Part 39

=taura=, Detarium senegalense, Gmel. (Leguminosæ). A small tree with white flowers and flattened oval fruit; the latter is used with that of =kanya= and =ḍinya= to make a sort of molasses (maḍi).

=tawatsa= or =tawassa=, Entada sudanica, Schweinf. (Leguminosæ); a common tree of the acacia type with white spikes of flowers and curious jointed and embossed pods; it yields an inferior gum; fibre is got from the root-bark; vide =yawa= and =meḍi=.

=tazargadi=, a native medicine; the pounded fragrant leaves of a plant (Artemisia sp.?); brought by Arabs.

=terkon ḅera=, vide =tsatsarar ḅera=.

=tinya= or =tunya= (Kano), =tumniya= (Sok. and Zanf.), Euphorbia unispina, N. E. Brown. a cactus-like shrub, with an acrid milky juice; a common accessory ingredient of arrow-poison. (E. Poissoni, Pax, and perhaps other species are included).

=tofa= or =toha=, Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill (Gramineæ). A stiff-leaved grass with a white cottony flower-spike, growing up in fields, &c. after harvest or burning, especially in damp situations; used for thatch and stuffing cushions.

zakaran tofa = the sharp young shoots which pierce the heel.

=tofo= or =toho=, the young leaf-buds or sprouting of any tree or grass. Syn. =labaye=. cf. =fuda=.

=toshshi= or =twashshi=, vide under =barkono=.

=toton masara=, vide under =masara=.

=tozalin barewa= (Katagum), Vernonia pauciflora, Less. (Compositæ); a field-herb with blue thistle-like flowers.

=tozalin kura=, vide =sabulun mata=.

=tsa= or =tswa= (Sok.), Fluggea microcarpa, Blume (Euphorbiaceæ). A slender-branched small-leaved shrub with white berries; the tough stems are used for making wicker traps, native beds, &c. (hence also called itchen gado); occasionally planted near houses. vide =faskara giwa=.

=tsabre= or =tsaure=, Cymbopogon giganteum, Stapf (Gramineæ); a tall fragrant grass, used for zana, screens, &c.; (sometimes confused with the narrow-leaved grass =nobe=, q.v.).

=tsada= or =tswada= (Sok.), Ximenia americana, Linn. (Olacineæ); a shrub with small yellow plum-like fruit of acid taste.

=tsadar Lamarudu= or =tsadar Masar=, Spondias lutea, Linn. (Anacardiaceæ); “Hog Plum;” “Yellow Spanish” or “Jamaica Plum.” A tree with alternate pinnate leaves, warty bark and a yellow drupaceous fruit with acid aromatic taste. (Benué region and the south. Lamarudu was a historic king in the time of the Prophet).

=tsaido= or =tsidau= (Kano, &c.), =tsaida= (Sok.), Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophylleæ). “Caltrop;” (cf. =dayi=). A prostrate yellow-flowered weed with a strongly-spined fruit that injures the foot; a common pest of paths and waste places. (Etym. probably = “stop”).

=tsakara=, Anchomanes Dalzielli, N. E. Brown, and other allied species (Aroideæ); an aroid with a large much divided leaf on a tall prickly stem; the tuber is eaten in scarcity after prolonged boiling to remove the acridity. cf. also =hansar gada=?

=tsamiya=, Tamarindus indica, Linn. (Leguminosæ). Tamarind Tree. A large tree with pinnate leaves and yellowish or red-striped flowers; the acid pulp of the pods is used in various ways as food and drink and as a laxative medicine. (The tree is the host of one of the species of wild silkworm—Anaphe sp. also called tsamiya). ḍan garraza (Kano), tun jamjam? (East Hausa) = flowers of =tsamiya= eaten fresh and made up into comestibles.

=tsamiyar makiyaya=, =ts. mahalba=, or =ts. ḳassa=, Nelsonia campestris, R. Br. (Acanthaceæ); a soft-leaved prostrate weed with slightly acid leaves and close spikes of small pink flowers.

=tsana=, an edible cucumber-shaped var. of the bottle-gourd? vide under =duma=.

=tsarariya=, a var. of the common country bean, =wake=, q.v.

=tsarkiyar kusu=, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Vahl. (Verbenaceæ). “Devil’s coach-whip.” A weed with a long narrow spike of pale blue flowers; used medicinally. Syn. =wutsiyar kusu= (or =w. ḅera=), and sometimes =wutsiyar ḳadangare=.

=tsarkiyar zomo= (Sok.). Dub Grass, vide =kiri kiri=.

=tsatsagi=, vide =jirga=.

=tsatsarar ḅera=, or =terkon ḅera=, Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi, Solms. and Laub., A. africanus, Lam. and other spp. (Liliaceæ). A straggling half-climbing prickly plant with graceful fronds and very narrow leaves; tough stems used to make snares and traps for small animals. (Etym. tsatsara, a basket-like fish trap). Syn. =ḳayar ḳadangare=, q.v. and =masun ḳadangare=. cf. also =karangiyar kusu=.

=tsatsarar kura=, Vitis quadrangularis, Linn.; vide =ḍaḍori=.

=tsaure=, vide =tsabre=.