CHAPTER IV. Liberia

LIBERIA

I. THE GOLA FOREST.

This comparatively narrow strip of Africa, extending from Cape Palmas on the east to the Mano River on the west, an area of 40,000 square miles, is a Negro Republic under the nominal protection of the United States. It is bounded on the west by the British Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone, and on the north and east by the French possessions of Senegal and the French Ivory Coast.

Some years ago a large rubber company was formed to exploit the wild- growing rubber vines and trees, and until recently fairly large amounts were secured. Apart from rubber, however, there are large forests, one of the best being the Gola Forest, on the western boundary and contiguous to the Sierra Leone Protectorate.

This Gola Forest is formed by the confluence of the Morro and Mano Rivers, being thus triangular in shape and approximately 250 square miles in extent. No natives actually live in it, though there are a few villages at the edge, such as Yandahun and Dambarra. The typical forest is seen in the view of the River Morro near the junction of the Mano. Here herds of elephants roam and make tracks through the dense growth of numerous trees; in fact, the only paths there have been made by the elephant. The Chief of Tunkia always has at least ten youths with him learning the art of elephant-hunting, for which a large fee for tuition is paid. In illustrations Nos. 10 and 12 views of the inner parts of the forest are given.

II. THE MOST VALUABLE TREES.

The chief species of trees suitable for cutting for export are the following:

1. Mahogany (Khaya ivoriensis), probably, a very well textured wood with some very pretty medullary rays and a thorough sheen on it when planed. Illustration No. 13 shows a specimen of this tree.

2. Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora), a large tree with smooth bark, which varies from light green or yellow to an orange-red shade, thus making it very conspicuous in the forest. See illustration No. 11, which shows one of these trees of medium size.

To face p. 66.

3. The African Oak (Oldfieldia africana), Paulai of the Mendis is more common in the southern than in the northern part of the forest. It attains a large size, but has not yet been exploited either by a European or a native firm. This is one of the most durable of African timbers. As it has already been described in the chapter on the Sierra Leone trees, further notes on this tree are unnecessary here. Illustrations Nos. 5 and 6 show this tree to advantage, especially its straightness of growth.

4. The real Satinwood (Zanthoxylum macrophyllum), not an uncommon tree, of small size. It is most easily recognised by its very long pinnate leaves. One leaf may attain a length of 6 feet. There is another species of Zanthoxylum which also has a similar kind of timber.

5. African Walnut (Lovoa Klaineana). This tree is not very prevalent, but is scattered in small groups throughout the forest.

6. Cedar Mahogany, a species of Guarea which attains a large size. It is none too prevalent, though it is scattered singly throughout the forest.

7. African Pearwood (Mimusops lacera) is a very good reddish timber, often with figure in the grain. Although much harder than mahogany, it has been sold as such.

8. The Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) is common near the old farms, but is not so prevalent in the forest proper. It has not yet been exploited from here, nor is it cut locally.

9. The Red Ironwood Tree (Lophira procera) is very prevalent, and attains much the same size as elsewhere. It has not yet been exploited.

10. The so-called Mahogany, the timber of a tree, a species of Parinarium, known as Pauwilli of the Mendis. This is one of the most prevalent trees in the forest. It is also somewhat gregarious, as many as forty specimens being sometimes found in one group. The timber of this tree was exported from Southern Nigeria some years ago. It grows to a height of 150 feet, with a clear bole of 60 feet in height, and upwards of 18 feet in girth. Illustration No. 2 shows the trunk especially, and the base of one of these trees. A most typical scene in the northern part of the Gola Forest is shown in illustration No. 12, several of the trees in that picture being Pauwilli.

All the above-mentioned trees have been cut and exported in the log from various parts of Western Africa. There are, however, several other trees which might be cut and used as export timbers, as, for instance:

11. The White Mahogany (Canarium Schweinfurthii), which attains the same size as elsewhere, but is not so commonly found.

12. Rhodesian Mahogany (Afzelia bracteata?), which is fairly common and attains a medium size.

13. Brachystegia spicæformis, which yields a light-brown hardish timber with very pretty grain. (See illustration No. 104, which shows a very large specimen of this tree in Nigeria.) It is very prevalent, in fact one of the commonest trees in the Gola Forest, so that large quantities of timber could be obtained.

14. Wismah (Sierra Leone name) is also found, and apparently grows up very quickly in old farms.

15. The Red Oak (Berlinia auriculata) is quite prevalent, especially near the banks of streams. It attains a large size, and the timber has been sold as oak in the European market. Here it has not yet been cut.

In addition to the trees which can be felled for conversion into export timbers, there are others which may be cut for sale locally, such as:

16. The Brimstone (Morinda citrifolia?), one of the most suitable trees for the purpose. One of the largest trees was 5 feet in diameter, and had also a clear bole of 50 feet. On the whole it grows to a larger size in the Gola Forest than in Sierra Leone. Illustration No. 10 shows one of these trees from which a timber specimen had been cut.

17. The Hamon, which is apparently a species of Sterculiaceæ, although not of enormous size, has a straight bole, which divides up into four or five very large and thin root flanges. It is one of the most prevalent trees in the forest. Illustration No. 14 shows the peculiar formation of the roots of this tree.

18. Piptadenia africana, a very large tree with small and fine pinnate leaves. It is frequently met with, in fact one of the commonest of the trees in the forest. It yields a hard brown wood which is durable.

19. The so-called Mountain Mahogany, probably a species of Leguminoseæ. It attains a large size, and yields a timber not unlike that of Red Pine.

Up to the present no local or other sawyers have worked in this forest. Although only a few trees have been mentioned which could be cut for use locally, there are many others out of approximately a hundred different kinds which are found in the forest.

There are other products, such as oil beans, obtained from Pentaclethra macrophylla, a large forest tree; gum copal, obtained from Daniellia Ogea, one of the largest forest trees; palm oil and kernels from the Oil Palm (Elæis guineensis), which is found in all the clearings. Piassava, obtained from Raphia vinifera, is found on the banks of the two rivers, Morro and Mano. Rubber could be obtained from the African Rubber Tree (Funtumia elastica) and various rubber vines, such as Landolphia Owariensis, and others. Dika nuts could be procured, as the tree which bears them, Irvingia Barteri, is commonly found; also the Tallow Tree (Pentadesma butyracea), which bears a large number of oil- bearing nuts in its large fruit; the Dita (Detarium Senegalensis), which yields a mango-like fruit, eaten locally. Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) is found, but not often sold in the local market. The rough- skinned Parinarium excelsum yields a fruit which is eaten locally; the African Star-apple (Chrysophyllum Africanum) is found in the forest, and also planted. In other villages the Akee, being obtained from Blighia sapida, is quite common in the forest, though the edible fruit is not used. The Mackay or Sea Bean (Entada scandens) is a huge creeper which grows to 350 feet in length and 3 feet in girth. Near Dambarra, from a stout specimen hung a complete pod containing fourteen beans.

III. CONDITIONS OF WORKING TIMBER.

The Mano or Bewa River forms the natural outlet for the extraction of timber, as the Morro River forms one boundary of the Gola Forest, and this river joins the former rather more than half-way through the forest. The Mano River reaches the sea about 80 miles from the end of the forest; thus logs of timber could be brought down the Mano straight into the sea.

Very good timber of various kinds of mahogany has been shipped from several ports, such as Sassandra and Grand Bassam on the Ivory Coast. Good prices, such as 1s. to 2s. 3d. per superficial foot, have usually been paid for this timber. There is therefore no reason why similar timber from Liberia should not fetch equally good rates, when properly cut, squared, and sold under similar conditions.

Conditions of working are very similar on the West Coast of Africa, but may vary somewhat in detail from place to place. However, if at the outset natives accustomed to working timber in Nigeria or the Ivory Coast were employed, good results would be obtained. Gradually a local native staff would be built up, so that the services of those from another part of the coast could be dispensed with and cheaper working thus assured; because imported labour, whether skilled or otherwise, is usually more expensive than that of the locality. Lower shipping rates should be paid from Liberia than from the Ivory Coast or Gold Coast, owing to the distance being less to the European markets where the timber is sold.

The other forests of Liberia should be thoroughly examined to see what amount of timber is there. It is usual to work several areas in conjunction, as the cost of management per unit of output (the log) is thus reduced.

IV. TREES AND RUBBER VINES

=Palmæ.=

Elæis Guineensis. Oil Palm.

The well-known Oil Palm. It does not thrive in the forests among taller trees. It grows best near villages. (Found in Sierra Leone, too.) Quantities of oil obtained from it. The leaves are used for roof coverings.

Raphia vinifera. Wine Palm.

The leaves used in weaving, brushes, mats, etc. Grows in swampy ground.

Borassus flabellifer and B. Æthiopium. Fan Palm, Piassave.

Both most useful trees. The leaves for roofs, fibre for ropes. The sap made into a sweet kind of toddy. Wood for house and bridge building. The B. Æthiopium grows from 60 to 80 feet high, the leaves 5 to 12 feet long.

Ancistrophyllum.

Fibre used for weaving.

=Liliaceæ.=

Dracæna surculosa. Dragon’s Blood.

A much branched tree, having white flowers and red berries. Found in Sino Kim, Kakatown and Monrovia.

=Moraceæ.=

Chlorophora excelsa. Oroko, Teak, African Oak.

A large, well-known tree, used for many purposes where durability is required. Frequently found; it grows well near old farms. It is also found in Sierra Leone. The wood seems to be proof against termites and fungoid diseases. It is the best wood for railway sleepers.

Musanga Smithii. Corkwood.

The first tree to appear after a farm has been abandoned; its thick leaves, when they fall, form a heavy layer of humus.

Antiaris. Fig species.

Fig-like fruit, used in medicine.

Ficus Vogelii. Rubber.

Grows from 20 to 40 feet, yields so-called Balata, or an inferior rubber. Found on St. Paul’s River, Grand Basā.

Ficus sp. Rubber.

Yields rubber; branches reddish colour; grows in the Kuru country.

Ficus Whyteii. Rubber.

A large forest tree yielding abundant rubber.

Myrianthus serratus.

A deciduous tree having mulberry-like fruit of pleasant taste.

=Olacaceæ.=

Coula edulis.

Bark and leaves have a resinous sap. The oily seeds of this tree are very pleasant to the taste; it has no connection, however, with the Cola Nut.

=Anonaceæ.=

Xylopia oxypetala. Yellow wood.

A moderate-sized tree with white, scented flowers, growing in the bush of the littoral.

Xylopia Dinklagei.

A small glabrous tree.

Xylopia Æthiopica.

From 30 to 60 feet in height. Fruit aromatic, used as a tonic. Wood elastic, made into masts and oars.

Xylopia humilis.

A small tree with broad top and pendulous branches, growing in the primary forests of the littoral.

Uvaria scabrida.

A moderate-sized tree in the primary forest, found on the banks of the Cestos River.

Uvaria Dinklagei.

Similar to the last; grows in the humid parts of the coast bush.

Uvaria Afzelii.

Similar to the above.

Polyalthia Oliverii.

A small glabrous tree growing in the coast forests.

Popowia Whyteii.

A small tree with glabrous leaves.

Anona muricata. Sour Sop.

A small glabrous tree, the Sour Sop of English colonists.

Anona palustris. Alligator Apple.

A tree with soft wood, used as cork. Fruit edible, frequently made into a refreshing drink. It is found in the swamps of Grand Basā.

Monodora myristica. Calabash Nutmeg.

A small tree having showy flowers and aromatic seed; the much esteemed Calabash Nutmeg of West Africa.

Monodora tenuifolia.

Found in the primary forests of Grand Basā. Very similar to the last; narrower leaved.

=Myristicaceæ.=

Pycnanthus Dinklagei. Muskat Nut.

Tree reaches the height of 30 feet, with drooping branches. It supplies good timber and oily seeds.

Pycnanthus kombo.

The seeds of this variety contain 73 per cent. of fat and burn like a candle.

=Rosaceæ.=

Parinarium macrophyllum. Rough-skinned Plum.

A very common tree, used locally for building purposes; oak-like texture. Fruit yellow, the size of a goose-egg; sometimes called Gingerbread Plum.

Parinarium excelsum. Wild Plum.

Parinarium sp. Wild Plum.

Also found in Sierra Leone. Used for building locally; grain too open for export. P. excelsum and sp. very similar.

Chrysobalanus icaco. Cocoa Plum.

Chrysobalanus ellipticus. Cocoa Plum.

A tall shrub or small tree, with greenish-purple edible fruit known as Cocoa Plums. These two are very similar; both found near Grand Basā.

=Leguminosæ.=

Lonchocarpus laxiflora. Mountain Mahogany.

Supplies a good useful wood and dyes. It is also found in Sierra Leone.

Lonchocarpus sericeus.

An ornamental tree with downy twigs, reddish-violet papilionaceous flowers; wood hard and heavy, not very well known. Found in Grand Basā.

Lonchocarpus Barteri.

Similar to L. sericeus, but a loftier tree.

Lonchocarpus Zenkeri.

Entada scandens. Mackay or Sea Bean.

The well-known liana, the fibre used in rope and net making.

Dialium Senegalense. Black Tumbler.

A hard wood, useful in the building trade; also grows in Sierra Leone.

Dialium Englerii.

Timber useful for many purposes. A refreshing drink is made from the edible fruit.

Dialium Dinklagei.

A small tree with umbrella-like top.

Albizzia fastigiata. Albizzia.

All Albizzias are proof against termites. Wood used where durability is required, and therefore very valuable. The branches are pendulous, flowers white and fragrant. Found in Monrovia and Sino Basin.

Albizzia Brownei. Albizzia.

A hard, useful wood. A large forest tree with cracked greyish bark.

Albizzia sp. Albizzia.

A large tree of good form and hard wood. The tree cylinder-shaped, heartwood a bright, pretty colour. Not very plentiful. Quite worthy of export.

Detarium Senegalense. Mahogany, Dita.

A beautifully marked hard wood, with a bole of 30 feet and girth of 12 feet.

Pentaclethra macrophylla. Oil Bean Tree.

Yields oil-bearing seeds or beans, used as an article of food. The ashes after burning the dry pods are useful in soap-making.

Parkia filicoidea. Forest Locust or Locust Bean.

A very common tree in Liberia, but wood of little value. The bean is eaten locally.

Erythrina Senegalense.

Deeply cleft bark; wood of little value.

Piptadenia Africana.

It grows everywhere in great quantities in Liberia. The wood is hard and valuable.

Afrormosia laxiflora. Satinwood.

A beautiful clear brown wood, used for building purposes.

Baphia nitida. Camwood.

Very valuable as a red dye-wood.

Baphia pubescens. Camwood.

Valuable dye-wood.

Cassia podocarpa.

Grows best on very dry ground; common on native farms, 70 miles up the St. Paul River. Wood extraordinarily hard.

Mimosa Dinklagei.

A small tree found in the coast woods of Grand Basā.

Daniellia Ogea. Benin Gum Copal.

Wood soft. When the tree has attained a large size, it is attacked by the boring beetle; the gum then exudes and falls to the ground, and is so collected. Value, 5d. or 6d. a pound.

Daniellia sp. Gum Copal sp.

Very similar to the C. Ogea.

Didelotia Engleri.

A small tree found in the humid woods of the coast.

Polystemonanthus Dinklagei.

A small tree growing on the banks of St. John’s River, Grand Basā.

Xylia Evansii.

Beautiful plumed trees; small heads of flowers. A pretty ornamental tree.

=Rutaceæ.=

Zanthoxylon sp. Satinwood.

Fairly hard wood, with rough, knotty bark in the shape of cone-like, woody protrusions.

Zanthoxylon macrophyllum. Spiny Satinwood.

Smaller than the last, but somewhat similar; the wood a very pretty yellow, with open grain.

Citrus aurantium. Common Orange.

A very ornamental tree. Leaves and buds used in perfumery. Fruit edible, valuable for export. Timber useful in many ways.

=Simarubaceæ.=

Irvingia Barteri. Dika Nut or Borbor.

The fruit is edible, seeds oily. Dika butter, dika bread and a kind of chocolate are made from it. The wood is also used.

=Burseraceæ.=

Canarium Schweinfurthii.

Wood useful in commerce. The oily seeds are edible.

=Meliaceæ.=

Lovoa Klaineana. African Walnut.

Has a shady crown of branches. A good shade tree.

Carapa procera. Crabwood.

A small tree cut and sold as cedar mahogany for building purposes.

Carapa Gayensis.

This tree supplies a good timber; the oily seeds are used in medicine.

Pseudocedrela. Cedar Mahogany or African Walnut.

The tree is 65 feet in height, wood used for building purposes and for furniture; not very common. It should be a useful export timber.

Trichilia Heudelotii.

A small tree; wood easy to work; not well known.

Khaya grandis. Benin Mahogany.

A fine tree, sometimes attaining the height of 130 feet, and 14 feet in diameter. The trunk has slight root flanges. The wood of a beautiful surface, a most valuable wood in furniture and carriage making.

Guarea Africana. Satin Mahogany.

Grain similar to mahogany and might be sold for it. Should be a useful export wood.

Pynærtia ealænsis.

Not very well known; flowers in long, showy panicles.

=Euphorbiaceæ.=

Ricinodendron Heudelotii.? Mahogany.

Sold as mahogany. The wood is used locally for boat-building. The tree seeds readily, so could easily be planted.

Hasskarlia didymostemon.

Attains the height of 40 to 80 feet; leaves yellowish-green and yellow catkins. Not well known.

Oldfieldia Africana. Real African Oak.

A tall, fine tree, with a bole of 50 feet and girth of 16 feet. Most useful in boat-building, especially for the keels. It seeds very readily. Many years ago it was exported as teak (1827-35), though this afterwards ceased.

=Anacardiaceæ.=

Mangifera. Mango species, Greenheart.

The Mango Tree, very plentiful. It attains a girth of 12 feet. A greyish wood used for building purposes.

Mangifera sp. Bush Pawpaw.

Used in building.

Mangifera sp. Whitewood.

Used in building.

Odina acida.

A small deciduous, glabrous tree; the powdered bark, mixed with other substances, used as a paint for the face.

Spondias lutea.

A tall, glabrous tree, with yellow, plum-like fruits, which are edible. They are often made into a refreshing drink. The wood bright- coloured and hard; it has the useful quality of growing when put in as fence posts.

=Sapindaceæ.=

Blighia sapida. Akee.

A useful shade tree near dwellings, growing to the height of 97½ feet. Wood light yellow in colour.

Allophyllus Africana.

A small, common tree with hard, blackish fruit, growing along the coast of Grand Basā; wood useful in many ways.

Dodonæa viscosa.

A small tree having viscid branchlets saturated with resin, which serve as torches. The wood is used for engraving and in turnery.

=Malvaceæ.=

Gossypium Peruvianum. Kidney-tree Cotton.

These African cotton-plants are still imperfectly known. Probably used locally.

=Bombacaceæ.=

Eriodendron anfractuosum. Cotton Tree.

Grows to the height of 160 feet. Smooth, bright grey bark, having cracked appearance. Wood not of much value in commerce. Handsome, brilliant crimson flowers.

Bombax Buonopozense. Red Cotton Tree.

A large deciduous tree, often attaining 162 feet in height, with tuberculate, prickly bark and scarlet flowers with firm, velvety petals. Wood of little value in commerce.

=Sterculiaceæ.=

Sterculia oblonga. Yellow Wood.

A tree of medium height, the wood soft, and fibre strong and tough. Exudes gum.

Sterculia sp.

Fruit edible, the oily seeds used medicinally.

Triplochiton.

Fruit winged, flowers panicled, leaves ragged.

Cola acuminata. Cola.

Much like the Poplar in appearance. The wood is used in ship-building, house-building and furniture. The oily, edible Cola Nut is in great demand.

Cola digitata.

The oily seeds much used in medicine.

Heritiera utilis.

The timber hard and useful for various purposes, the bark in tanning. Fruit woody.

=Dilleniaceæ.=

Tetracera potatoria. Water Tree.

A small, hairy tree growing on the dry and sunny parts of the coast savannahs. It yields a profuse amount of water from the stems; hence its name.

Tetracera leiocarpa.

Very similar to the above. Used as a medicine by the natives.

Tetracera Dinklagei.

Similar to the other Tetracera species.

Tetracera sp. White Cedar.

Reaches a girth of 10 or 12 feet. Wood soft and grain too open for export.

=Ochnaceæ.=

Lophira procera. African Oak or Red Ironwood.

This tree yields oil-bearing seeds. The wood is hard and heavy, of a reddish brown. Sold as African Oak. The wood is also used in charcoal- making.

=Guttiferæ.=

Pentadesma. Butter or Tallow Tree.

A tall, slender tree growing by the streams. Wood light in colour, useful in various ways. Also found in Sierra Leone.

Garcinia kola. Bitter Cola.

A large but slow-growing tree, with a hard, prettily grained wood, rather uncommon.

Garcinia sp.? Mahogany.

The wood sometimes sold as mahogany.

Garcinia sp. Chew-stick.

The smaller roots are used as chew-sticks, but taking these in the drastic method in which it is done generally means death to the tree. It is found on summits of the mountains.

=Flacourtiaceæ.=

Smeathmannia lævigata.

Smeathmannia sp.

The buds are single, growing in the axils of the leaves. Leaves toothed. There are fifteen species of this tree; not very common. Wood of little value.

=Rhizophoraceæ.=

Rhizophora mangle.

The Mangrove species. It grows in swamps or on the banks of rivers of Liberia. The wood is hard and heavy but easily worked; much used for poles and firewood, the bark in tanning.

Rhizophora racemosa.

The Mangrove species. Very similar to the above.

=Myrtaceæ.=

Psidium guajava. Guava.

A small tree growing near Monrovia. Fruit edible, the well-known Guava of commerce.

=Sapotaceæ.=

Mimusops sp. The Bobby Water or Benin Mahogany.

A very common kind of Mahogany, attaining a bole of 50 feet and girth of 12 feet. It will grow at a higher elevation than most forest trees. Wood very useful in the making of furniture.

Mimusops lacera. African Pearwood.

A tall, fine-looking tree, with good bole. It would pay to plant these unsparingly. It grows well near the coast. The hard, red wood is very useful and most valuable in furniture-making, inlaying, veneering, etc.

Chrysophyllum sp.

A tree of medium height. Fruit edible. The wood not well known in commerce.

Sideroxylon longistylum.

This tree supplies a good timber. The fruit is edible.

Omphalocarpum.

A kind of Guttapercha is obtained from this tree. It supplies also a good, useful timber.

=Apocynaceæ.=

Rauwolfia vomitoria. Swizzle-stick.

A good workable timber is obtained from it. Stone fruit.

Funtumia Africana. False Rubber Tree.

The rubber is useless, being sticky, like birdlime. Height from 15 to 20 feet.

Funtumia sp. Boxwood.

Much the same as above. Found also in Sierra Leone.

Funtumia elastica. True Rubber Tree.

One of the most important rubber-trees of Africa (also Sierra Leone); produces good rubber. Height 100 feet.

Conopharyngia. Rubber.

Another rubber-tree, yielding only small quantities, of little use in commerce.

Landolphia Owariensis. Vine Rubber.

Another of the best rubber-trees; grows in the Sino Basin.

Landolphia jenje. Vine or White Ball Rubber.

A very good rubber, even better than L. Owariensis.

=Bignoniaceæ.=

Newbouldia lævis.

A pinnate-leaved tree with dense panicles of pink flowers like the foxglove; the fruit long and slender. The bright-coloured wood is very even in texture, much used in fence-making.

=Rubiaceæ.=

Sarcocephalus esculentus. Sierra Leone Peach.

Flowers in large heads, white and fragrant. Deep-red fruit, the peach of the country, the size of a man’s fist. The wood much used for inlaying.

Morinda sp.? Brimstone.

A tree with bole of 50 feet in height, girth from 16 to 20 feet. The wood is bright yellow in colour, not of much value, but the root-wood is sold in the native markets for yellow dye and the bole wood for weather-boards. It is very hard and resists attacks of insects.

Randia maculata.

A very pretty ornamental tree, with glossy leaves and white flowers.

Coffea Liberica. Liberian Coffee.

A tree about 20 feet in height. Coffee-berries the size of a cherry.

APPENDIX

LIBERIA—FOREST EXPORTS

-----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+------- Products. | 1908. | £ | 1909. | £| 1910. | £ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+------- Palm kernels | 200,489 | 41,916| — | — | — | — | bush. | | | | | | | | | | | Palm oil | 876,000 | 60,223| — | — | 1,149 | 359 | gals. | | | | bush. | | | | | | | Rubber | 169,566 | 8,478| — | — | — | — | lb. | | | | | | | | | | | Coffee |1,459,082| 27,966| — | — |6,774 lb.| 353 | lb. | | | | | | | | | | | Coffee seed | — | — | — | — |1,690,955|32,978 | | | | | lb. | | | | | | | Coffee scions | — | — |2,082,540|35,830| — | — | | | lb. | | | | | | | | | Coffee trees | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | | | | Piassava |7,396,863| 38,528| — | — | — | — | lb. | | | | | | | | | | | Kola nuts | — | — | — | — | 384,830 | 2,408 | | | | | lb. | | | | | | | Calabar beans |4,318 lb.| 37| — | — | — | — | | | | | | Guttapercha | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | | | | Camwood | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | | | | Ivory | 14,514 | 4,447| — | — | — | — | lb. | | | | | -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+------- TOTALS |9,044,343|181,599|2,082,540|35,830|2,082,559|36,098 | lb. | | lb. | | lb. | | | | | | | | 876,000 | | | | 1,149 | | gals. | | | | bush. | | | | | | | | 200,489 | | | | | | bush. | | | | | -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------

-----------------+---------+-------+---------+------ Products. | 1911. | £ | 1912. | £ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------ Palm kernels | — | — | — | — | | | | Palm oil | — | — | — | — | | | | Rubber | — | — | — | — | | | | Coffee | 103,032 | 5,648| 93,822 | 4,589 | lb. | | lb. | | | | | Coffee seed | — | — | — | — | | | | Coffee scions |1,851,993| 38,508|1,514,193|47,456 | lb. | | lb. | | | | | Coffee trees | — | — | — | — | | | | Piassava | — | — | — | — | | | | Kola nuts | — | — | — | — | | | | Calabar beans | — | — | — | — | | | | Guttapercha | — | — | — | — | | | | Camwood | — | — | — | — | | | | Ivory | — | — | — | — -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------ TOTALS |1,955,025| 44,156|1,608,015|52,045 | lb. | | lb. | -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------

To face p. 80.