CHAPTER XIV

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS 496

INDEX 501

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo Frontispiece Lake (Elephant Lake). Cotton Trees in foreground

II. SIERRA LEONE.

To face page

2. Red Ironwood (Lophira procera), in the Forest, 16 Gumah

3. Mature Cola Tree (Cola vera), growing in Fundo 16 village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone

4. View of Gumah Mountain from the Gumah 16

5. African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing 24 bole in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge

6. African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing 24 scaly bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W. Smythe standing beside it

7. Pterocarpus esculentus in flower near Fakar 40 Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest

8. Forest of true Gum Copal (Copaifera 40 salikounda), showing nearly all the trees bare of foliage and dying, due to overtapping, near Sussuwuru, Moyamba District

9. True Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda), showing 40 base of stem with tapping squares, near the bank of the Rokell River, north of Moyamba District

III. LIBERIA.

10. Large Brimstone Tree (Sarcocephalus sp.), Gola 66 Forest

11. African Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora), Gola 66 Forest

12. Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River 80

13. Mahogany (Khaya Ivoriensis), the late Mr. C. 80 W. Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest

14. Young Yawey Cedar (Heritiera?), Gola Forest 80

IV. TOGO.

15. Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode, 90 in 1911

16. Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on hill-side, 90 Atakpame

17. One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to 116 ten-year-old trees, 1911

18. Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

19. Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

20. Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

21. Chlorophora excelsa, 1911 126

22. Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 126

23. Five-year-old Khaya Senegalensis, 1911 126

24. Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in 1911 136

25. Khaya Klaineana, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe 136 Station

26. Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in 1911 136

V. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

EBUTTEMETTA GARDENS.

27. Large Teak Tree (Tectona grandis), about 150 sixteen years old, Ebuttemetta Gardens

28. Large Para (Hevea Braziliensis), Ebuttemetta 150 Gardens, age about sixteen years

VI. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM AND RAILWAY PLANTATION AND TWO STUDIES OF CAPSULES.

29. The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with 162 five-year-old Albizzia Lebbek standing beside it

30. Three capsules of Mahogany (Khaya grandis 162 Ivoriensis and Punchii), from banks of Owena River

31. Capsules of three species of Entandrophragma: 162 E. macrophyllum, the largest; E. utilis, the next in size; and E. cylindricum, the smallest

32. Cedrela odorata, seven years old, with Forest 174 Office in background, Olokemeji

33. Cedrela odorata, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5 174 feet, twelve years old, Olokemeji Arboretum

34. Teak (Tectona grandis), ten years old, 174 Olokemeji Arboretum

35. Teak, six years old, Olokemeji Arboretum 184

36. Khaya Senegalensis, five years old, from seed 184 obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki District

37. Mature Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa), 184 over 12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down and used for building the Chief Conservator of Forests’ house

VII. NORTHERN PROVINCES, NIGERIA.

38. Marsh or “fadama” with islets of foliage, Benué 196 overflow near Yola

39. The Lower Niger in flood 196

40. Fringing Forest on River Benué, in the rainy 196 season

41. A Baobab (Adansonia digitata) 208

42. Giginya or “Fan Palm” (Borassus flabellifer, 208 var. Æthiopum), with waterlilies (Nymphæaceæ)

VIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM.

43. Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 6½ years old, 216 showing bent leader, owing to previous one being eaten out by the leading-shoot borer

44. 1909 Mahogany (Khaya grandis and K. Punchii) 216 Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to Chief Conservator’s house, Olokemeji Arboretum

45. The largest Mahogany (Khaya Punchii), seven 216 years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest Reserve

46. Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji 228 Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry season, March 1915, Captain Owens

47. Cedrela odorata, Cigar-box Cedar, three years 228 old (seen close), R. E. Dennett, Esq.

48. Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with H. 228 N. Thompson, Esq., 1911

49. Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii), 234 standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house, June 1915, after being protected from fire eight years

50. Teak (Tectona grandis), three years old, 234 Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

51. Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) in 234 fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house. This tree has been protected from fire for nearly four years

52. Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii), 234 standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house. The same tree of which the fruit was photographed April 1911

IX. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

STUDIES OF TREES, OLOKEMEJI RESERVE.

53. Mature Opepe (Sarcocephalus esculentus), in 250 middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

54. Mature Oganwo (Khaya Punchii), near Dajopa, 250 Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for nearly 12 feet stripped of bark

55. Large Emido (Mimusops multinervis), 10 feet in 250 girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

56. Large-leaved Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 14 260 feet in girth, with smaller Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), standing at the side, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

57. Arere (Triplochiton Nigericum), 120 feet high, 260 thirty years old

58. Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis), 7 feet 6 260 inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji Reserve

59. Large Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), 10 feet in 272 girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

60. Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in 272 view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

61. Base of 14-foot Bilinga (Afzelia Africana), 284 Dajopa Forest Reserve, Olokemeji Reserve

62. Shea Butter (Butyrospermum Parkii), 7 feet in 284 girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve

63. Afara (Terminalia superba), base of mature 284 tree over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve

64. Afzelia Africana, 14 feet in girth, showing 284 bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

X. WESTERN CIRCLE.

FOREST TREES, ILARO.

65. Khaya Ivoriensis, 14 feet 8 inches in girth, 294 Ilaro Forest Reserve

66. Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 8 feet in girth, 294 standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after Forest was cleared

XI. WESTERN CIRCLE.

DRY ZONE VEGETATION, OYO DISTRICT.

67. Khaya Senegalensis, 1910, on bank of Ogun 308 River, near Iporin, Oyo Province

68. Locust Tree (Parkia filicoidea), in bearing, 308 Oyo District, 1910

XII. WESTERN CIRCLE.

STUDIES OF FOREST VEGETATION, ADO AND MAMU FOREST.

69. Mature Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) and Teak, 320 one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan Province, 1915

70. Large full-grown Iroko Tree (Chlorophora 320 excelsa) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road, Mamu Forest Reserve, in May 1910. See Fig. 69, which is of the same tree taken five years later

71. Untouched Forest on summit of Ado Rock, Oyo 320 Province, 1910

XIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OSHUN AND MAMU FORESTS.

72. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking 332 downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve

73. Large Arere Tree (Triplochiton Nigericum) 332 already girdled and dead

74. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking 332 upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District

75. Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest 332 Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six to eight years old

XIV. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, ONDO AND IWOYE FORESTS.

76. Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing 342 parts of four mahogany trees in the picture

77. Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle 342 of Idanre Town, 1910

XV. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, IFON FOREST.

78. Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the 354 Pool, Ifon District

79. Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon 354 District

XVI. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, EBEKWI FOREST.

80. Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (Entandrophragma utilis) 364 standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin City, Benin Province

81. Agba (Benin), (Pterogopodium?), standing near 364 Ifon Road, south of Uyeri, Benin Province

XVII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

OGBA PLANTATION, BENIN.

82. Benin Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora) 376 standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District

83. Mixed Mahogany Plantation, Khaya grandis 376 on left, K. Punchii in centre, and Entandrophragma in the right foreground, six years old, near Ogba, Benin Province

84. Ogea, Gum Copal (Daniellia caudata), standing 376 in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province

XVIII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, OBAGIE FOREST, BENIN.

85. Khaya anthoteca, 16 feet in girth, Obagie 384 Forest Reserve, Benin Province

86. Okan (Cylicodiscus Gabunensis), African 384 Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie Forest Reserve, Benin Province

XIX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, KOKO TOWN MAHOGANY.

87. Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored 396 near the bank

88. Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko 396 Town

XX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, OSSE RIVER FOREST.

89. Funtumia Rubber Plantation, both sides of the 408 road, Igwoshudi, Benin

90. Mahogany Plantation, Khaya Punchii, twelve 408 years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse River, Benin Province

91. Entandrophragma log with three sides already 408 squared and fourth partially cut ready for squaring

92. Stump of Khaya Punchii with log at base, left 408 in the Benin Forest

XXI. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.

DEGEMA FOREST STATION, INCLUDING IMO BRIDGE.

93. Mimusops Djave, about twelve years old, 414 standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern Circle

94. Mature Light African Greenheart, Piptadenia 414 Africana, standing in the middle of Degema Station

95. Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing, Pentaclethra 414 macrophylla, Degema Station

96. Red Oak, Berlinia acuminata, 20 feet in girth, 414 standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station

97. Base of Red Oak, Berlinia acuminata, showing 428 smooth bark with comparatively few large scales, Degema Station

98. Iroko, Chlorophora excelsa, nursery bed, with 428 seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest House, Degema

99. The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on 446 the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note, only native, locally grown timber used in its construction

100. Medium-sized African Pearwood, Mimusops Djave, 446 standing in the middle of the road outside Degema Station on the road to Illimema, since felled, and logs sold in England

101. Inoi Tree, Poga oleosa, standing at the edge 446 of the Degema Station grounds

XXII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CALABAR ARBORETUM AND STATION.

102. Oil Palm, Elæis Guineensis, eight years old, 460 in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one bunches of fruit on the tree

103. Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather 460 over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just below boy’s finger and bunch of fruit in the middle of the picture

104. Mature Brachystegia spicæformis standing at 472 the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing the typical shape of the crown and branches

105. Base of mature Brachystegia spicæformis 472 standing at the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing both the scaly untouched bark and the wounded section covered with nodules

XXIII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CROSS RIVER.

TEAK PLANTATIONS, NDEH.

106. Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing rows 486 of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between

107. View between the lines of one-year-old Teak 486 Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted 4 feet apart

XXIV. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.

IKRIGON FOREST.

108. Shinglewood, Terminalia scutifera, 12 feet in 496 girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve, Eastern Circle

109. Iroko, Chlorophora excelsa, 15 feet in girth, 496 standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve

110. Mahogany, Khaya Senegalensis (?), standing at 496 the edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base of trunk with old bark wounds already healed over

WEST AFRICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY