Part 153

b1. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts strongly barred with white.

c1. Ear-coverts brown.

d1. White eyebrow-stripes very wide; nape and ground-color of back brownish black. Red patches on each side of the occiput very small, widely separated from one another by the nape. ... validirostris (p. 393) d2. White eyebrow-stripes narrow and ill-defined; nape and ground-color of back olive-brown. Large red patches on each side of the occiput, nearly confluent on the nape.

e1. White eyebrow-stripe extending to above ear-coverts. ... maculatus (p. 394) e2. White eyebrow-stripe reduced to a small patch. ... menagei (p. 395)

c2. Ear-coverts black; pale buff eyebrow-stripes very wide, extending down each side of the neck.

d1. Tail black barred with buff; ground-color of under parts pale buff, rather darker on the chest. A well-defined red patch on each side of the occiput. ... leytensis (p. 396) d2. Tail buff, barred with black; under parts pale saffron-yellow, inclining to orange or tawny-buff on the chest. A well-defined red patch on each side of the occiput. ... fulvifasciatus (p. 396)

b2. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts practically uniform, only a few white bars and marks down the middle of the back. Large red occiput patches confluent on the nape and forming a complete band; wide white eyebrow-stripes; chest bright saffron-yellow. ... ramsayi (p. 397)

a2. No red on the head; other characters as in the males (females).

356. YUNGIPICUS VALIDIROSTRIS (Blyth).

LARGE-BILLED PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Picus validirostris Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. As. Soc. (1849), 64. Iyngipicus maculatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 332 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220 (part). Iyngipicus validirostris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 52; Grant, Ibis (1895), 114 (critical notes). Yungipicus validirostris McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Car-pen-te-ro ma-liit', Manila; cu-di-nang'-a, Benguet.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Porter).

Adult male.--Above blackish brown; browner on forehead and crown; ear-coverts brown; a wide white stripe from eye to nape; a very short, narrow, red line on side of occiput; middle of throat white, with a blackish line on each side and above this a white line; rest of under parts white with a fulvous wash; breast with large blackish spots; abdomen with blackish stripes; rump and upper tail-coverts white, spotted with black. A male from Lubang measures: Wing, 81; tail, 42; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Differs from the male in having no red on sides of occiput. A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 82; tail, 45; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 14.

"Dr. J. B. Steere, the first naturalist before whom a series of specimens [of Yungipicus] from all these localities ever lay, saw at once the differences between the Luzon and Panay birds, which unfortunately he seems not to have thought worth pointing out, and rightly retained the name 'maculatus' for the Panay species. The Luzon birds he called 'validirostris,' with apparent reason as they most certainly are not maculatus and the birds described by Blyth may well have come from Luzon. The Mindanao-Basilan species he re-described under the name 'Yungipicus basilanicus' overlooking Hargitt's name and description entirely. * * * The other species of the genus found in the Philippine Islands with the possible exception of that from Samar and Leyte are so well-marked that no possibility of confusion exists." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Quite common in Marinduque. Not abundant in the parts of Mindoro visited by us, and no specimens were gathered by the Menage Expedition. A female specimen in the Steere collection measures as follows: Wing, 79; tail, 44; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

357. YUNGIPICUS MACULATUS (Scopoli).

SPOTTED PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Picus maculatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 89. Iyngipicus maculatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 332 (part); Grant, Ibis (1895), 115 (critical notes); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220. Yungipicus maculatus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Koch & Schadenberg); Negros (Whitehead); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above dark brown tinged with olive; white band from eye to nape broken; a long wide red stripe on each side of occiput; spots on throat and breast not so black as in validirostris. A male from Cebu measures: Length, 145; wing, 85; tail, 44; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no red on the head. A female from Cebu measures: Wing, 86; tail, 52; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 14.

"Quite common in Cebu; rarer in Panay. Not met with in Negros though it probably occurs there. Almost certainly absent in Masbate. Most abundant about dead trees in the open, and in low second growth.

"Three males measure, 142 in length; wing, 81; tail, 38; culmen, 19; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15. A female measures, 152 in length; wing, 80; tail, 42; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 23; culmen, 18. Iris reddish brown to dark brown; legs and feet dirty olive-green; nails brown; bill nearly or quite black, leaden at tip. Food insects and larvæ." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

358. YUNGIPICUS MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.

MENAGE'S PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Iyngipicus menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 14; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220. Yungipicus menagei McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.