The Works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 3 (of 4)

Chapter X. Mammalia. Pp. 214-274.

Segmentation and formation of the layers, pp. 214-227. General growth of the embryo, pp. 227-232. Embryonic membranes and yolk-sack, pp. 232-239. Comparative history of the Mammalian foetal membranes, pp. 239-257. Comparative histology of the placenta, pp. 257-259. Evolution of the placenta, pp. 259-261. Development of the Guinea-pig, pp. 262-265. The human embryo, pp. 265-270.

Chapter Xi. Comparison of the Formation of the Germinal Layers and of

THE EARLY STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRATES. Pp. 275-310.

Formation of the gastrula, pp. 275-292. The formation of the mesoblast and of the notochord, pp. 292-300. The epiblast, pp. 300-304. Formation of the central nervous system, pp. 301-304. Formation of the organs of special sense, p. 304. Summary of organs derived from the three germinal layers, pp. 304-306. Growth in length of the Vertebrate embryo, pp. 306-309. The evolution of the allantois and amnion, pp. 309, 310.

Chapter Xii. Observations on the Ancestral Form of the Chordata. Pp.

311-330.

General considerations, pp. 311-316. The medullary canal, pp. 316, 317. The origin and nature of the mouth, pp. 317-321. The cranial flexure, pp. 321, 322. The postanal gut and neurenteric canal, pp. 322-325. The body-cavity and mesoblastic somites, p. 325. The notochord, pp. 325, 326. Gill clefts, pp. 326, 327. Phylogeny of the Chordata, pp. 327-329.

Chapter Xiii. General Conclusions. Pp. 331-388.

I. Mode of origin and homologies of the germinal layers, pp. 331-360. Formation of the primary germinal layers, pp. 332, 333. Invagination, pp. 333-335. Delamination, pp. 335-338. Phylogenetic significance of delamination and invagination, pp. 338-345. Homologies of the germinal layers, pp. 345, 346. The origin of the mesoblast, pp. 346-360.

II. Larval forms: their nature, origin, and affinities. Preliminary considerations, pp. 360-362. Types of larvæ, pp. 363-384. Phylogenetic conclusions, pp. 384, 385. General conclusions and summary, pp. 385, 386.

Part Ii. Organogeny;

INTRODUCTION. Pp. 391, 392.

CHAPTER XIV. THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS DERIVATIVES. Pp. 393-399.

Protective epidermic structures, pp. 393-397. Dermal skeletal structures, p. 397. Glands, pp. 397, 398.

Chapter Xv. the Nervous System. Pp. 400-469.

The origin of the nervous system, pp. 400-405. Nervous system of the Invertebrata, pp. 405-414. Central nervous system of the Vertebrata, pp. 415-447. Spinal chord, pp. 415-419. General development of the brain, pp. 419-423. Hind-brain, pp. 424-427. Mid-brain, pp. 427, 428. General development of fore-brain, pp. 428-430. Thalamencephalon, pp. 430-435. Pituitary body, pp. 435-437. Cerebral Hemispheres, pp. 437-444. Olfactory lobes, pp. 444, 445. General conclusions as to the central nervous system of the Vertebrata, pp. 445-447. Development of the cranial and spinal nerves, pp. 448-466. Spinal nerves, pp. 448-455. Cranial nerves, pp. 455-466. Sympathetic nervous system, pp. 466-468.

Chapter Xvi. Organs of Vision. Pp. 470-511.

Coelenterata, pp. 471, 472. Mollusca, pp. 472-479. Chætopoda, p. 479. Chætognatha, p. 479. Arthropoda, pp. 479-483. Vertebrata general, pp. 483-490. Retina, pp. 490-492. Optic nerve, pp. 492, 493. Choroid fissure, p. 493. Lens, pp. 494, 495. Vitreous humour, pp. 494, 495. Cornea, pp. 495-497. Aqueous humour, p. 497. Comparative development of Vertebrate eye, pp. 497-506. Ammocoete eye, pp. 498, 499. Optic vesicles, p. 499. Lens, p. 499. Cornea, p. 500. Optic nerve and choroid fissure, pp. 500-505. Iris and ciliary processes, p. 506. Accessory organs connected with the eye, p. 506. Eyelids, p. 506. Lacrymal glands, p. 506. Lacrymal duct, pp. 506, 507. Eye of the Tunicata, pp. 507-509. Accessory eyes in the Vertebrata, pp. 509, 510.

Chapter Xvii. Auditory Organ, Olfactory Organ, and Sense Organs of the

LATERAL LINE. Pp. 512-541.

Auditory organs, pp. 512-531. General structure of auditory organs, pp. 512, 513. Auditory organs of the Coelenterata, pp. 513-515. Auditory organs of the Mollusca, pp. 515, 516. Auditory organs of the Crustacea, p. 516. Auditory organs of the Vertebrata, pp. 516-530. Auditory vesicle, pp. 517-524. Organ of Corti, pp. 524-527. Accessory structures connected with the organ of hearing of terrestrial vertebrata, pp. 527-530. Auditory organ of the Tunicata, pp. 530, 531. Bibliography of Auditory organs, p. 531.

Olfactory organs, pp. 531-538. Bibliography of Olfactory organs, p. 538. Sense organs of the lateral line, pp. 538-540. Bibliography of sense organs of lateral line, pp. 540, 541.

Chapter Xviii. the Notochord, the Vertebral Column, the Ribs, and the

STERNUM. Pp. 542-563.

Introductory remarks on the origin of the skeleton, pp. 542-544. Bibliography of the origin of the skeleton, pp. 544, 545. The notochord and its cartilaginous sheath, pp. 545-549. The vertebral arches and the vertebral bodies, pp. 549-559. Cyclostomata, p. 549. Elasmobranchii, pp. 549-553. Ganoidei, p. 553. Teleostei, p. 553. Amphibia, pp. 553-556. Reptilia, pp. 556, 557. Aves, pp. 557, 558. Mammalia, pp. 558, 559. Bibliography of the notochord and vertebral column, p. 560. Ribs, pp. 560-562. Sternum, pp. 562, 563. Bibliography of the ribs and sternum, p. 563.

Chapter Xix. the Skull. Pp. 564-598.

Preliminary remarks, pp. 564, 565. The cartilaginous cranium, pp. 565-571. The parachordals and notochord, pp. 566, 567. The trabeculæ, pp. 567-570. The sense capsules, pp. 570, 571. The branchial skeleton, pp. 572-591. General structure of, pp. 572-575. Mandibular and hyoid arches, pp. 575-591. Elasmobranchii, pp. 576-579. Teleostei, pp. 579-581. Amphibia, pp. 581-588. Sauropsida, pp. 588, 589. Mammalia, pp. 589-591. Membrane bones and ossifications of the cranium, pp. 592-597. Membrane bones, pp. 592-595. Ossifications of the cartilaginous cranium, pp. 595-597. Labial cartilages, p. 597. Bibliography of the skull, p. 598.

Chapter Xx. Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles and the Skeleton of the Limbs.

Pp. 599-622.

The Pectoral girdle, pp. 599-606. Pisces, pp. 599-601. Amphibia and Amniota, pp. 601, 602. Lacertilia, p. 603. Chelonia, p. 603. Aves, pp. 603, 604. Mammalia, p. 604. Amphibia, p. 605. Bibliography of Pectoral girdle, pp. 605, 606.

The Pelvic girdle, pp. 606-608. Pisces, pp. 606, 607. Amphibia and Amniota, pp. 606, 607. Amphibia, p. 607. Lacertilia, p. 607. Mammalia, p. 608. Bibliography of Pelvic girdle, p. 608. Comparison of pectoral and pelvic girdles, pp. 608, 609.

Limbs, pp. 609-622. The piscine fin, pp. 609-618. The cheiropterygium, pp. 618-622. Bibliography of limbs, p. 622.

Chapter Xxi. the Body Cavity, the Vascular System and the Vascular

GLANDS. Pp. 623-666.

The body cavity, pp. 623-632. General, pp. 623, 624. Chordata, pp. 624-632. Abdominal pores, pp. 626, 627. Pericardial cavities, pleural cavities and diaphragm, pp. 627-632. Bibliography of body cavity, p. 632.

The vascular system, pp. 632-663. General, pp. 632, 633. The heart, pp. 633-643. Bibliography of the heart, p. 643. Arterial system, pp. 643-651. Bibliography of the arterial system, p. 651. Venous system, pp. 651-663. Bibliography of the venous system, p. 663. Lymphatic system and spleen, p. 664. Bibliography of spleen, p. 664. Suprarenal bodies, pp. 664-666. Bibliography of suprarenal bodies, p. 666.

Chapter Xxii. the Muscular System. Pp. 667-679.

Evolution of muscle-cells, pp. 667, 668. Voluntary muscular system of the Chordata, pp. 668-679. Muscular fibres, pp. 668, 669. Muscular system of the trunk and limbs, pp. 673-676. The somites and muscular system of the head, pp. 676-679. Bibliography of muscular system, p. 679.

Chapter Xxiii. Excretory Organs. Pp. 680-740.

Platyelminthes, pp. 680, 681. Mollusca, pp. 681, 682. Polyzoa, pp. 682, 683. Branchiopoda, p. 683. Chætopoda, pp. 683-686. Gephyrea, pp. 686, 687. Discophora, pp. 687, 688. Arthropoda, pp. 688, 689. Nematoda, p. 689. Excretory organs and generative ducts of the Craniata, pp. 689-737. General, pp. 689, 690. Elasmobranchii, pp. 690-699. Cyclostomata, pp. 700, 701. Teleostei, pp. 701-704. Ganoidei, pp. 704-707. Dipnoi, p. 707. Amphibia, pp. 707-713. Amniota, pp. 713-727. General conclusions and summary, pp. 728-737. Pronephros, pp. 728, 729. Mesonephros, pp. 729-732. Genital ducts, pp. 732-736. Metanephros, pp. 736, 737. Comparison of the excretory organs of the Chordata and Invertebrata, pp. 737, 738. Bibliography of Excretory organs, pp. 738-740.

Chapter Xxiv. Generative Organs and Genital Ducts. Pp. 741-753.

Generative organs, pp. 741-748. Porifera, p. 741. Coelenterata, pp. 741-743. Chætopoda and Gephyrea, p. 743. Chætognatha, pp. 743-745. Polyzoa, p. 745 Nematoda, p. 745. Insecta, p. 745. Crustacea, pp. 745, 746. Chordata, pp. 746-748. Bibliography of generative organs, p. 748. Genital ducts, pp. 748-753.

Chapter Xxv. the Alimentary Canal and Its Appendages in the Chordata.

Pp. 754-780.

Mesenteron, pp. 754-774. Subnotochordal rod, pp. 754-756. Splanchnic mesoblast and mesentery, pp. 756-758. Respiratory division of the Mesenteron, pp. 758-766. Thyroid body, pp. 759-762. Thymus gland, pp. 762, 763. Swimming bladder and lungs, pp. 763-766, The middle division of the Mesenteron, pp. 766-771. Cloaca, pp. 766, 767. Intestine, pp. 767, 768. Liver, pp. 769, 770. Pancreas, pp. 770, 771. Postanal section of the Mesenteron, pp. 771-774.

The stomodæum, pp. 774-778. Comparative development of oral cavity, pp. 774-776. Teeth, pp. 776-778.

The proctodæum, pp. 778-780. Bibliography of alimentary canal, p. 780.

EMBRYOLOGY.

CHAPTER I.. Cephalochorda.

CEPHALOCHORDA.

The developmental history of the Chordata has been studied far more completely than that of any of the groups so far considered; and the results which have been arrived at are of striking interest and importance. Three main subdivisions of this group can be recognized: (1) the Cephalochorda containing the single genus Amphioxus; (2) the Urochorda or Tunicata; and (3) the Vertebrata. The members of the second and probably of the first of these groups have undergone degeneration, but at the same time the members of the first group especially undergo a less modified development than that of other Chordata.

The term Vertebrata is often used to include the Cephalochorda. It is in many ways convenient to restrict its use to the forms which have at any rate some indications of vertebræ; a restriction which has the further convenience of restoring to the term its original limitations. In the first volume of this work the term Craniata was used for the forms which I now propose to call Vertebrata.

CEPHALOCHORDA.

Our knowledge of the development of Amphioxus is mainly due to Kowalevsky (Nos. 1 and 2). The ripe eggs appear to be dehisced into the branchial or atrial cavity, and to be transported thence through the branchial clefts into the pharynx, and so through the mouth to the exterior. (Kowalevsky, No. 1, and Marshall, No. 5.)

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