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📘 Two volcanoes share a map, not a story

Stand on a ship in the Sunda Strait and watch two volcanic islands rise from the sea. Their famous disasters were separated by 68 years: Tambora erupted in 1815, Krakatau in 1883.

4
lessons
~20 min
to learn
Adults
level
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What you’ll learn

  1. Two eruptions, two hazardsDistinguish Tambora’s 1815 eruption from Krakatau’s 1883 eruption by place, date, and dominant hazards.Maps and physical pathways keep two Indonesian volcanic disasters distinct before comparison.
  2. Sulfur writes on the skyTrace sulfur dioxide into stratospheric sulfate aerosols and explain why climate effects are delayed and uneven.Atmospheric chemistry explains why ashfall and long-range cooling follow different clocks.
  3. 1816 turns weather into historyConnect the 1816 seasonal anomaly to crops, prices, vulnerability, and regional evidence.A climate signal becomes history through agricultural calendars and unequal social capacity.
  4. Evidence and uncertaintyUse independent records to connect eruption, atmosphere, weather, and society while preserving uncertainty.Disaster explanations improve when each causal link and timescale remains visible.

Questions this course answers

Which eruption is most closely linked to the 1816 Year Without a Summer?

Tambora’s sulfur-bearing eruption preceded the disrupted growing season of 1816.

Why did Krakatau’s location matter in 1883?

Collapse and volcanic flows displaced water near settlements and shipping routes.

What material drives the longer-lived climate effect of a major explosive eruption?

Fine sulfate aerosols reflect sunlight after sulfur dioxide reacts in the stratosphere.

What does Year Without a Summer describe?

The phrase describes widespread but uneven seasonal anomalies.

Why compare diaries, prices, crop records, and climate reconstructions?

Different archives illuminate local weather, scarcity, and social vulnerability.

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