Part 214

"Adult male * * *.--Uniformly slate-black, becoming practically black on the whole head, except a minute and wholly concealed supraorbital white spot. Iris dark reddish brown; bill all jet-black; feet and claws plumbeous-black (from fresh specimen).

"Adult female (type).--Front of the head back to the eyes rusty burnt umber, with eye-ring of same color; hind half of head, neck all round, and all of body except abdomen, blackish slate; abdomen washed with brownish gray; wings and tail brownish black, washed with slate-color; edge and lining of wings slate-color, not russet. The colors of the iris, bill, and feet were noted as exactly like those of the male topotype.

"Measurements.--Adult male * * *: Total length, 160; alar expanse, 222; wing, 70; tail, 60; culmen (chord), 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 24. Adult female (type): Total length, 148; alar expanse, 213; wing, 66; tail, 53; culmen (chord), 13; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 24.5." (Mearns.)

Family TURDIDÆ.

Bill slender; moderate to small in size; culmen curved near the tip; a slight notch in the cutting edge of bill; bristles about the bill usually reduced; wing flat and pointed; first primary not more than one-half of second, and often much less; tarsi and feet moderate to large, the former entire in front except for the lower part; young in first plumage spotted.

Subfamilies.

a1. Much larger; wing, 100 mm. or more; tail square or slightly rounded. ... Turdinæ (p. 541) a2. Much smaller; wing, 95 mm. or less, usually much less; tail rounded, or rectrices slightly graduated.

b1. Upper tail-coverts black, brown, or gray. ... Ruticillinæ (p. 556) b2. Upper tail-coverts white. ... Saxicolinæ (p. 564)

Subfamily TURDINÆ.

Birds of this subfamily are nearly all much larger than any of the Ruticillinæ or Saxicolinæ. The wing is long, pointed, and flat, the first primary very short; tail nearly square; plumage uniform, spotted, or bicolored; habits either arboreal or terrestrial.

Genera.

a1. Without blue anywhere in the plumage.

b1. Axillars and wing-lining uniform in color; bill more slender.

c1. Plumage black and dark brown; four primaries with outer webs emarginate. ... Planesticus (p. 542) c2. Plumage of under parts white, and chestnut or gray, never black; three primaries with outer webs emarginate. ... Turdus (p. 547)

b2. Axillars and under wing-coverts of two colors, the arrangement of colors on one reversed on the other; bill stouter.

c1. Bill moderate in length; rictal bristles not greatly developed, few and lateral.

d1. Under parts marked with crescent-shaped black bands. ... Oreocincla (p. 553) d2. Under parts marked with fan-shaped spots. ... Geokichla (p. 550)

c2. Bill long and strongly curved near the tip; rictal bristles numerous and long, the anterior ones extending over the nostrils as in the flycatchers; throat, breast, and flanks with fan-shaped spots. ... Zoothera (p. 552)

a2. With more or less blue in the plumage; axillars and wing-lining nearly uniform chestnut, or else ocherous barred with black; feathers of under parts usually fringed with gray or black. ... Petrophila (p. 554)

Genus PLANESTICUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Four primaries, third to sixth, with the outer webs emarginate; bill somewhat stouter than in Turdus; otherwise the two genera are very similar in structure. The Philippine members of Planesticus are resident, mountain species, and may be easily recognized by the colors, smoky brown and blackish slate, with no white on the breast and abdomen.

Species.

KEY BASED ON ADULT MALES.

a1. Wing less than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks chestnut. ... mindorensis (p. 543) a2. Wing more than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks not chestnut.

b1. Chest, head and neck all round nearly uniform broccoli-brown (slightly darkest on crown).

c1. Wing, about 120 mm.; body uniform blackish; under tail-coverts longitudinally striped with white.

d1. Larger; length, 225; wing, 121; bill from nostril, 14.7; body dark brown. ... thomassoni (p. 544) d2. Smaller; length, 215; wing, 120; bill from nostril, 13; body practically black. ... mayonensis (p. 544)

c2. Wing less than 120 mm.; body, including tail-coverts and crissum, uniform clove-brown. ... kelleri (p. 545)