PART V.. Documents.

DOCUMENTS.

I.--A few notes and observations relating to bites of poisonous snakes treated by antivenomous serum- therapeutics 326

II.--A few notes and observations relating to domestic animals bitten by poisonous snakes and treated with serum 356

III.--Note on the collection of cobra-venom and the treatment of poisonous bites in the French Settlements in India (by Dr. Paul Gouzien) 359

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE

Fig. 1.--A. Skull of one of the non-poisonous Colubridæ (Ptyas mucosus) 7 B. Skull of one of the poisonous Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) 7 C. Skull of one of the poisonous Colubridæ (Bungarus fasciatus) 7 D. Skull of one of the Viperidæ (Vipera russellii) 7 E. Skull of one of the Viperidæ Crotalinæ (Crotalus durissus) 7 F. Skull of one of the Colubridæ Hydrophiinæ (Hydrophis pelamis) 7

Fig. 2.--A. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the Viperidæ (Vipera russellii) 8 B. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) 8 C. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the Colubridæ (Bungarus fasciatus) 8 D. Maxillary bone and teeth of one of the non-poisonous Colubridæ (Ptyas mucosus) 8

Fig. 3.--A. Fang of one of the Viperidæ (Vipera russellii) 8 D. Transverse section of the fang 8

Fig. 4.--B. Fang of one of the Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) 9 E. Transverse section 9

Fig. 5.--C. Fang of one of the Hydrophiinæ (Hydrophis pelamis) 9 F. Transverse section 9

Fig. 6.--Three transverse sections of a poison-fang of one of the Colubridæ 9

Fig. 7.--Marks produced on the skin by the bites of different species of snakes 10

Fig. 8.--Poison-gland and fangs of a venomous snake (Naja tripudians) 11

Fig. 9.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Vipera russellii 12

Fig. 10.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Vipera russellii 12

Fig. 11.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Naja tripudians 13

Fig. 12.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Naja tripudians 13

Fig. 13.--Arrangement of the scales of the head in one of the non-poisonous Colubridæ (Ptyas mucosus) 14

Fig. 14.--Arrangement of the scales of the head in one of the poisonous Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) 15

Fig. 15.--Feeding a poisonous snake (first stage) 18

Fig. 16.--Feeding a poisonous snake (second stage) 18

Fig. 17.--Capture of a Naja tripudians (first stage) 19

Fig. 18.--Capture of a Naja tripudians (second stage) 20

Fig. 19.--Hindu carrying two captured Cobras in “chatties” 21

Fig. 20.--Maxillary bone, mandible, and head of Cœlopeltis monspessulana 23

Fig. 21.--(1) Vipera berus; (2) Vipera aspis; (3) Vipera ammodytes; (4) Vipera ammodytes 25

Fig. 22.--Vipera aspis, from the Forest of Fontainebleau 28

Fig. 23.--Skull of Bungarus 31

Fig. 24.--Bungarus fasciatus (India) 32

Fig. 25.--Skull of Naja tripudians 34

Fig. 26.--Naja tripudians (Cobra-di-Capello) on the defensive, preparing to strike 35

Fig. 27.--Naja tripudians (Cobra-di-Capello) 36

Fig. 28.--Vipera russellii (Daboia) 45

Fig. 29.--Pseudocerastes persicus 47

Fig. 30.--Echis carinatus (India) 48

Fig. 31.--Ancistrodon hypnale (Carawalla, of Ceylon) 50

Fig. 32.--Lachesis okinavensis 52

Fig. 33.--Lachesis flavomaculatus 55

Fig. 34.--Skull of Dendraspis viridis 65

Fig. 35.--Skull of Causus rhombeatus 68

Fig. 36.--Skull of Bitis arietans (Puff Adder) 70

Fig. 37.--Bitis arietans (Puff Adder) 71

Fig. 38.--Bitis cornuta 73

Fig. 39.--Bitis rasicornis 74

Fig. 40.--Cerastes cornutus 75

Fig. 41.--Echis coloratus 77

Fig. 42.--Skull of Atractaspis aterrima 79

Fig. 43.--Skull of Glyphodon tristis (Australian Colubrine) 83

Fig. 44.--Pseudelaps krefftii 85

Fig. 45.--Pseudelaps harriettæ 85

Fig. 46.--Pseudelaps diadema 85

Fig. 47.--Diemenia psammophis 86

Fig. 48.--Diemenia olivacea 86

Fig. 49.--Diemenia textilis 86

Fig. 50.--Diemenia nuchalis 87

Fig. 51.--Pseudechis porphyriacus (Black Snake) 87

Fig. 52.--Denisonia superba (Copperhead) 89

Fig. 53.--Denisonia coronoides 89

Fig. 54.--Denisonia ramsayi 90

Fig. 55.--Denisonia signata 90

Fig. 56.--Denisonia maculata 91

Fig. 57.--Denisonia gouldii 91

Fig. 58.--Hoplocephalus bitorquatus 94

Fig. 59.--Notechis scutatus (Tiger Snake) 95

Fig. 60.--Skull of Acanthophis antarcticus (Death Adder) 96

Fig. 61.--Acanthophis antarcticus 97

Fig. 62.--Rhynchelaps australis 98

Fig. 63.--Skull of Furina occipitalis 99

Fig. 64.--Furina occipitalis 99

Fig. 65.--Skull of Elaps marcgravii 101

Fig. 66.--Elaps fulvius (Harlequin Snake) 105

Fig. 67.--Head and Skull of Crotalus horridus (Horrid Rattle-snake) 109

Fig. 68.--Ancistrodon piscivorus (Water Viper) 110

Fig. 69.--Lachesis lanceolatus (Fer-de-Lance) 112

Fig. 70.--Lachesis neuwiedii (Urutù) 116

Fig. 71.--Sistrurus catenatus (Prairie Rattle-snake) 121

Fig. 72.--A. Horny appendage (rattle) of a Crotalus horridus 122 B. Horny appendage, longitudinal section 122 C. Separated segments of the appendage 122

Fig. 73.--Crotalus terrificus (Dog-faced Rattle-snake) 123

Fig. 74.--Crotalus scutulatus (Texas Rattle-snake) 126

Fig. 75.--Crotalus confluentus (Pacific Rattle-snake) 128

Fig. 76.--Crotalus cerastes (Horned Rattle-snake) 130

Fig. 77.--Skull of Hydrus platurus 132

Fig. 78.--Hydrus platurus 133

Fig. 79.--Hydrophis coronatus 134

Fig. 80.--Hydrophis elegans 135

Fig. 81.--Skull of Distira 137

Fig. 82.--Enhydrina valakadien (E. bengalensis) 138

Fig. 83.--Skull of Platurus colubrinus 139

Fig. 84.--Platurus laticaudatus (P. fischeri) 140

Fig. 85.--Collecting venom from a Lachesis at the Serotherapeutic Institute of São Paulo (Brazil) 154

Fig. 86.--Chloroforming a Cobra in order to collect venom at Pondicherry (first stage) 155

Fig. 87.--Chloroforming a Cobra in order to collect venom at Pondicherry (second stage) 157

Fig. 88.--Collecting Cobra-venom at Pondicherry (third stage) 158

Fig. 89.--Mongoose seized by a Cobra 225

Fig. 90.--Indian Snake-charmer at Colombo (Ceylon) 230

Fig. 91.--Indian Snake-charmer at Colombo (Ceylon) 231

Fig. 92.--Musical instrument used by Indian snake-charmers to charm Cobras 232

Fig. 93.--Vaccinating a horse against venom at the Pasteur Institute, Lille 244

Fig. 94.--Aseptically bleeding a horse, vaccinated against venom, in order to obtain antivenomous serum, at the Pasteur Institute, Lille 245

Fig. 95.--Technique of injecting antivenomous serum beneath the skin of the abdomen 264

Fig. 96.--Lactrodectus mactans 275

Fig. 97.--Scorpio occitanus 277

Fig. 98.--Scolopendra morsitans 280

Fig. 99.--Poison-apparatus of the bee 281

Fig. 100.--Interior of the gorget of the Bee 282

Fig. 101.--Synanceia brachio var. Verrucosa 291

Fig. 102.--Cottus scorpius (Sea Scorpion, or Father Lasher) 292

Fig. 103.--Scorpæna grandicornis 293

Fig. 104.--Scorpæna diabolus 294

Fig. 105.--Pterois artemata 295

Fig. 106.--Pelor filamentosum 296

Fig. 107.--Trachinus vipera (Lesser Weever) 297

Fig. 108.--Operculum and opercular spine of the Lesser Weever 298

Fig. 109.--Callionymus lyra (Dragonet) 300

Fig. 110.--Batrachus grunniens 302

Fig. 111.--Thalassophryne reticulata 302

Fig. 112.--Lophius setigerus 303

Fig. 113.--Serranus ouatabili 304

Fig. 114.--Holacanthus imperator 305

Fig. 115.--Tetrodon stellatus 306

Fig. 116.--Tetrodon rubripes 306

Fig. 117.--Chilomycterus orbicularis 307

Fig. 118.--Chilomycterus tigrinus 307

Fig. 119.--Silurus glanis 308

Fig. 120.--Muræna moringa 310

Fig. 121.--Salamandra maculosa (Spotted Salamander) 314

Fig. 122.--Triton marmoratus (Marbled Newt) 314

Fig. 123.--Cryptobranchus japonicus (Great Japanese Salamander) 315

Fig. 124.--Heloderma horridum 322

Fig. 125.--Ornithorhynchus paradoxus (Duck-billed Platypus) 324

VENOMS.