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🧬 How Cells Translate mRNA into Protein

Follow codons, tRNA, ribosomes, and stop signals as cells turn an mRNA message into a polypeptide.

3
lessons
~15 min
to learn
Adults
level
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What you’ll learn

  1. Read the messageIdentify codons and explain how the start signal establishes a reading frame.Follow mRNA from its 5-prime end and see why grouping bases correctly matters.
  2. Match the partsExplain how tRNA anticodons and ribosomes match amino acids to mRNA codons.Keep codons, anticodons, amino acids, and peptide bonds in their distinct roles.
  3. Stop at the signalExplain how stop codons terminate translation and what happens to the new polypeptide.Separate termination, release, folding, and later protein function.

Questions this course answers

What is a codon?

Codons are three-base units read during translation.

What pairs with an mRNA codon?

A complementary anticodon on tRNA helps match the incoming amino acid to the codon.

What happens at a stop codon?

Stop codons are recognized by release factors and do not specify an amino acid.

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