CHAPTER XVIII.. Europe Before 1848.

EUROPE BEFORE 1848.

Europe during the Thirty-years' Peace--Italy and Austria--Mazzini--The House of Savoy--Gioberti--Election of Pius IX.--Reforms expected-- Revolution at Palermo--Agitation in Northern Italy--Lombardy--State of the Austrian Empire--Growth of Hungarian national spirit--The Magyars and Slavs--Transylvania--Parties among the Magyars--Kossuth--The Slavic national movements in Austria--The government enters on reforms in Hungary--Policy of the Opposition--The Rural system of Austria-- Insurrection in Galicia: the nobles and the peasants--Agrarian edict--Public opinion in Vienna--Prussia--Accession and character of King Frederick William IV.--Convocation of the United Diet--Its debates and dissolution--France--The Spanish Marriages--Reform movement--Socialism--Revolution of February--End of the Orleanist Monarchy

END OF VOL. II. (ORIGINAL EDITION).