Vegetable Teratology

CHAPTER III.

HETEROTAXY 156

Formation of adventitious roots, 156--Of shoots below the cotyledons, 161--Adventitious leaves, 162--On scapes, 163--Production of leaves or scales in place of flower-buds, 164--Viviparous plants, 168--Formation of buds on leaves, 170--In pith, 171--On bulbs, 172--Production of gemmae in place of spores, 173--Of flowers on leaves, 174--Of flower-buds in place of leaf-buds, 176--Of flowers on spines, 177--Of flower-buds on petals, 177--On fruits, 178--In ovaries, 180--Of stamens in ovaries, 182--Of pollen in ovules, 185--Homomorphic flowers of Compositae, 188--Heterotaxy affecting the inflorescence, 188--Supra-soriferous ferns, 190.

CHAPTER IV.

HETEROGAMY 190

Change in the position of male and female flowers, 191--From monoecious to dioecious condition, 193--From dioecious to monoecious, 193--From hermaphroditism to unisexuality, 195--From unisexuality to hermaphroditism, 197--Pollen replaced by ovules, 201.

CHAPTER V.

ALTERATIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF ORGANS 201

Fastigiation, 202--Eversion, 204--Altered direction of leaves, 205--Altered direction of flower, 206--Reflexion, 209--Gymnaxony, 211.

BOOK II.

DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY FORM 213

PART I.--STASIMORPHY 216

CHAPTER I.

PERSISTENCE OF JUVENILE FORMS 217

Stasimorphy in leaves of Conifers, 217--Regular peloria, 219.

PART II.--PLEIOMORPHY 228

CHAPTER I.

IRREGULAR PELORIA 228

PART III.--METAMORPHY 240

CHAPTER I.

PHYLLODY 241

Phyllody of bracts, 242--In inflorescence of Conifers, 245--Of calyx, 245--Of corolla, 251--Of stamens, 253--Of pistils, 256--Of ovules, 262--Changes in nucleus of ovule, 269--Phyllody of accessory organs, 272--Chloranthy, 273--General remarks on, 278.

CHAPTER II.

METAMORPHY OF FLORAL ORGANS 281

Sepalody of petals, 282--Petalody of calyx, calycanthemy, 283--Petalody of stamens, 285--Of anther, 291--Of connective, 293--Compound stamens, 294--Petalody of pistils, 296--Of ovules, 297--Of accessory organs, 297--Staminody of the bracts, 298--Of sepals and petals, 298--Of pistils, 299--Of accessory organs, 301--Pistillody of perianth, 302--Of sepals, 302--Of stamens, 303--Of ovules, 310.

Part Iv.--Heteromorphy 311

CHAPTER I.

DEFORMITIES 311

Formation of tubes, 312--In flower, 314--Spurs, 315--Contortion, 316--Spiral torsion, 319--Of leaf, 326--Adventitious tendrils, 326--Interrupted growth, 327--Cornute leaves, 328--Flattening, 328.

CHAPTER II.

POLYMORPHY 329

Heterophylly, 330--Dimorphism, 333--Sports or bud-variations, 336.

CHAPTER III.

ALTERATIONS OF COLOUR 337

Albinism, 337--Virescence, 338--Chromatism, 339.

BOOK III.

DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY NUMBER 340

PART I.--INCREASED NUMBER OF ORGANS 343

CHAPTER I.

MULTIPLICATION OF AXILE ORGANS--INFLORESCENCE 346

Multiplication of branches, 346--Plica, 346--Polyclady, 347--Multiplication of branches of inflorescence, 348--Of bulbs, 350--Of florets, 351.

CHAPTER II.

MULTIPLICATION OF FOLIAR ORGANS 352

Pleiophylly, 353--Multiplication of stipules, bracts, &c., 357--Polyphylly, 358--Increased number of leaves in a whorl, 358--Polyphylly of bracts, 358--Of calyx, 358--Of corolla, 359--Of androecium, 361--Of gynoecium, 363--Of flower in general, 365--Increased number of ovules and seeds, 367--Of embryos, 369--Of cotyledons, 370--Pleiotaxy, or multiplication of whorls, 371--Pleiotaxy of bracts, 371--Of calyx, 374--Of perianth, 375--Of corolla (hose in hose), 376--Androecium, 379--Androecium of Orchids, 380--Pleiotaxy of gynoecium, 388--Increased number of flowers in an inflorescence, 391.

Part Ii.--Diminished Number of Organs 392

CHAPTER I.

SUPPRESSION OF AXILE ORGANS 393

Acaulosia, 393--Non-development of peduncle, 393--Nature of calyx-tube (Casimir de Candolle), 394--Suppression of columella, 395.

CHAPTER II.

SUPPRESSION OF FOLIAR ORGANS 395

Aphylly, 395--Meiophylly, 396--Of calyx or perianth, 396--Of corolla, 397--Of androecium, 398--Of gynoecium, 399--Of flower, 400--Meiotaxy, 403--Of calyx, 403--Of corolla, 403--Of androecium, 405--Of gynoecium, 406--Of ovules or seeds, 407--Of flower, 408--General remarks on suppression, 409.

BOOK IV.

DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY SIZE AND CONSISTENCE 413

PART I--HYPERTROPHY 416

CHAPTER I.

ENLARGEMENT 417

Of axile organs, 418--Knaurs, 419--Enlargement of buds, 420--Of flower-stalk, 421--In pears, 423--Of placenta, 424--Of leaves, 426--Development of parts usually abortive, 427--Enlargement of perianth, 428--Of androecium, 430--Of gynoecium, 430--Of fruit, 431--Alterations of consistence, 432.

CHAPTER II.

ELONGATION 488

Elongation of root, 434--Of inflorescence, 434--Of flower-stalks, 435--Of leaves, 437--Of parts of flower, 438--Of thalamus and placenta, 440--Apostasis, 440.

CHAPTER III.

ENATION 443

Excrescences from axile organs, warts, 444--Enation from leaves, 445--From sepals, 448--From petals, 448--Catacorolla, 451--Enation from stamens, 453--From carpels, 453.

Part Ii.--Atrophy 454

CHAPTER I.

ABORTION 455

Abortion of axile organs, 455--Of receptacle, 457--Of leaves, 458--Of perianth, calyx, and corolla, 460--Of stamens, 463--Of pollen, 463--Of pistil, fruit, &c., 464--Of ovules, 466--Depauperated ferns, 466--General remarks, 467.

CHAPTER II.

DEGENERATION 470

Formation of scales, 470--Of hairs, 472--Of glands, 473--Of tendrils, 473.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

General morphology of the leaf and axis, 476.--Homology, 476--Special morphology, 479--Calyx-tube, 480--Androecium, 482--Inferior ovary, 482--Placentation, 483--Structure of the ovule, 484--Leaves of Conifers, 484--Relative position of organs, 484--Law of alternation, 485--Co-relation, 486--Compensation, 488--Teratology and classification, 488.

APPENDIX.

Double flowers, varieties of, 491--Causes of production, 491--Relation to variegated foliage, 497--List of plants producing, 499.

NOTE 508

INDEX TO SUBJECTS 511

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS 517

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. Diagram of regular pentamerous flower 4 2. Cohesion of branch Dipsacus sylvestris 10 3. Fasciated lettuce ('Gard. Chron.') 11 4. Fasciation in Asparagus 12 5. Fasciation in Pinus Pinaster 13 6. Fasciation and spiral torsion in Asparagus ('Gard. Chron.') 14 7. Fasciation in scape of dandelion 16 8. Pitcher on leaf of Pelargonium 22 9. Transition from flat to tubular segments of the perianth in Eranthis 24 10. Pitcher of Crassula arborescens (C. Morren) 26 11. Gamopetalous corolla, Papaver bracteatum 28 12. Adhesion of petaloid stamen to segment of perianth, Crocus 35 13. Adhesion of petal, stamen and carpel, Cheiranthus Cheiri 36 14. Synanthy. Campanula Medium ('Gard. Chron.') 37 15, 16. Synanthic flowers of Calanthe vestita 39 17. Synanthy in Digitalis purpurea ('Gard. Chron.') 40 18. Synanthy in Calceolaria 41 19, 20. Syncarpic apples 47 21. Adhesion of two stems of oak ('Gard. Chron.') 51 22. Adhesion of branches of elm ('Gard. Chron.') 52 23. Adhesion of two roots of carrot, one white, the other red ('Gard. Chron.') 53 24. Section through inverted and adherent mushrooms 54 25. Bifurcated male catkin, Cedrus Libani 61 26. Bifurcated leaf, Lamium album 62 27. Bifurcated leaf, Pelargonium 63 28. Bifurcated frond, Scolopendrium 64 29. Three-lobed lip of Oncidium 68 30. Dialysis of corolla in Correa 71 31. Dialysis of corolla in Campanula (De Candolle) 72 32. Anomalous form of orange 74 33, 34. Disjoined carpels of orange (Maout) 75 35. Proliferous rose (Bell Salter) 78 36, 37. Apple flower, with detached calyx, &c. 79 38. Flower of OEnanthe crocata, with detached calyx, &c. 80 39. Anomalous bulbs of tulip 85 40. Displaced leaf of Gesnera (C. Morren) 88 41. Leaves of Pinus pinea 89 42. Deranged leaves of yew 90 43. Cohesion of sepals and displacement of parts of Oncidium cucullatum 92 44. Malformed flower of Cypripedium 93 45. Diagram of the same 93 46. Diagram of natural structure in Cypripedium 93 47. Diagram of malformed flower of Lycaste Skinneri 93 48. Diagram of malformed flower of Dendrobium nobile 94 49. Natural arrangement in same flower 94 50. Diagram of malformed violet 94 51. Monstrous flower of Cerastium ('Gard. Chron.') 97 52. Inflorescence of Polyanthus, with tufts of leaves at the summit 105 53. Lateral prolification in inflorescence of Pelargonium 108 54. Paniculate inflorescence of Plantago major 109 55. Branched spike and leafy bracts of the same 110 56. Inflorescence of Plantago lanceolata, with leaves and secondary flower-stalks at its summit 111 57. Branched inflorescence of Reseda Luteola 112 58. Thalamus of strawberry prolonged into a leafy branch ('American Agriculturist') 116 59. Flower of Verbascum, with dialysis of calyx and corolla and prolonged thalamus 116 60. Median floral prolification of Dianthus 120 61. Leafy carpels and prolification of Daucus Carota 123 62. Median floral prolification of Delphinium 126 63. Median prolification, &c., of Orchis pyramidalis 128 64. Proliferous rose (Bell Salter) 130 65. Axillary floral prolification of Nymphaea Lotus ('Gard. Chron.') 144 66. Axillary floral prolification of Dianthus 146 67. Proliferous rose 151 68. Proliferous rose ('Gard. Chron.') 152 69. Diagram of prolified orchid 153 70. Diagram of prolified orchis 154 71. Adventitious roots from petiole of celery 158 72. Germinating plant of mango 159 73, 74. Adventitious roots from leaves 160 75. Hip of rose bearing leaf 162 76. Leaves proceeding from the ovary of Nymphaea sp. 162 77. Flower-stalk of dandelion, with leaves 163 78. Tuft of leaves in place of flowers in Valeriana sp. 165 79. Scale-bearing spikelets of Willdenovia 167 80. "Rose Willow" 167 81. Viviparous flowers of Aira vivipara 169 82. Formation of shoot on leaf of Episcia bicolor 171 83. Adventitious buds on root of sea-kale 172 84, 85. Production of adventitious bulbs in hyacinth ('Gard. Chron.') 172 86. Adventitious buds on hyacinth ('Gard. Chron ') 173 87-92. Nepaul barley 174, 175 93. Formation of buds on fruit of Opuntia 179 94. Flower-bud in the pod of Sinapis 181 94*, 95. Adventitious pod in silique of Cheiranthus 182 96, 97. Grapes, with adventitious fruits in interior 183 98. Stamens in ovary of Baeckea diosmifolia 184 99. Pollen in ovule of passion flower (S. J. Salter) 185 100. Female flowers at the summit of the inflorescence of Carex acuta 192 101. Monoecious hop ('Gard. Chron.') 193 102. Superior ovary, &c, of fuchsia 198 103. Hermaphrodite flower of Carica 199 104. Ovuliferous anthers of Cucurbita sp. 200 105, 106. Prolonged inflorescence of fig 205 107. Hollow turnip, with inverted leaves 206 108. Normal flower of Gloxinia 207 109. Regular peloria of Gloxinia 207 110, 111. Structural details of erect Gloxinia 208 112. Reflected corolla of azalea 209 113, 114. Enlarged and erect placenta of Cuphea miniata (C. Morren) 210 115. Dimorphic leaves of Juniperus sinensis 217 116. Regular peloria of Delphinium 219 117. Structural details of the preceding 219 118. Regular peloria of violet 220 119. Double-flowered regular violet 220 120. Regular peloria of Eccremocarpus scaber 222 121. Regular peloria of Cattleya 223 122. Peloria of Calceolaria 230 123. Peloric flower of Aristolochia 232 124, 125. Peloric flowers of Corydalis 236 126. Rose plantain 242 127. Leafy bracts in Plantago major 243 128. Leafy scales of Dahlia 244 129. Leafy sepals of rose 246 130. Leafy sepals of Fuchsia ('Gard. Chron.') 247 131. Leafy calyx of primrose 248 132. Leafy calyx of melon 248 133. Leafy sepals and petals of Geranium 251 134. Leafy stamens of Petunia 254 135, 136. Leafy anthers of Jatropha (Mueller) 255 137. Proliferous rose, with leafy carpels, &c. (Bell Salter) 257 138. Cucumber, with adventitious leaf attached (S. J. Salter) 258 139. Leafy carpels in flower of Triumfetta 260 140. Leafy ovules of Sinapis 264 141, 142. Leafy ovules of Trifolium repens (Caspary) 265 143. Portion of leafy carpel of Delphinium, with ovules (Cramer) 266 144, 145. Enlarged view of section of leafy carpel, &c., of Delphinium (Cramer) 267 146. Placentae of Dianthus, bearing ovules and carpels ('Gard. Chron.') 268 147. Ovules passing into carpels, Dianthus ('Gard. Chron.') 268 148. Leafy shoot in place of ovule of Gaillardia 270 149, 150. Leafy sepals, petals, &c., of Epilobium 273 151. Leafy carpel of rose, with deformed ovules 274 152. Flower of St. Valery apple 282 153. Petaloid calyx of Mimulus 284 154. Double stellate columbine 287 155. Four-winged filaments of Rhododendron 290 156. Diagram of malformed flower of Catasetum 291 157. Petaloid stamen of Viola 292 158. Double columbine 293 159. Petaloid stamens of Hibiscus 293 160. Displaced coloured leaf, &c., of tulip 302 161. Supernumerary carpels in orange (Maout) 303 162. Pistilloid stamens of poppy 304 163. Pistilloid stamens of wallflower, &c. 306 164. Passage of stamen to carpel in lily 307 165. Transition of stamens to carpels, Sempervivum tectorum 309 166. Ascidia of cabbage 312 167. Stalked pitcher on lettuce leaf 313 168. Tubular petal of Primula sinensis 315 169. Spurs on flower of Calceolaria 316 170. Contorted stem of Juncus 317 171. Contorted branch of Crataegus 317 172. Spirally-twisted stem of teazel 321 173. Spirally-twisted stem Galium 323 174. Spirally-twisted root ('Gard. Chron.') 324 175. Interrupted growth of radish (American Agriculturist) 327 176. Interrupted growth in apple 327 177. Polymorphous leaves of lilac 331 178. Adventitious growth on frond of Pteris quadriaurita 333 179, 180. Coloured flower-stalks of feather hyacinth (C. Morren) 347, 348 181. Multiplication of catkins, Corylus 349 182. Branched inflorescence of broccoli ('Gard. Chron.') 351 183, 184. Supernumerary leaf of elm 353, 354 185. Supernumerary leaf of hazel 355 186. Multiplication of parts of flower in a plum ('Gard. Chron.') 366 187. Wheat-ear carnation 372 188. Multiplication of bracts in Delphinium Consolida 373 189. Multiplication of bracts in Pelargonium 373 190. Double white lily 376 191. Double flower of Campanula rotundifolia 378 192. Diagram of usual arrangement of parts in Orchis (Darwin) 381 193. Diagram of malformed flower of Ophrys aranifera 385 194. Malformed flower of Ophrys aranifera 385 195. Diagram of malformed flower of Orchis mascula (Cramer) 386 196. Multiplication of carpels, Tulip 388 197. Section of St. Valery apple 388 198. Regular dimerous flower of Calanthe vestita 402 199. Regular dimerous flower of Odontoglossum Alexandrae 402 200. Hypertrophied branch of Pelargonium 418 201. Tubers in the axils of leaves of the potato 420 202. Hypertrophied pedicels of ash 421 203, 204. Hypertrophy and elongation of flower-stalk, &c., in pears 422, 423 205. Hypertrophied perianth, Cocos nucifera 428 206. Elongation of flower-stalk, Ranunculus acris 436 207. Linear leaf-lobes of parsley 438 208. Passage of pinnate to palmate leaves in horse-chestnut 439 209. Elongation of thalamus, apostasis, &c., in flower of Delphinium (Cramer) 441 210. Adventitious growths from cabbage leaf 445 211. Crested fronds of Nephrodium molle 447 212. Supernumerary petals, &c., Datura fastuosa 450 213. Supernumerary petaloid segments in flower of Gloxinia 451 214. Catacorolla of Gloxinia (E. Morren) 452 215. Atrophied leaves of cabbage 460 216. Abortion of petals, pansy 461 217. Flower of Oncidium abortivum 462 218. Bladder plum 464

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