt possible only when the soft palate is raised; it seems probable that it is also shortened.

Footnote 111:

The canines of the pig are “permanent pulp” teeth and therefore capable of continued growth, and are without roots in the strict sense.

Footnote 112:

It is usually stated that the cardiac end is funnel-shaped, but it is not so in formalin-hardened cadavers nor in frozen sections. The hiatus œsophagus is a long slit in the right crus of the diaphragm, and the terminal part of the œsophagus, which lies in it, is flattened transversely.

Footnote 113:

It will be noted that the fundus gland region does not extend up to the lesser curvature; here the cardiac mucosa joins the pyloric.

Footnote 114:

The description here given is based mainly on the appearance of the organ as hardened in situ, which differs radically from that of the soft organ, as is seen on comparison of the annexed figure (Fig. 321).

Footnote 115:

In the bulldog, which is very prognathic (“undershot”), the lower canines are opposite to or slightly in front of the plane of the upper incisors, and the upper canines are about opposite to the first lower cheek teeth. In the epignathic (“overshot”) dachshund the lower canines are under or slightly behind the upper ones.

Footnote 116:

Increase in number also occurs, the supernumerary teeth being at either end of the series.

Footnote 117:

The valve does not seem to be efficient, since experience shows that rectal injections can be made to pass beyond it. This may be partly due also to the fact that the terminal part of the ileum runs horizontally forward, and the ileo-cæcal orifice faces into the beginning of the colon.

Footnote 118:

Ellenberger and Baum state that the cæcum may reach a length of 20 cm. in very large dogs.

Footnote 119:

When the stomach is very full, it pushes the left portion of the colon over to the right, producing an acute angle in place of a transverse branch. The terminal part of the colon is thus oblique in direction.

Footnote 120:

An external nose (Nasus externus), such as exists in man, forming a projection distinctly marked off from the rest of the face, does not exist in the domesticated animals.

Footnote 121:

The septal cartilage is to be regarded as an unossified part of the mesethmoid. It will be noted that the line of demarcation between the bone and the cartilage is irregular and varies with age; extensive ossification for calcification) of the cartilage is commonly found in old animals. The process often results in the formation of calcareous islands in the cartilage.

Footnote 122:

In the ordinary position of the head and neck, and while the parts are at rest, about half of the larynx lies between the branches of the mandible; when the head and neck are extended, proportionately more of the larynx lies behind a plane through the posterior borders of the rami. It is here described in the position it occupies when the head and neck are extended.

Footnote 123: