A Hand-Book to the Primates, Volume 1 (of 2)

Part 1

Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text.

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (italics). A carat character is used to denote superscription: a single character following the carat is superscripted (example: A^4).

Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Alphabetical Index (in Volume II.).

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ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY.

EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., ETC.

A HAND-BOOK TO THE PRIMATES.

BY HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.Z.S., ETC., DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS, LIVERPOOL, Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago," etc., etc., etc.

VOL. I.

LONDON: W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED, 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. 1894.

PREFACE.

The great increase in our knowledge of animals which has taken place since the volume on Monkeys was published in "Jardine's Naturalist's Library" some sixty years ago, cannot be better illustrated than by the fact that our excellent contributor, Dr. H. O. Forbes, has found it impossible to compress that knowledge into a single volume of the present issue. There is, moreover, no Museum which contains such a complete series of skins of the Primates, as to render a perfect "monograph" of the Order possible. Dr. Forbes has endeavoured in these volumes to bring the subject up to date, and has devoted some years of study to the two which now appear under his name, and he has had the great advantage of having seen many of the species of which these volumes treat, in a state of nature. If diligent research and patient work, combined with a sound anatomical knowledge and an acquaintance with many species of Monkeys in their natural habitat, avail anything, then these volumes should present to the student a more concise epitome of the characteristics of the Primates than any other essay yet offered to the public. It has been found impossible to reproduce any of the plates in the old "Naturalist's Library" of Jardine. They would have formed, with appropriate inscriptions, a very good instalment of a series of "Comic Natural History" volumes, as they were, in fact, nothing but a set of extraordinary caricatures of Monkeys. I have, therefore, again to acknowledge the liberality of the publishers, in adopting my suggestion that a perfectly new set of illustrations should be prepared. These have been executed by Mr. J. G. Keulemans, with a result, I hope, that will satisfy the reader.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

INTRODUCTION.

In the first volume will be found an account of the Lemuroidea, and the Anthropoidea as far as the group of the Macaques of the family Cercopithecidæ. The second volume continues with the latter genus, and contains the rest of the Monkeys, and the Apes, as well as a summary of the geographical distribution of the species of the Order Primates.

I have not attempted to write a complete synonymy of the species of Monkeys. The literature is scattered over many, often obscure, periodicals, and without seeing the actual specimens described by some of the older writers, it would be easy to introduce a great deal of confusion into the synonymy. I have, therefore, only attempted to give the principal references.

I must express my obligation to Dr. Günther, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Zoological Department in the British Museum, for the facilities of study afforded to me in that institution. To Mr. Oldfield Thomas I am likewise greatly indebted for much assistance, and for many a kindly hint.

Dr. Forsyth Major, who is well-known as one of the foremost authorities on the Lemurs, not only gave me valuable information as to the species and literature of the Lemuroidea, but was even so good as to furnish me with the descriptions of several new species.

Lastly, to my friend the Editor, I have to return my sincere thanks for the patience with which he has revised my MSS., and for the verification of numbers of references, only to be found in the great libraries of London, and inaccessible to an author dwelling in the provinces.

HENRY O. FORBES.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PAGE ORDER PRIMATES 1

SUB-ORDER I. LEMUROIDEA 8

FAMILY I. CHIROMYIDÆ 14

I. CHIROMYS, Cuvier 14 1. madagascariensis (Gm.) 14

FAMILY II. TARSIIDÆ 18

I. TARSIUS, Storr. 18 1. tarsius (Erxl.) 20, 286 2. fuscus, Fischer 21

FAMILY III. LEMURIDÆ 22

Part 2

SUB-FAMILY I. LORISINÆ 24

I. PERODICTICUS, Bennett 26 1. calabarensis, Smith 27 2. potto (Geoffr.) 28

II. LORIS, Geoffr. 31 1. gracilis, Geoffr. 31

III. NYCTICEBUS, Geoffr. 33 1. tardigradus (Linn.) 33, 286

SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGINÆ 37

I. GALAGO, Geoffr. 38 1. garnetti (Ogilby) 40 2. senegalensis, Geoffr. 41 3. alleni, Waterh. 43 4. demidoffi, Fischer 44 5. monteiri, Bartlett 46 6. crassicaudata, Geoffr. 47

II. CHIROGALE, Geoffr. 49 1. milii, Geoffr. 50 2. melanotis, Forsyth Major 51 3. trichotis, Günth. 52 4. crossleyi, Grandid. 53

III. MICROCEBUS, Geoffr. 54 1. minor (Gray) 55 2. myoxinus, Peters 56 3. smithii (Gray) 57 4. furcifer (Blainv.) 59 5. coquereli (Grandid.) 60

IV. OPOLEMUR, Gray 61 1. samati (Grandid.) 62 2. thomasi, Forsyth Major 63

SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURINÆ 64

I. LEMUR, Linn. 65 1. varius, Is. Geoffr. 68 2. macaco, Linn. 69 3. mongoz, Linn. 71 [alpha]. rufipes 72 . rufifrons 72 [gamma]. cinereiceps 72 [delta]. collaris 72 [epsilon]. rufus 73 . nigrifrons 73 . albifrons 73 4. nigerrimus, Scl. 73 5. albimanus, Is. Geoffr. 74 6. coronatus, Gray 75 7. rubriventer, Is. Geoffr. 76 8. catta, Linn. 76

II. MIXOCEBUS, Peters 78 1. caniceps, Peters 78

III. HAPALEMUR, Is. Geoffr. 79 1. griseus (Geoffr.) 81 2. simus, Gray 82

IV. LEPIDOLEMUR, Is. Geoffr. 83

Section A.--Species Majores. 1. mustelinus, Is. Geoffr. 86 2. ruficaudatus, Grandid. 86 3. edwardsi, Forsyth Major 87 4. microdon, Forsyth Major 88

Section B.--Species Minores. 5. globiceps, Forsyth Major 89 6. grandidieri, Forsyth Major 89 7. leucopus, Forsyth Major 89

SUB-FAMILY IV. INDRISINÆ 90

I. AVAHIS, Jourdan 94 1. laniger (Gm.) 94

II. PROPITHECUS, Bennett 96 1. diadema, Bennett 98 [alpha]. sericeus 99 . edwardsi 99 2. verreauxi, Grandid. 100 [alpha]. deckeni 101 . coquereli 102 2a. majori, Rothschild 286 3. coronatus, Milne-Edwards 102

III. INDRIS, Cuv. et Geoffr. 105 1. brevicaudatus, Geoffr. 105

EXTINCT LEMUROIDEA 110

FAMILY I. MEGALADAPIDÆ 112 1. Megaladapis, Forsyth Major 112

FAMILY LEMURIDÆ 22, 114

FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHIDÆ 114 1. Microchærus, Wood 115 2. Mixodectes, Cope 116 3. Cynodontomys, Cope 116 4. Omomys, Leidy 117 5. Anaptomorphus, Cope 117

FAMILY ADAPIDÆ 119 1. Adapis, Cuvier 120 2. Tomitherium, Cope 120 3. Laopithecus, Marsh 121 4. Pelycodus, Cope 121 5. Microsyops, Leidy 122 6. Hyopsodus, Leidy 123

SUB-ORDER II.--ANTHROPOIDEA 123

FAMILY I. HAPALIDÆ 129

I. HAPALE, Illig. 131 1. jacchus (Linn.) 132 2. humeralifer, Geoffr. 133 3. aurita (Geoffr.) 133 4. leucopus, Günther 134 5. chrysoleuca, Wagn. 135 6. pygmæa (Spix) 135 7. melanura (Geoffr.) 136

Part 3

II. MIDAS, Geoffr. 138 1. rosalia (Linn.) 138 2. geoffroyi (Pucher.) 139 3. oedipus (Linn.) 140 4. labiatus, Geoffr. 141 5. rufiventer, Gray 142 [alpha]. mystax, Spix 142 . pileatus, Is. Geoffr. 143 6. weddelli, Deville 143 7. nigrifrons, Geoffr. 143 8. fuscicollis, Spix 144 9. chrysopygus (Wagner) 144 10. nigricollis, Spix 145 11. illigeri (Pucher.) 145 12. bicolor, Spix 147 13. midas (Linn.) 148 14. ursulus, Geoffr. 148

FAMILY II. CEBIDÆ 150

SUB-FAMILY I. NYCTIPITHECINÆ 152

I. CHRYSOTHRIX, Kaup 152 1. usta (Is. Geoffr.) 154 2. entomophaga (d'Orb.) 155 3. sciurea (Linn.) 156 4. oerstedi, Reinh. 158

II. CALLITHRIX, Geoffr. 158 1. torquata (Hoffm.) 159 2. cuprea, Spix 160 3. amicta (Humb.) 161 4. cinerascens, Spix 161 5. moloch (Hoffm.) 162 6. ornata, Gray 162 7. personata, Geoffr. 163 8. nigrifrons, Spix 164 9. castaneiventris, Gray 164 10. melanochir, Neuwied 165 11. gigot, Spix 165

III. NYCTIPITHECUS, Spix 166 1. trivirgatus (Humb.) 168 2. lemurinus, Is. Geoffr. 168 3. rufipes, Sclater 169 4. azaræ (Humb.) 170 5. felinus, Spix 170

SUB-FAMILY II. PITHECIINÆ 173

I. BRACHYURUS, Spix 174 1. melanocephalus (Humb.) 175 2. rubicundus, Is. Geoffr. 176 3. calvus, Is. Geoffr. 177

II. PITHECIA, Geoffr. 182 1. monachus, Humb. and Bonpl. 182 2. pithecia (Linn.) 185 3. satanas (Hoffm.) 186 4. chiropotes (Humb.) 187 5. albinasa, Is. Geoffr. 188

SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ 189

I. ALOUATTA, Lacép. 192 1. seniculus, Linn. 192 2. nigra (Geoffr.) 195 3. beelzebul (L.) 197 4. ursina (Humb.) 198 5. villosa (Gray) 199 6. palliata (Gray) 202

SUB-FAMILY CEBINÆ 204

I. CEBUS, Erxl. 204 1. hypoleucus (Humb.) 207 2. lunatus, F. Cuv. 208 3. flavus, Geoffr. 208 4. monachus, F. Cuv. 209 5. fatuellus (Linn.) 211 6. variegatus, Geoffr. 211 7. cirrifer, Geoffr. 212 8. robustus, Kuhl. 212 9. annellatus, Gray 213 10. albifrons (Humb.) 213 11. capucinus (Linn.) 215 12. vellerosus, Is. Geoffr. 217 13. flavescens, Gray 217 14. chrysopus, F. Cuv. 218 15. subcristatus, Gray 218 16. capillatus, Gray 219 17. azaræ, Rennger 219 18. fallax, Schl. 220

II. LAGOTHRIX, Geoffr. 220 1. lagothrix (Humb.) 222 2. infumatus (Spix) 223

III. BRACHYTELES, Spix 224 1. arachnoides (Geoffr.) 226

IV. ATELES, Geoffr. 227 1. variegatus, Wagner 231 2. geoffroyi, Kuhl 233 3. rufiventris, Scl. 236 4. paniscus (Linn.) 237 5. marginatus, Kuhl 239 6. ater, F. Cuv. 241 7. grisescens, Gray 242 8. fusciceps, Gray 242 9. cucullatus, Gray 243 10. vellerosus, Gray 244

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