Chapter Vi. the Enlightenment (1690–1781) 132

THE EMERGENCE OF THE “NEW MAN”――INDIVIDUALISM 132 THE PRACTICAL PRESUPPOSITION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT――THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL 134 THE METAPHYSICAL PRESUPPOSITION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 135 THE PROBLEMS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 135 (a) Utilitarian Problems 136 (b) Questions of Criticism 138 A COMPARISON OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND GERMANY 140 THE MANY GROUPS OF PHILOSOPHERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 140 MAP SHOWING THE BIRTHPLACES OF SOME OF THE INFLUENTIAL THINKERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 144