Part 203

Adult.--Entire head, chin, and throat black, faintly glossed with green and purple; mantle and back olive-yellow, gradually becoming citron-yellow on rump and tail-coverts; feathers of lower back long and thick-set, overhanging the rump, each feather with a subterminal black band; breast and sides olive-yellow, becoming lighter posteriorly and bright egg-yellow on middle of abdomen and on under tail-coverts; wings mostly black, but the secondaries and their coverts broadly edged with citron-yellow; inner webs of quills edged with white; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow; basal part of tail olive-green, followed by a wide black subterminal bar; tips of rectrices bright egg-yellow. The sexes are similar in colors, but the female is a little the darker. Length, about 165. A male measures: Wing, 77; tail, 67; culmen from base, 16.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 75; tail, 67; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 12.

"The black-headed bulbul is fairly common in Palawan. It is usually seen about trees and bushes in the open, but is occasionally met with in the forest, above the tree tops. Seven males average: Length, 170; wing, 76; tail, 68; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 16. Three females, length, 167; wing, 75; tail, 69; culmen, 15; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris bright blue; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus TRICHOPHORUS Temminck, 1821.

This genus resembles Irena in having long nuchal hairs and a rather short, slightly compressed, bill, but in Trichophorus the nostrils are exposed and the wings are relatively short and rounded, the primaries exceeding the secondaries by about the length of tarsus; head slightly crested; the colors are olive-yellow, light yellow, brown, and gray.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat clear gray; much larger; wing, more than 95 mm. ... frater (p. 514) a2. Chin and throat gray, streaked with yellow; much smaller; wing, less than 90 mm. ... palawanensis (p. 515)

490. TRICHOPHORUS FRATER (Sharpe).

GRAY-THROATED HAIRY BULBUL.

Criniger frater Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 334; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 79, pl. 5; Hand-List (1901), 3, 317; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Trichophorus frater Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 48, 152.

Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult.--Top of head dark tan-brown; back and rump olive-green; upper tail-coverts and rectrices tan-brown, edged with tawny olive; lores, sides of face, a narrow supercilium, and ear-coverts light gray, the last streaked with white; chin, throat, and breast clear light gray with white shaft-lines; feathers of breast edged with yellow; rest of under parts yellow, darker on crissum and slightly olivaceous on sides and flanks; wings brown, quills edged with ruddy olive on outer webs and with ocherous-white on inner webs; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow. Sexes similar in colors. Length, about 230. A male measures: Wing, 108; tail, 97; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 100; tail, 92; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 20.

"This bulbul is very common and feeds always in the woods, so far as our observation goes. Four males average: Length, 213; wing, 104; tail, 92; culmen, 23; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 21. A female, length, 209; wing, 100; tail, 88; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris reddish to chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown; bill brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

491. TRICHOPHORUS PALAWANENSIS (Tweeddale).

PALAWAN HAIRY BULBUL.

Criniger palawanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 618; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 83, pl. 6, fig. 2; Hand-List (1901), 3, 318; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Trichophorus palawanensis Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 48, 152.

Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Above scarcely different from T. frater, except that the feathers on top of head have light shaft-lines; ear-coverts olive-green with whitish shaft-lines; lores white, mixed with olive-green; cheeks, chin, throat, and breast pale yellow, streaked with white; rest of under parts pale lemon-yellow, olivaceous along the sides and flanks; crissum light ocherous-yellow. The sexes are similar; length, about 190. A male measures: Wing, 82; tail, 76; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 81; tail, 72; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18.

"Common in Palawan; feeds about bushes in the open, frequently in good sized flocks. Four males measure: Length, 185; wing, 84; tail, 73; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Three females, length, 174; wing, 81; tail, 74; culmen, 19.8; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Eyes usually straw-yellow; in one case light hazel; legs, feet, and nails light brown; upper mandible nearly black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus PYCNONOTUS Boie, 1826.

Bill short, when measured from base, less than tarsus; rictal bristles usually less than bill from nostril; wing short and rounded; the primaries exceed secondaries by less than length of tarsus; a short crest which is not very evident in dry skins.

Species.

a1. Legs and feet black; supercilium white, contrasting with the black lores; ear-coverts brown. ... goiavier (p. 516) a2. Legs and feet light brown; supercilium and lores dull olive-brown like the crown; ear-coverts with white shaft-lines. ... cinereifrons (p. 517)

492. PYCNONOTUS GOIAVIER (Scopoli).

GUAVA BULBUL.

Muscicapa goiavier Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 96. Pycnonotus goiavier Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 141; Hand-List (1901), 3, 330; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 239; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 316; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 470 (Sulu, Mindanao, and Basilan).

Pá-la-go, Ticao; this name also used for Iole. Luc-lac, Manila; cul-cul, in general.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Whitehead, Bartsch); Libagao (Porter); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Nipa (Everett); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Middle of forehead and crown seal-brown, bordered on each side by a band of white extending from base of bill over eyes to sides of occiput; lores and a ring around eye black; above including wings and tail dark brown, the feathers fringed with earthy or ocherous brown; ear-coverts brown; spot below eye, jaw, and most of the under parts white; breast and sides with distinct brown shaft-streaks; flanks and thighs brown; abdomen washed with pale yellow; crissum lemon-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with yellow. Sexes similar in color. A male from Mindanao measures: Wing, 76; tail, 73; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 20. A female from Basilan, wing, 78; tail, 77; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20.