CHAPTER XXIII.. General Account of the Skeleton in Mammalia (_continued_). the

General account of the skeleton in Mammalia (continued). The skull and appendicular skeleton 455

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1 Diagrammatic sections of various forms of teeth 6

2 Cervical vertebrae of an Ox (Bos taurus) 15

3 Diagram of the skeleton of Amphioxus lanceolatus 51

4 Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of the skull of Petromyzon marinus 56

5 Skull of a male Chimaera monstrosa 65

6 Lateral view of the skull of a Dogfish (Scyllium canicula) 75

7 Semidorsal view of the pectoral girdle and fins of a Dogfish (Scyllium canicula) 80

8 Dorsal view of the pelvic girdle and fins of a male Dogfish (Scyllium canicula) 81

9 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Salmon (Salmo salar) from which most of the membrane bones have been removed 88

10 Lateral view of the chondrocranium of a Salmon (Salmo salar) 90

11 Lateral view of the skull of a Salmon (Salmo salar) 92

12 Mandibular and hyoid arches of a Cod (Gadus morrhua) 99

13 Right half of the pectoral girdle and right pectoral fin of a Cod (Gadus morrhua) 102

14 Diagram of a section through the jaw of a Shark (Odontaspis americanus) showing the succession of teeth 107

15 Part of the lower jaw of a Shark (Galeus) 108

16 Skulls of Notidanus and Cestracion 118

17 Dorsal view of the branchial arches of Heptanchus 120

18 Lateral view of the skull of a Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) 122

19 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of Ceratodus miolepis 125

20 Lateral view of the skeleton of Ceratodus miolepis 128

21 Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the skull of a Newt (Molge cristata) 142

22 Ventral and lateral views of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of an old male Crested Newt (Molge cristata) 146

23 Right posterior and anterior limbs of a Newt (Molge cristata) 148

24 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Common Frog (Rana temporaria) 155

25 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Common Frog (Rana temporaria) from which the membrane bones have mostly been removed 157

26 Lateral view of the skull and posterior view of the cranium of a Common Frog (Rana temporaria) 159

27 Dorsal view of the skull of a Labyrinthodont (Capitosaurus nasutus) 176

28 Ventral view of the cranium, and lateral view of the cranium and mandible of Siphonops annulatus 178

29 Visceral arches of Amphibia: A, Molge cristata; B, Rana temporaria, adult; C, Tadpole of Rana; D, Siredon pisciformis 181

30 Shoulder-girdle and sternum of an adult male Common Frog (Rana temporaria), and of an adult female Docidophryne gigantea 183

31 A, Right antibrachium and manus of a larval Salamander (Salamandra maculosa); B, Right tarsus and adjoining bones of Molge sp. 186

32 Lateral and dorsal views of the skull of an Ichthyosaurus 196

33 Lateral view and longitudinal section of the skull of a Lizard (Varanus varius) 201

34 Lateral view of the shoulder-girdle of a Lizard (Varanus) 202

35 Restored skeleton of Ceratosaurus nasicornis 206

36 Dorsal and ventral views of the carapace of a Loggerhead Turtle (Thalassochelys caretta) 216

37 Plastron of a Green Turtle (Chelone midas) 218

38 The skull of a Green Turtle (Chelone midas) 223

39 Longitudinal vertical section through the cranium of a Green Turtle (Chelone midas) 226

40 Anterior limb of a young Hawksbill Turtle (Chelone imbricata), and posterior limb of a large Green Turtle (Chelone midas) 234

41 The first four cervical vertebrae of a Crocodile (Crocodilus vulgaris) 239

42 Anterior view of a late thoracic and the first sacral vertebrae of a Crocodile (Crocodilus palustris) 242

43 Palatal aspect of the cranium and mandible of an Alligator (Caiman latirostris) 245

44 Lateral view of the skull of an Alligator (Caiman latirostris) 248

45 Longitudinal section through the skull of an Alligator (Caiman latirostris) 253

46 Sternum and associated membrane bones of a Crocodile (Crocodilus palustris) 261

47 Left half of the pectoral girdle of an Alligator (Caiman latirostris) 262

48 Right anterior and posterior limbs of an Alligator (Caiman latirostris) 264

49 Pelvis and sacrum of an Alligator (Caiman latirostris) 267

50 Preparation of part of the right mandibular ramus of Crocodilus palustris 274

51 Dorsal and ventral views of the skull of a Common Snake (Tropidonotus natrix) 279

52 Skull of Hatteria (Sphenodon punctatus) 282

53 Hyoids of an Alligator (Caiman latirostris), and of a Green Turtle (Chelone midas) 285

54 Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of Loemanctus longipes 287

55 Left half of the skeleton of a Common Fowl (Gallus bankiva) 301 56 The wing of a Wild Duck (Anas boschas) 304

57 Wings of a Wild Duck with the coverts removed (Anas boschas) 305

58 Dorsal and ventral views of the pelvis and sacrum of a Duck (Anas boschas) 311

59 Skull of a Duck (Anas boschas) 312

60 A, Ventral view of the cranium of a Duck (Anas boschas); B, Cranium and mandible seen from the left side 313

61 Lateral view of the pelvis and sacrum of a Duck (Anas boschas) 325 62 Third cervical vertebra of an Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 331

63 Shoulder-girdle and sternum of A, Black Vulture (Vultur cinereus); B, Peacock (Pavo cristatus); C, Pelican (Pelicanus conspicillatus) 337

64 Bones of the right wing of A, a Penguin; B, an Ostrich (Struthio camelus) and C, a Gannet (Sula alba) 339

65 Pelvic girdle and sacrum of A, Cassowary (Casuarius galeatus); B, Owen's Apteryx (A. oweni); C, Broad-billed Rhea (R. macrorhyncha); D, Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 340

66 Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of a Duckbill (Ornithorhynchus paradoxus) 347

67 Cervical vertebrae of a Ca'ing Whale (Globicephalus melas) 354

68 Dentition of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 375

69 Atlas and axis vertebrae of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 379

70 Second thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 382

71 Diagram of the relations of the principal bones in the Mammalian skull 385

72 Vertical longitudinal section through skull of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 387

73 Dorsal view of the cranium of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 389

74 Diagram of the mammalian tympanic cavity and associated bones 391

75 Ventral view of the cranium of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 396

76 Sternum and sternal ribs of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 403

77 Bones of the left upper arm and fore-arm of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 407

78 Right innominate bone, A, of a full-grown Terrier; B, of a Collie Puppy 410

79 Left leg bones of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 411

80 A, Right manus; B, Right pes of a Dog (Canis familiaris) 413

81 Skull of a young Indian Rhinoceros (R. unicornis) showing the change of the dentition 421

82 Palatal aspect of the cranium and mandible of a Donkey (Equus asinus) 431

83 Skull of Procavia (Dendrohyrax) dorsalis 433

84 Carnassial or sectorial teeth of Carnivora 436

85 Mandible of Isabelline Bear (Ursus isabellinus) 438

86 Left mandibular ramus of the Sea Leopard (Ogmorhinus leptonyx) 439

87 Cervical vertebrae of a young Fin Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) 444

88 Atlas and axis vertebrae of an Ox (Bos taurus) 445

89 First and second thoracic vertebrae of an Ox (Bos taurus) 449

90 Skulls of Tasmanian Wolf (Thylacinus cynocephalus) and Hairy-nosed Wombat (Phascolomys latifrons) 456

91 Skull of Two-fingered Sloth (Choloepus didactylus) 458

92 Skull of Rhytina stelleri 460

93 Lateral view and longitudinal section of the skull of a young Ca'ing Whale (Globicephalus melas) 463

94 Cranium and mandible of a Pig (Sus scrofa) 466

95 Mandible of a Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) 467

96 Skull of a young Indian Elephant (Elephas indicus) 474

97 Longitudinal section of the skull of a young Indian Elephant (Elephas indicus) 475

98 Half-front view of the skull of a Porcupine (Hystrix cristata) 477 99 Skulls of an old and of a young Gorilla (Gorilla savagei) 483

100 Malleus, stapes, and incus of Man, Dog, and Rabbit 485

101 Skeleton of a Cape Buffalo (Bubalus caffer) 492

102 Lateral and dorsal views of the shoulder-girdle and part of the sternum of the Spiny Anteater (Echidna aculeata) 494

103 Skeleton of a Llama (Auchenia glama) 496

104 Dorsal view of the sternum and right half of the shoulder girdle of Mus sylvaticus 498

105 Anterior surface of the right humerus of a Wombat (Phascolomys latifrons) 500

106 Manus of Perissodactyles: A, Left manus of Tapirus; B, Right manus of Titanotherium; C, Left manus of Chalicotherium giganteum 508

107 Left manus of A, Coryphodon hamatus; B, Phenacodus primaevus; C, Procavia (Dendrohyrax) arboreus 510

108 Left anterior and posterior limbs and limb girdles of Uintatherium mirabile 516

109 Left femur of an Ox (Bos taurus) and of a Sumatran Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis) 518

110 Pes of A, a Tapir (Tapirus americanus); B, a Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis); C, Hipparion gracile; D, a Horse (Equus caballus) 524

ERRATA.

p. 172, note, for 14 read 15.

p. 279, description of figure, for Tropidinotus read Tropidonotus.

p. 287, description of figure, for shoulder-girdle of sternum read shoulder-girdle and sternum.

p. 393, middle of page, for VIII read VII.

p. 427, line 2, for Grampus read Killer.