CHAPTER XXXIV.. Concerning the Religion of the Cathayans;{1} Their Views

CONCERNING THE RELIGION OF THE CATHAYANS;{1} THEIR VIEWS AS TO THE SOUL; AND THEIR CUSTOMS.

As we have said before, these people are Idolaters, and as regards their gods, each has a tablet fixed high up on the wall of his chamber, on which is inscribed a name which represents the Most High and Heavenly God; and before this they pay daily worship, offering incense from a thurible, raising their hands aloft, and gnashing their teeth{2} three times, praying Him to grant them health of mind and body; but of Him they ask nought else. And below on the ground there is a figure which they call Natigai, which is the god of things terrestrial. To him they give a wife and children, and they worship him in the same manner, with incense, and gnashing of teeth,{2} and lifting up of hands; and of him they ask seasonable weather, and the fruits of the earth, children, and so forth.{3}

Their view of the immortality of the soul is after this fashion. They believe that as soon as a man dies, his soul enters into another body, going from a good to a better, or from a bad to a worse, according as he hath conducted himself well or ill. That is to say, a poor man, if he have passed through life good and sober, shall be born again of a gentlewoman, and shall be a gentleman; and on a second occasion shall be born of a princess and shall be a prince, and so on, always rising, till he be absorbed into the Deity. But if he have borne himself ill, he who was the son of a gentleman shall be reborn as the son of a boor, and from a boor shall become a dog, always going down lower and lower.

The people have an ornate style of speech; they salute each other with a cheerful countenance, and with great politeness; they behave like gentlemen, and eat with great propriety.{4} They show great respect to their parents; and should there be any son who offends his parents, or fails to minister to their necessities, there is a public office which has no other charge but that of punishing unnatural children, who are proved to have acted with ingratitude towards their parents.{5}

Criminals of sundry kinds who have been imprisoned, are released at a time fixed by the Great Kaan (which occurs every three years), but on leaving prison they are branded on one cheek that they may be recognized.

The Great Kaan hath prohibited all gambling and sharping, things more prevalent there than in any other part of the world. In doing this, he said: “I have conquered you by force of arms, and all that you have is mine; if, therefore, you gamble away your property, it is in fact my property that you are gambling away.” Not that he took anything from them however.

I must not omit to tell you of the orderly way in which the Kaan’s Barons and others conduct themselves in coming to his presence. In the first place, within a half mile of the place where he is, out of reverence for his exalted majesty, everybody preserves a mien of the greatest meekness and quiet, so that no noise of shrill voices or loud talk shall be heard. And every one of the chiefs and nobles carries always with him a handsome little vessel to spit in whilst he remain in the Hall of Audience—for no one dares spit on the floor of the hall,—and when he hath spitten he covers it up and puts it aside.{6} So also they all have certain handsome buskins of white leather, which they carry with them, and, when summoned by the sovereign, on arriving at the entrance to the hall, they put on these white buskins, and give their others in charge to the servants, in order that they may not foul the fine carpets of silk and gold and divers colours.]

NOTE 1.—Ramusio’s heading has Tartars, but it is manifestly of the Cathayans or Chinese that the author speaks throughout this chapter.

NOTE 2.—“Sbattendo i denti.” This is almost certainly, as Marsden has noticed, due to some error of transcription. Probably Battono i fronti, or something similar, was the true reading. [See following note, p. 461.—H. C.]

NOTE 3.—The latter part of this passage has, I doubt not, been more or less interpolated, seeing that it introduces again as a Chinese divinity the rude object of primitive Tartar worship, of which we have already heard in Bk. I. ch. liii. And regarding the former part of the passage, one cannot but have some doubt whether what was taken for the symbol of the Most High was not the ancestral tablet, which is usually placed in one of the inner rooms of the house, and before which worship is performed at fixed times, and according to certain established forms. Something, too, may have been known of the Emperor’s worship of Heaven at the great circular temple at Peking, called T’ien-t’ân, or Altar of Heaven (see p. 459), where incensed offerings are made before a tablet, on which is inscribed the name Yuh-Hwang Shang-ti, which some interpret as “The Supreme Ruler of the Imperial Heavens,” and regard as the nearest approach to pure Theism of which there is any indication in Chinese worship (See Doolittle, pp. 170, 625; and Lockhart in J. R. G. S., xxxvi. 142). This worship is mentioned by the Mahomedan narrator of Shah Rukh’s embassy (1421): “Every year there are some days on which the Emperor eats no animal food.... He spends his time in an apartment which contains no idol, and says that he is worshipping the God of Heaven.” (Ind. Antiquary, II. 81.)

The charge of irreligion against the Chinese is an old one, and is made by Hayton in nearly the same terms as it often is by modern missionaries: “And though these people have the acutest intelligence in all matters wherein material things are concerned, yet you shall never find among them any knowledge or perception of spiritual things.” Yet it is a mistake to suppose that this insensibility has been so universal as it is often represented. To say nothing of the considerable numbers who have adhered faithfully to the Roman Catholic Church, the large number of Mahomedans in China, of whom many must have been proselytes, indicates an interest in religion; and that Buddhism itself was in China once a spiritual power of no small energy will, I think, be plain to any one who reads the very interesting extracts in Schott’s essay on Buddhism in Upper Asia and China. (Berlin Acad. of Sciences, 1846.) These seem to be so little known that I will translate two or three of them. “In the years Yuan-yeu of the Sung (A.D. 1086–1093), a pious matron with her two servants lived entirely to the Land of Enlightenment. One of the maids said one day to her companion: ‘To-night I shall pass over to the Realm of Amita.’ The same night a balsamic odour filled the house, and the maid died without any preceding illness. On the following day the surviving maid said to the lady: ‘Yesterday my deceased companion appeared to me in a dream, and said to me: “Thanks to the persevering exhortations of our mistress, I am become a partaker of Paradise, and my blessedness is past all expression in words.”’ The matron replied: ‘If she will appear to me also then I will believe what you say.’ Next night the deceased really appeared to her, and saluted her with respect. The lady asked: ‘May I, for once, visit the Land of Enlightenment?’ ‘Yea,’ answered the Blessed Soul, ‘thou hast but to follow thy handmaiden.’ The lady followed her (in her dream), and soon perceived a lake of immeasurable expanse, overspread with innumerable red and white lotus flowers, of various sizes, some blooming, some fading. She asked what those flowers might signify? The maiden replied: ‘These are all human beings on the earth whose thoughts are turned to the Land of Enlightenment. The very first longing after the Paradise of Amita produces a flower in the Celestial Lake, and this becomes daily larger and more glorious, as the self-improvement of the person whom it represents advances; in the contrary case, it loses in glory and fades away.’ The matron desired to know the name of an enlightened one who reposed on one of the flowers, clad in a waving and wondrously glistening raiment. Her whilom maiden answered: ‘That is Yangkie.’ Then asked she the name of another, and was answered: ‘That is Mahu.’ The lady then said: ‘At what place shall I hereafter come into existence?’ Then the Blessed Soul led her a space further, and showed her a hill that gleamed with gold and azure. ‘Here,’ said she, ‘is your future abode. You will belong to the first order of the blessed.’ When the matron awoke she sent to enquire for Yangkie and Mahu. The first was already departed; the other still alive and well. And thus the lady learned that the soul of one who advances in holiness and never turns back, may be already a dweller in the Land of Enlightenment, even though the body still sojourn in this transitory world” (pp. 55–56).

What a singular counterpart the striking conclusion here forms to Dante’s tremendous assault on a still living villain,—or enemy!

——————“che per sua opra In anima in Cocito già si bagna, Ed in corpo par vivo ancor di sopra.” —Infern. xxxiii. 155.

Again: “I knew a man who during his life had killed many living beings, and was at last struck with an apoplexy. The sorrows in store for his sin-laden soul pained me to the heart; I visited him, and exhorted him to call on the Amita; but he obstinately refused, and spoke only of indifferent matters. His illness clouded his understanding; in consequence of his misdeeds he had become hardened. What was before such a man when once his eyes were closed? Wherefore let men be converted while there is yet time! In this life the night followeth the day, and the winter followeth the summer; that, all men are aware of. But that life is followed by death, no man will consider. Oh, what blindness and obduracy is this!” (p. 93).

Again: “Hoang-ta-tie, of T’ancheu (Changshu-fu in Honan), who lived under the Sung, followed the craft of a blacksmith. Whenever he was at his work he used to call without intermission on the name of Amita Buddha. One day he handed to his neighbours the following verses of his own composing to be spread about:—

‘Ding dong! The hammer-strokes fall long and fast, Until the Iron turns to steel at last! Now shall the long long Day of Rest begin, The Land of Bliss Eternal calls me in.’

Thereupon he died. But his verses spread all over Honan, and many learned to call upon Buddha” (103).

Once more: “In my own town there lived a physician by name Chang-yan-ming. He was a man who never took payment for his treatment from any one in poor or indifferent circumstances; nay, he would often make presents to such persons of money or corn to lighten their lot. If a rich man would have his advice and paid him a fee, he never looked to see whether it were much or little. If a patient lay so dangerously ill that Yanming despaired of his recovery, he would still give him good medicine to comfort his heart, but never took payment for it. I knew this man for many a year, and I never heard the word Money pass his lips! One day a fire broke out in the town, and laid the whole of the houses in ashes; only that of the physician was spared. His sons and grandsons reached high dignities” (p. 110).

Of such as this physician the apostle said: “Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: But in every nation he that feareth Him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with Him.”

“M. Polo reports, that the Chinese worship their God offering incense, raising their hands aloft, and gnashing their teeth. Of course he means that they placed the hands together, or held kindled joss-stick bundles in their hands, according to the Chinese custom. The statement of M. Polo sbattendo i denti is very remarkable. It seems to me, that very few of the Chinese are aware of the fact, that this custom still exists among the Taouists. In the rituals of the Taouists the K’ow-ch’i (K’ow = ‘to knock against,’ch’i = ‘teeth’) is prescribed as a comminatory and propitiatory act. It is effected by the four upper and lower foreteeth. The Taouists are obliged before the service begins to perform a certain number of K’ow-ch’i, turning their heads alternately to the left and to the right, in order to drive away mundane thoughts and aggressions of bad spirits. The K’ow-ch’i repeated three times is called ming fa ku in Chinese, i.e. ‘to beat the spiritual drum.’ The ritual says, that it is heard by the Most High Ruler, who is moved by it to grace.

“M. Polo observed this custom among the lay heathen. Indeed, it appears from a small treatise, written in China more than a hundred years before M. Polo, that at the time the Chinese author wrote, all devout men, entering a temple, used to perform the K’ow-ch’i, and considered it an expression of veneration and devotion to the idols. Thus this custom had been preserved to the time of M. Polo, who did not fail to mention this strange peculiarity in the exterior observances of the Chinese. As regards the present time it seems to me, that this custom is not known among the people, and even with respect to the Taouists it is only performed on certain occasions, and not in all Taouist temples.” (Palladius, pp. 53–54.)—H. C.]

NOTE 4.—“True politeness cannot of course be taught by rules merely, but a great degree of urbanity and kindness is everywhere shown, whether owing to the naturally placable disposition of the people, or to the effects of their early instruction in the forms of politeness.” (Mid. Kingdom, II. 68.) As regards the “ornate style of speech,” a well-bred Chinaman never says I or You, but for the former “the little person,” “the disciple,” “the inferior,” and so on; and for the latter, “the learned man,” “the master,” or even “the emperor.” These phrases, however, are not confined to China, most of them having exact parallels in Hindustani courtesy. On this subject and the courteous disposition of the Chinese, see Fontaney, in Lett. Edif. VII. 287 seqq.; also XI. 287 seqq.; Semedo, 36; Lecomte, II. 48 seqq. There are, however, strong differences of opinion expressed on this subject; there is, apparently, much more genuine courtesy in the north than in the south.

NOTE 5.—“Filial piety is the fundamental principle of the Chinese polity.” (Amiot, V. 129.) “In cases of extreme unfilial conduct, parents sometimes accuse their children before the magistrate, and demand his official aid in controlling or punishing them; but such instances are comparatively rare.... If the parent require his son to be publicly whipped by the command of the magistrate, the latter is obliged to order the infliction of the whipping.... If after punishment the son remain undutiful and disobedient, and his parents demand it at the hands of the magistrate, the latter must, with the consent of the maternal uncles of the son, cause him to be taken out to the high wall in front of the yamun, and have him there publicly whipped to death.” (Doolittle, 102–103.)

NOTE 6.—[Mr. Rockhill writes to me that pocket-spitoons are still used in China.—H. C.]

---------------------------------------------------------------------- “In the worship carried on here the Emperor acts as a high priest. HE only worships; and no subject, however high in rank, can join in the adoration.” (Lockhart.) The actual temple dates from 1420–1430; but the Institution is very ancient, and I think there is evidence that such a structure existed under the Mongols, probably only restored by the Ming. [It was built during the 18th year of the reign of the third Ming Emperor Yung Loh (1403–1425); it was entirely restored during the 18th year of K’ien Lung; it was struck by lightning and burnt down in 1889; it is being rebuilt.—H. C.]

In 1871 I saw in Bond Street an exhibition of (so-called) “spirit” drawings, i.e. drawings alleged to be executed by a “medium” under extraneous and invisible guidance. A number of these extraordinary productions (for extraordinary they were undoubtedly) professed to represent the “Spiritual Flowers” of such and such persons; and the explanation of this as presented in the catalogue was in substance exactly that given in the text. It is highly improbable that the artist had any cognizance of Schott’s Essay, and the coincidence was assuredly very striking.

END OF VOL I.

PLAN OF SHANGTU From an Eye-Sketch by Dʳ. S. W. Bushell, 1872

Crossing of the HWANG-HO on road to SINGAN-FU]

---------------------------------------------------------------------- On the walls of this archway is engraved the inscription in six characters, of which a representation accompanies ch. xv. of Prologue, note 1.

INDEX

Transcriber’s Note:

- Numbers in italics refer to Prefatory Material in volume I - ‘i.’ and ‘ii.’ indicate volume referred to - ‘n’ indicates item is in Notes on that page - Index has been duplicated from volume II to volume I - Only links for this volume are enabled

Aás, Asu, see Alans Abacan, a Tartar general, ii. 255, 261n, 596n Ábah, see Ávah Abaji, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n Abáḳa (Abaga), Khan of Persia, i. 33n, 36n, 91n, 103n, ii. 465–467, 474, 475, 477n, 495n Abano, Pietro of, his notice of Polo, 119 Abash (Habsh), see Abyssinia Abba Gregory, ii. 433n Abbás, Sháh, i. 90n Abbott, Consul Keith E., i. 81n, 82n, 89n, 92n, 96n, 99n, 106n, 111n, 113n, 114n, 125n Abdul Kuri islands, ii. 405n —— Mejid, i. 175n Abeskun (Baxon), on the Caspian, i. 59n Abher, i. 38n, 82n Abkashian forests, boxwood of the, i. 57n Abnús, ebony, ii. 272n Abraha, ruler of Yemen, ii. 434n Abraiaman, see Brahmans Abubakr, Atabeg of Fars, i. 85n, ii. 348n —— Ibrahim, and Mahomed, engineers employed by Kúblái, ii. 168n Abu’l Abbas Ahmed VII., Khalif of Baghdad, i. 69n —— Fázl, i. 103n, 168n, 169n, ii. 367, 374n Abulfeda, his geography, 4, i. 3n, 6n, 9n, 53n, 57n, 58n, 75n, 81n, 110n, 385n, ii. 237n, 286n, 367n, 377n, 486n, 489n; at the siege of Acre, 165n Abulfiez Khan, king of Bokhara, i. 88n Abu Nasr Mohammed IX., Khalif of Baghdad, i. 69n —— Saïd, i. 86n, ii. 347n Abyssinia (Abash), ii. 427 seqq., 431n; its king’s punishment of Soldan of Aden, 428–430; dominion on the coast, mediæval history and chronology, 434n–437n; table of kings, 435n; wars with Mahomedan states, 436n Acbalec Manzi, “White City of the Manzi frontier,” ii. 33, 34n, 35n Acbalec or Acbaluc (Cheng-ting fu), ii. 13, 14n Accambale, king of Champa, ii. 267, 270n Achan, i. 66n Achin, Acheh, Achem, ii. 283n, 286n, 295n, 296n, 300n, 303n, 305n, 307n; its gold and lign-aloes, 287n; conversion of, 288n; its great power at one time, 289n; elephants at, 289n —— Head, ii. 300n, 307n Achmath, the Bailo, see Ahmad Acomat Soldan (Ahmad Sultan), seizes throne of Tabriz, ii. 467; goes to encounter Argon, 468; rejects his remonstrance, 469; defeats and takes him, 470; hears of Argon’s escape, is taken and put to death, 473; notes on the history, 470n, 474n Acorn bread, i. 122n Acqui, Friar Jacopo d’, his notice of Polo, 54, 67, 119 Acre, i. 17, 22; Broils at, between Venetians and Genoese, 42; plan of, 18n; captured by Saracens, ii. 165n, 441n; wickedness of, 442n; Polos at, 593n Adam, Bishop and Pope of China, ii. 28n —— Seth, and the Tree of Life, legend of, i. 135n Adamodana, Castle of, i. 58n Adam’s Apple, i. 99n —— sepulchre on mountain (Adam’s Peak) in Ceylon, ii. 316, 328n; rubies, 316n; his teeth, hair, etc., 319–320; the footmark, 321n–322n Adel, apparently confused with Aden, ii. 433n, 435n, 440n Aden, Horse and other Trade with India, ii. 340, 348n, 390, 407, 427, 431, 438; Soldan’s treatment of a bishop, 428; Vengeance of King of Abyssinia on him, 430; confused with Adel, 433n; account of Kingdom, 438, 439n–440n; the Sultan, 438–439, 440n; intercourse and trade with China, tanks, 440n; view of, 441 Adoration of the Emperor, i. 391 Adulis, ii. 432n; inscription of, 434n Aegae, Ayas on the site of ancient, i. 16n Aepyornis and its eggs, ii. 416n–417n Aëtius, his prescription of musk, i. 279n, ii. 302n; of camphor, 302n Afghans, their use of the fat-tailed sheep, i. 100n Africa, Sea surrounding to the South, ii. 415n Agassiz, Professor, i. 100n Agathocles, Coins of, i. 163n Ἀγαθοῦ δαίμονος, island, ii. 310n Agha Ali Sháh, present representative of the Old Man of the Mountain, i. 148n —— Khan Meheláti, late representative of the Old Man, i. 147n Aghrukji or Ukuruji, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n Agricola, Governor of Cappadocia, etc., i. 45n Aguil, Mongol general, ii. 136, 138n Ahmad (Achmath), the Bailo, of Fenaket, his power, oppressions, death, etc., i. 415 seqq., 421n —— Sultan, Khan of Persia, see Acomat Ahwaz, province, i. 65n Aidhab, ii. 439n Aidhej, or Mal-Amir, i. 85n Aijaruc, Kaidu’s daughter, ii. 463; her strength and prowess, 463 seqq.; her name, 463 Aikah Nowin, Engineer in Chief of Chinghiz, ii. 168n Ai-lao (afterwards Nan-chao), ancient name of the Shans, ii. 79n Aín Akbari (Ayeen Akbery), i. 65n, 99n, 101n, 103n, 409n, ii. 116n Ajmir, ii. 426n Akbar and Kúblái, a parallel, i. 349n Ak Bulák salt mines, i. 154n Akhaltziké (Western Georgia), i. 58n Akhtuba River, i. 5n, 6n Ak-khoja, ii. 470n Aksarai, or Ghori River, i. 152n Aksu River, i. 172n, 175n Aktár, i. 96n Áktásh Valley, i. 172n, 175n Alabastri, ii. 432n Alacou, see Hulákú Aladja, striped cotton cloth, i. 44n Alamút, Castle of the Ismailites, i. 141n, 142n, 145n, 148n Alan country, Alania, i. 57n, ii. 490, 491n Alans, or Aas, massacre at Chang-chau of, ii. 178; employed under Mongols, 179n Alaone, the name, 56 Alarm Tower, at Cambaluc, i. 375, 378n; at Kinsay, ii. 189 Alatcha, cotton stuff with blue and red stripes, i. 190n Alau, see Hulákú Alá’uddin (Alaodin), see Old Man of the Mountain —— (Alawating of Mufali), an engineer in Kúblái’s service, ii. 167n —— Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, i. 104n, ii. 163n, 169n, 333n, 398n, 400n Albenigaras, Mt., ii. 362n Al Biruni, i. 104n, 174n, ii. 400n Albuquerque, see D’Alboquerque. Alchemy, Kúblái’s, i. 423 Aleppo, i. 23n Alexander the Great, allusions to legends and romances about, 113, i. 14n, 129n–133n, ii. 322n, 485n; his rampart (Iron Gate), i. 50, 53n, 56n, 57n; the curtains at a banquet given by, 66n; and the ferrum candidum, 93n; site of his battle with Darius, 128, 138n; his wife Roxana, 151; kills a lion, 152n; Princes claiming descent from (Zulcarniain), 157, 160n; his horse Bucephalus, 158; fixes chains on Adam’s Peak, ii. 322n; said to have colonised Socotra, 409n; his tower on the border of Darkness, 485n Alexander III., Pope, i. 231n Alexander IV., Pope, i. 8n Alexandria, 9, ii. 235; trade from India to, 390, 438 Alhinde, Alfinde, Alinde, Al-hint, i. 93n ’Ali and Aliites, i. 140n–141n Alidada, i. 452n Alihaiya, Kúblái’s general, ii. 167n Alinak, ii. 474n Alligator, in Carajan, ii. 76, 81n; mode of killing, 77; eaten, 78, 81n; prophecy of Bhartpúr about, 149n Almalik, ii. 462n Almanacs, Chinese (Tacuin), i. 447, 448n Almonds, i. 153, 155n Aloes, Socotrine, ii. 409n —— wood, see Lign-aloes Alor, war cry, 43 Al-Ramni, Al-Ramin, see Sumatra Altai (Altay) Mountains, i. 212, 215n; the Khan’s burial-place, 246, 269; used for the Khingan range, 247n, 306n Altun-Khan, Mountain, i. 247n —— sovereign, ii. 19n Amazons, fable of, ii. 405n Ambergris, ii. 308n, 406, 411, 423, 424n; how got, 408n Amber-rosolli, i. 114n Amda Zion, king of Abyssinia, his wars v. Mahomedans, ii. 435n seqq.; not the king mentioned by Polo, 436n Ament, Rev. W. S., i. 361n, 421n, ii. 6, 11, 12 Ameri, a kind of Brazil wood, ii. 301n, 380n Amhara, ii. 436n Amien, Mien (Burma), ii. 98, 99n Amita Buddha, i. 460n Ammianus Marcellinus, ii. 180n Amoy, ii. 231n, 232n; harbour, ii. 240n, 241n; languages, 244n Amphora, Anfora, ii. 417n Amu, Aniu, see Anin Amuki, devoted comrades of the king, ii. 347n Anamis (Minao) River, i. 114n Ananda, Kúblái’s grandson, ii. 29n, 31n Anár, i. 90n Anaurahta, king of Burma, ii. 99n, 329n Ancestor Worship, ii. 85, 96n Anchors, Wooden, ii. 386, 388n Andaine, andena, andanicum, see Ondanique Andaman (Angamanain) islands, ii. 306; described, 307n, 309–312n; people, 308n, 309, 311n; form of the word, 310n Andan, andun, Wotiak for steel, i. 94n Andragiri, ii. 301n Andreas, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n, 436n Andrew, Bishop of Zayton, ii. 237n —— Grand Duke of Rostof and Susdal, i. 7n Andromeda ovalifolia, poisonous, i. 218n Angamanain, see Andaman Angan, or Hanjám, i. 115n ’Angka, gryphon, see Ruc Angkor, ruins of, 13 Ani in Armenia, i. 234n Animal Patterns, see Patterns Anin, province, ii. 119, 120n, 121n, 123, 128n, 129n, 266n Annals of the Indo-Chinese States, ii. 106n ’An-nam, or Tong-king, ii. 120n Anselmo, Friar, i. 131n Anthropoides Virgo, the demoiselle, i. 297n Antioch, i. 24n Antongil Bay, Madagascar, ii. 414n Aotonomoff, Spasski, his ascent of Ararat, i. 49n Apostoille, word used for Pope, i. 12n Apples of Paradise (Konars), i. 97, 99n, ii. 365 Apricots, ii. 210n ’Apuhota (Kapukada?), ii. 380n Apushka (Apusca), Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n Arababni, ii. 436n Arab geography, 132 —— colonies in Madagascar, ii. 414n —— horses, early literary recognition of, ii. 349n; trade in, see Horses —— merchants, in Southern India, ii. 376 —— Seamen’s Traditions about Java, ii. 274n Arabi (Arabs), i. 60 Arabia, ii. 438–451 Arabic character, i. 29n Arachosía, arachoti, ii. 329n, 402n Araines, ii. 461, 462n Arakan, ii. 100n, 286n, 290n, 298n Aram (Harám), Place of the, i. 139, 141n Ararat, Mount, i. 46; ascents of, 49n Arblasts, crossbows, ii. 78, 82n, 161n Arbre Sol, or Arbre Sec, Region of the (Khorasan), 113, i. 38n, 83, 127, 128n–139n, ii. 466, 474, 475; tree described—Chínár or Oriental plane, i. 127, 128n–138n; various readings, 129n; Arbre seul, a wrong reading, i. 129n, 138n; Tree of the Sun legend, 129n–131n; Christian legend of the Dry Tree, 131n; engrafted on legends of Alexander, 132n; Trees of Grace in Persia, 134n; Dry Trees in Mahomedan legend, 135n; in Rabbinical and Buddhist stories, and legends of the Wood of the Cross, 135n–136n; Polo’s Arbre Sec to be sought near Damghan, 138n; Sabaean apologue, 138n; clue to the term Arbre Sec, 148n Arcali, Arculin, see Erculin Architectural remains in Indo-China, 13 Ardeshír Bábekán, first Sassanian king, i. 91n Ardeshír, last sovereign of Shabánkára, i. 86n Areca, ii. 309n, 374n Areng Saccharifera, ii. 297n Arezzo, i. 21n Argaeus, Mount, i. 44n Argali, ii. 483n Arghún, Khan of Persia (Polo’s Argon, Lord of the Levant), 23–24, i. 14n, ii. 50, 466–467; sends an embassy to Kúblái for a wife, i. 32, 33n; is dead when she arrives, 35, 36n, 38n, 101n; his unhappy use of the elixir vitae, ii. 369n; advances against his uncle Ahmad, 467; harangues his chiefs, 468; sends Ahmad a remonstrance, 469; is taken prisoner, 470; released by certain chiefs, 471; obtains sovereignty, 472; his death, 474; his beauty, 478n Argons (Arghún), half-breeds, i. 101n, 284, 290n Arii, Ariana, ii. 402n Arikbuga, Kúblái’s brother, i. 334n Arimaspia, ii. 419n Arimaspian gold, ii. 419n Ariora-Keshimur, i. 86n, 98, 104n; meaning of Ariora, 104n Ariosto, i. 17n Aripo, ii. 335n, 337n Aristotle, 130, i. 87n, 130n, ii. 409n Arjish (Arzizi), i. 45, 49n Arkasun Noian, ii. 474n Arkhaiun, applied to Oriental Christians or their Clergy, i. 290n Armenia, Greater, i. 45, 98 Armenia (Hermenia), Lesser or Cilician, 10, i. 16, 20, 22, 23n, 41 Armenian Christians, i. 290n Armenians, i. 43, 45, 75 Armillary Zodiacal Sphere, i. 450n Armour of boiled leather, see Cuirbouly Arms of Kerman, i. 90, 96n; of the Tartars, i. 260, 263n, ii. 460 Arredon River, i. 54n Arrow Divination, i. 243n Arrows, Tartar, ii. 460 Artacki, i. 281n Arts, the Seven, i. 13, 14n Aru, Cumahā, ii. 303n Arucki, i. 281n Aruk, ii. 474n Arulun Tsaghan Balghasun (Chagan-Nor), i. 297n, 306n Arya Chakravarti, ii. 316n Aryavartta, the Holy Lands of Indian Buddhism, i. 104n Arzinga (Erzingan), i. 45, 46n Arziron (Erzrum), i. 45, 48n Arzizi (Arjísh), i. 45, 49n Asbestos, and the Salamander, i. 212, 216n–217n Asceticism of the Sensin, i. 303; of the Jogis, ii. 365 Asedin Soldan (Ghaiassuddin Balban, Sultan of Delhi), i. 99, 104n, 105n Ashar (Asciar), king of Cail, ii. 370, 373n Ashishin, see Assassins Ashod, founder of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 53n Ashurada, i. 59n Asikan, Mongol general, ii. 260n Asoka, ii. 328 Asper, or akché, about a groat, ii. 22, 23n Assai River, i. 54n Assassins (Ashishin, Hashíshin), Ismailites, i. 84n, 140; how the Old Man trained them, 142; murders by, 144n; their destruction, 145; survival and recent circumstances of the sect, 146n Asses, in Persia, i. 83, 87n, 88, 89n, 123, 225n; in Mongolia, 224, 225n, 397; in Madagascar, ii. 413, 421n; in Abyssinia, 431; in Far North, 479, 481n Asterius, Bishop of Amasia in Pontus, i. 66n Astrakhan (Gittarchan), i. 5n, 6n Astrolabe, i. 446 Astrology, -ers, in Tangut, i. 205; of Chinghiz, 241; at Kúblái’s Court, 301, 391; at Cambaluc, 446; of Tibet, ii. 49; at Kinsay, 191, 203; in Maabar, 344; in Coilum, 376 Astronomical instruments, ancient Chinese, i. 378n, 449n–454n Atabegs, of Mosul, i. 61n; of Lúr, 85n; of Fars, 85n, 121n; of Yezd, 88; of Kerman, 91n Atjeh, see Achin Atkinson’s Narratives, and their credibility, i. 214n, 215n Atlas, Chinese, in Magliabecchian Library, ii. 193n Ἀτταγὰς (Black Partridge), i. 99 Attalus, King, i. 66n At-Thaibi family, i. 121n Auberoche, Siege of, ii. 163n, 165n Audh (Oudh), ii. 427n Aufat, Ifat, ii. 435n Augury, see Omens Aung Khan (Unc Can), see Prester John Aurangzíb, i. 168n Aurora, Ibn Fozlán’s account of, i. 8n Aussa, ii. 435n Ávah, Abah, Ava, one of the cities of the Magi, i. 80, 81n Avarian, epithet of S. Thomas, ii. 353, 355n–356n Avebury, Lord, on couvade, ii. 93n Avicenna’s classification of Iron, i. 94n Avigi, ′afçi (falco montanus), i. 50, 57n Axum, Inscription, ii. 432n; Church of, 433n; Court of, 434n Ayas (Layas, Aiazzo, etc.), port of Cilician Armenia, 19, i. 16, 17n, 20, 22, 41; Sea fight at, 43, 46, 54 Ayuthia, 13, ii. 278n, 279n Azumiti, ii. 432n Azure, Ultramarine (lapis armenus) Mines in Badakhshan, i. 157, 162n; in Tenduc, 284; ore, 365, 370n

Baba Buzurg, worshipped by the Lurs, i. 85n Baber, E. C., on Ch’êng-tú, ii. 38n; on wild oxen of Tibet, 52n; Lolos, 61n–63n; Gold River (Brius), 67n; the word Caindu, 70n; Talifu, 80n; Mekong River 88n; Zardandan, 89n; site of battle between Kúblái and king of Mien, 105n; descent of Mien, 108n Baboons, etymology, ii. 385n, 431 Báb-ul-abwáh, “The Gate of Gates,” Pass of Derbend, i. 53n Babylon, Babylonia (Cairo or Egypt), i. 22, 24n, ii. 226, 230n; Sultan of, i. 22, ii. 439, 473 Babylonish garments, i. 66n Baccadeo, indigo, ii. 382n Baccanor, ii. 386n Bacon, Roger, i. 94n, 426n; as geographer, 114, 131 Bacsi, see Bakhshi Bactria, its relation to Greece, i. 160n Bacu, Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n Badakhshan (Badashan), i. 98, 104n, 154, 157; its population, 155n, 160n; capitals of, 156n; Mirs of, 156n, 160n; legend of Alexandrian pedigree of its kings, 157, 160n; depopulation of, 156n, 163n; scenery, 158n; dialects, 160n; forms of the name, 161n; great river of (Upper Oxus), 170 Badáún, ii. 427n Badger, Rev. Dr. G. P., i. 65n, ii. 444n Badghís, i. 150n, ii. 467 Badgír, Wind-catchers, ii. 452, 453n Badruddín Lúlú, last Atabeg of Mosul, i. 61n Báfk (Báft), i. 89n, 111n, 122n Baghdad (Baudas), Baldac, taken by Alaü, Hulákú, i. 63; its Khalif, 63, 64; the miracle of the mountain, 69 —— Archbishop of, ii. 407 —— its indigo (baccadeo), ii. 382n Bagratidae, of Armenia, i. 42n; of Georgia, 52n Bagration-Mukransky, Prince, i. 53n Bahár, ii. 427n Bahárak, plain, i. 156n Bahá-uddin Ayaz, Wazir of Kalhát, i. 120n Bahá-ul-hakh, the Saint of Multán, ii. 82n Bahrámábád, i. 90n, 122n Bahrámjird Village, i. 113n Bahrein, ii. 348n Baiberdon, i. 49n Baiburt (Paipurth), Castle of, i. 48n, 49n Baidu Khan, i. 14n, ii. 475n; seizes throne of Persia, 476; displaced and killed by Gházán, 476; alleged to be a Christian, 476, 477n Bailo, the title, i. 417; etymology of, 421n Bakhshi (Bacsi), Lamas, i. 414, 445; their enchantments, 301, 302, 314n–318n; various meanings of the word, 314n Bakhtyáris of Lúristán, the, i. 87n Baku, oil fields of, i. 46, 49n; Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n Balad-ul-Falfal (Malabar), ii. 377n Baladi, ii. 381n Balalaika, a two-stringed Tartar instrument, i. 339n Balânjaríyah, devoted lieges, ii. 347n Bala-Sagun, i. 232n Balas rubies, i. 157, 161n, ii. 362n Baldac, see Baghdad Baldacchini (Baudekins), brocades made at Baghdad, i. 63, 65n Baldwin II. (de Courtenay), last Latin Emperor of Constantinople, i. 2, 3n Bali, Island of, ii. 287n —— in Abyssinia, ii. 436n Balios, i. 421n Balish (a money of account), ii. 218n Balista, always a crossbow in mediæval times, ii. 161n Balkh (Balc), i. 151 Balkhash Lake, ii. 459n Ballads, Genoese, on sea-fights at Ayas and Curzola, 43 seqq. Ballard, Mr., ii. 382n, 387n Balor, Balaur, Bilaur, Malaur, Bolor, i. 172, 178n–179n Bâlos, Malacca boats with two rudders, i. 119n Balsamodendron Mukul, ii. 397n Balthazar, of the Magi, i. 78, 82n Bálti, i. 160n, 178n Balustrade, etymology of the word, 38 Bamboo (always called canes by Polo), its multifarious uses, i. 299, 307n; Kúblái’s Chandu Palace made of, 299, 306n; great, on banks of Caramoran river, ii. 220; explode loudly when burning, 42, 43, 46n; large in Tibet, 48n; ropes of, 171, 174n; in Che kiang, 221n Bamian, caves at, i. 156n; huge recumbent image at, 221n Bám-i-Duniah, “Roof of the World,” i. 171, 174n Bamm, i. 113n Bandar Abbás (Bandar-Abbási), i. 86n, 89n, 106n, 122n Bandith, i. 98, 100n, 151 Bangala, see Bengal Banzaroff, Dorji, on Shamanism, i. 258n Baptism, accompanied by branding, in Abyssinia, ii. 427, 432n Bara, ii. 305n Barac (Borrak), Khan of Chagatai, i. 9, 10n, 103n; his war with Arghún, ii. 458n, 467 Baradaeus, Jacob, or James Zanzale, Bishop of Edessa, i. 61n Barbaro, Josafat, i. 49n, 53n, 100n, 426n, 427n Barbarossa, Frederic, 36, i. 82n Barberino, Francesco da, 36, 118, i. 117n Barda’at, saddle-cloths, i. 61n Bardesir, i. 112n Bardshír, Bardsír, Bard-i-Ardeshír, i. 92n Bargu (Barguchin Tugrum, or Barguti), plain, i. 269, 270n Barguerlac, Syrrhaptes Pallasii, a kind of sand grouse, i. 269, 272n; its migration into England, 273n Barguzinsk, i. 270n Barin, Mongol tribe, ii. 148n Bark, money made from, 108, i. 423; fine clothes from, ii. 124, 127n Barka (Barca), Khan, ruler of Kipchak, i. 4, 5n, 103n, ii. 491; his war with Hulákú, i. 4, ii. 494 seqq. Barkul, i. 345n Barkút, búrgút (bearcoote), eagle trained to the chase, i. 397, 399n Barlaam and Josaphat, Story of Saints, from Legend of Buddha, ii. 323n seqq. Barley, huskless, i. 158, 162n Baroch, ii. 367n Baron-tala, name applied by Mongols to Tibet, i. 214n Barons (Shieng or Sing), Kaan’s twelve, ii. 430 Barozzi, Nicolo, 30, 70 Barros, John de, i. 110n, 120n; geography of, 3 Barsauma (St. Barsamo), i. 77 Barskul (Barscol), “Leopard Lake,” i. 343, 345n Bartizan, Kúblái’s wooden, i. 337, 339n Barus, Barros (Sumatra), its camphor, ii. 302n–303n, 304n Barussae insulae, ii. 310n Barygaza, ii. 397n, 408n Bashai (Pashai), i. 165n Bashkirds (Hungarians), i. 57n, ii. 492n Bashpah, Lama, and the Mongol character called after him, i. 28n, 353n, ii. 46n Basma, see Pasei Basmuls (Guasmuls), half-breeds, i. 284, 292n Basra (Bastra), noted for its date-groves, i. 63, 65n Bathang, ii. 45n, 48n, 56n, 67n, 70n Baths, natural hot, near Hormuz i. 110–122n; in Cathay, 442; public at Kinsay, ii. 189, 198n Batigala, Batticalla, ii. 426n, 443n Batochina, ii. 302n Bats, large, in India, ii. 345 Battas of Sumatra, and cannibalism, ii. 288n, 298n Batthála, Bettelar (Patlam in Ceylon), ii. 337n Battles, Kúblái v. Nayan, i. 336; Tartars v. king of Mien, ii. 101; Caidu v. Khan’s forces, 461; Borrak and Arghún, 467; Arghún and Ahmad, 470n; Hulákú and Barka, 496; Toktai and Nogai, 499 Bátú, Khan of Kipchak, founder of Sarai, 11, i. 5n, 6n, 245, 247n; invades Russia, 490, 493n; made by Polo into two kings—Sain and Patu, 491, 492n; his character and cruelty, 492n Baudas, see Baghdad Baudekins (baldacchini), brocades made at Baghdad, i. 63, 65n Bauduin de Sebourc, 121 seqq., ii. 141, 144, 189, 216 Bavaria, Duke Ernest of, a mediæval Romance, ii. 418n Bawárij, corsairs, ii. 410n Bayan Chingsian, Kúblái’s greatest Captain, i. 10n, 334n, 361n, ii. 138n, 208n, 462n; prophecy connected with his name, 145, 150n; his conquest of Manzi or South China, 146; his history and character, 148n, 149n; his exceptional cruelty at Chang-chau, 179, 180n Bayan, Khagan of the Avars, ii. 148n Bayan (Baian), Kúblái’s Master of the Hounds, i. 400, 401n Bayan, son of Nasruddin, ii. 104n Bayezid Ilderim, i. 45n Bdellium, ii. 397n Beads, Hindu, ii. 338, 347n Bears, i. 396, 397, 401, ii. 31, 37, 42, 78, 382, 411, 431; white in Far North, 479, 481n Beast and bird patterns, see Patterns Beaten gold, i. 387, 388n Beaujeu, William de, Master of the Temple, i. 25n Beauty of—Georgians, i. 50, 53n; Khorasan women, 128; Kashmir women, 166; Sinju women, 276; Argons, or half-breeds, 284; the Ungrat or Kungurat tribe, 357; people of Coloman, ii. 122; Kinsay women, 186; Kaidu’s daughter, 463; Arghún Khan, 478; the Russians, 487 Beds, their arrangement in India, ii. 346, 352n Beef, not eaten in Maabar, except by the Govi, ii. 341, 350n; formerly eaten in India, 350n Bejas of the Red Sea Coast, ii. 425, 432n, 434n Belgutai, Chinghiz’s stepbrother, i. 334n “Belic” for “Melic,” ii. 470n Bell at Cambaluc, great, i. 375, 378n, 414 Bellál Rajas, ii. 367n Belledi, balladi, ginger so called, ii. 381n; Spanish use of the word, ib. Benares, brocades of, i. 66n Bendocquedar, see Bundúkdári, Bíbars Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 179n Bengal (Bangala), 12; king of Mien (Burma) and, ii. 98; why Polo couples these, 99n; relations between Burma and, 99n, 114; claim asserted by king of Burma to, 100n; alleged Mongol invasion of, 115n; its distance from Caugigu, 120; its currency, 123; confused with Pegu by Polo, 128n, 131n Beni Búya dynasty, i. 91n Benjamin of Tudela, on Alexander’s Rampart, i. 54n; on the Gryphon, ii. 418n Benzoin, etymology of, ii. 286n, 396n Berard, Thos., Master of the Temple, i. 23, 24n Berbera, Sea of, ii. 415n Berchet, G., 27, ii. 507n Bereké, Bátu Khan’s brother, i. 5n Bernier, on Kashmir women’s beauty, i. 169n Berrie, the Arabic Băríya, a desert, i. 237n Bettelar, rendezvous of Pearl Fishers, ii. 331, 337n Beyamini, wild oxen of Tibet, ii. 50, 52n Bezant, i. 405, 424, 425, 426n, 427n, 444, ii. 41n, 186, 218n, 346n, 349n, 479; value of, 592n Bhagavata, ii. 346n Bhamó, and River of, ii. 70n, 105n, 107n, 108n, 113n Bhartpúr, prophecy about, ii. 149n Bhattis, the, i. 104n Bháwalpúr, i. 104n “Bhim’s Baby,” colossal idol at Dhamnár caves, i. 221n Bianco’s, Andrea, maps, i. 133n Biar, ii. 305n Bibars Bundúkdári, see Bundúkdári Bielo Osero, ii. 486n Bigoncio, a firkin, i. 384n Bilúchis, i. 101n; their robber raids, 106n; Lumri or Numri, 114n Binh Thuan (Champa), ii. 268n Binkin, ii. 230n Bintang (Pentam), ii. 280, 284 Birch-bark vessels, i. 309n; books, ii. 124, 127n Bír-dhúl, or Bujardawal, cap. of Ma’bar, ii. 335n Bird-hunts, i. 269, 272n Birdwood, Sir G., ii. 396n, 446n, 449n Birhōrs of Chuta Nagpúr, ii. 298n Bir-Pandi, or Pira-Bandi, ii. 333n, 334n Birthday, celebration of Kúblái’s, i. 387 Bishbalik (Urumtsi), i. 214n, 440n Bishop, of Male Island, ii. 404; story of an Abyssinian, 428 Bitter bread, i. 110, 122n —— water, i. 110, 122n, 194 Blac, Blachia (Lac, Wallach), ii. 489n Black-bone, Chinese name for Lolos, ii. 63n Black Crane (Kará Togorü), i. 296, 297n —— Saints, White Devils in India, ii. 355, 359n —— Sea, M. Maurum v. Nigrum, i. 2, 3n, 57n —— Sect of Tibet, i. 324n Blacker, the more beautiful, ii. 355 Blaeuw, map, i. 102n Blochmann, Professor H., i. 114n, ii. 116n Block-books, supposed to have been introduced from China, 139 Block-printing in Persia, i. 429n Blood-sucking, Tartar, i. 261, 264n Blous, bloies, i. 327n Boar’s tusks, huge (Hipp.), ii. 413 Boccassini, i. 62n Bode, Baron de, i. 85n Bodhisatva Avalok., ii. 265n Bodleian MS. of Polo, 18, 92, 94; list of miniatures in, ii. 528n Boeach, mistake for Locac, and its supposed position, ii. 280n Boemond, Prince of Antioch and Tripoli, letter of Bibar to, i. 24n Boga (Bukā), a great Mongol officer, delivers Arghún, ii. 471, 472, 474n Boghra Khan, i. 188n Bohea country, ii. 222n, 224n Bohra, sect of W. India, i. 148n Boikoff, Russian Envoy, i. 218n Bokhara (Bocara), i. 9, 10 Boleyn, Anne, her use of buckram, i. 47n Bolgana, Queen, see Bulughán Bolgarskoye (called also Uspenskoye), i. 7n Bolghar, borgal, borghal, Russia leather, i. 6n, 394, 395n Bolghar (Bolgara), on the Volga, i. 4, 6n, ii. 481n, 486n, 493n; ruins of, i. 7n; court of, 384n Bolivar, Padre, S. J., his account of the Condor (Rukh) of Africa, ii. 420n, 597n Bolor, i. 172, 178n, 179n Bombay, ii. 396n, 449n Bonaparte, Prince Roland, Recueil des Documents de l’Époque Mongole, i. 14n, 28n Bonga, ii. 96n Bonheur, Rosa, i. 277n Boniface VIII., Pope, 44, 52, 54, i. 23n Bonin, C. E., i. 203n, 249n, 276n, 282n, 286n Bonocio di Mestro, 67 Bonpos, old Tibetan Sect, i. 314n, 321n, 323n Bonús, ebony, ii. 268, 272n Bonvalot, i. 200n Book of Marco Polo, its contents, 80; original language, French, 81; oldest Italian MS., 82; “Geographic Text,” in rude French, 83 seqq.; various types of Text—(1) “Geographic,” 90; (2) Pauthier’s MSS., 92; (3) Pipino s Latin, 95; Preface to, ii. 525n; Grynæus’ Latin, 95; Müller’s reprint, 96; (4) Ramusio’s Italian edition, its peculiarities, 96–101; probable truth about it, 99; bases of it, 100; MS. and some of its peculiarities, 101; general view of the relations of the texts, 101; notice of an old Irish version, 102; geographical data, 109; how far influenced in form by Rustician, 112; perhaps in description of battles, 113; diffusion and number of MSS., 116; basis of present version, 141 seqq.; specimens of different recensions of text, ii. 522n–524n; distribution of MSS., 526n; miniatures in, 527n, 529n; list of MSS., 532n–552n; Tabular view of the filiation of chief MSS., 552; Bibliography, 553n–582n; titles of works cited, 582n–590n; Spanish edition, 598n Bore in Hang-chau Estuary, ii. 208n Borgal, see Bolghar Bormans, Stanislas, ii. 602n, 603n Born, Bertram de, 44 Borneo, camphor, see Camphor —— tailed men of, ii. 302n Boro Bodor, Buddhist Monument, Java, 13, ii. 275n Borrak, Amir, Prince of Kerman (Kutlugh Sultan?), i. 91n —— Khan of Chaghatai, see Barac Borús, the, ii. 310n Bostam, i. 138n Boswellia thurifera, ii. 396n, 446n, 448n; serrata, 446n; Carterii, 448n; Bhauda-jiana, 448n; papyrifera, 448n; Frereana, 448n; glabra, 396n Bouqueran, see Buckram Bourne, F. S. A., ii. 60n, 131n Boxwood forests in Georgia, i. 50, 57n Bozzí, i. 212n Bra, the word, 45 Bracelets, in Anin, ii. 119 Bragadino, Marco, husband of Marco Polo’s daughter, Fantina, 76 —— Pietro, 76 Brahmanical thread, ii. 363 Brahmans (Abraiaman), fish-charmers to the pearl fishery, ii. 332, 337n; their character and virtues, 363, 367n; their king, 364; their omens, 364, 368n, 369n; longevity, 365; Chughi, 365; Palladian legend of, 405n Brahma’s temple, Hang-chau, ii. 212n, 213n Brahuis, i. 101n Brakhimof, early capital of Bulgaria, i. 7n Brambanan, ruins at, 13 Bran (Tibetan tsamba), parched barley, i. 303, 321n Brazil wood, in Locac, ii. 276, 279n; in Sumatra, 299; manner of growth, ib., 309n; in Ceylon, 313, 315n; in Coilum (Coilumin), 375, 380n; different kinds, ib.; vicissitudes of the word, 380n; its use prohibited by Painters’ Guild, 382n Bread, bitter, i. 110, 122n Brephung monastery, i. 319n Bretesche, i. 339n Bretschneider, Dr. Emil (Medical Researches), ruins of Bolghar, i. 7n; the Uíghúr character, 28n; Caucasian Wall, 54n; use of muslin in Samarkand, 62n; on nakh and nachetti, 65n; Hulákú’s expedition to West Asia, 66n, 85n, 146n, 148n; an extract from the Yüan Si, 115n; Badakhshan, 161n; Kashgar, 183n; Shachau, 206n; Kamul, 211n; Chingintalas, 214n; the Stipa inebrians, 219n; the Utikien Uigúrs, 227n; Erdenidso Monastery, 228n; Belasagun, 232n; death of Chinghiz, 248n; tung lo or kumiz, 259n; Kúblái’s death, 334n; Peking, 366n, 368n, 370n, 372n, 376n–378n, ii. 5n, 6n, 8n; verniques, i. 384n; clepsydra, 385n; the Bularguchi, 408n; Achmath’s biography, 421n; paper-money, 430n; post stations, 437n; Chinese intoxicating drinks, 441n; regulations for time of dearth, 444n; Lu-Ku-K’iao Bridge, ii. 8n; introduction of plants from Asia into China, 16n; morus alba, 25n; Tibet, 46n; bamboo explosions, 46n; the Si-fans, 60n; Cara-jang and Chagan-jang, 73n; Nasr-uddin, 104n; the Alans, 180n; rhubarb in Tangut, 183n; Polo’s “large pears,” 210n; on galangal, 229n; on sugar, 230n; on Zayton, 238n; on wood-oil, 252n; on ostrich, 437n; on Si-la-ni, 316n; on frankincense, 449n; on Magyars, 492n; on Mongol invasion of Poland and Silesia, 493n Brichu (Brius, the Upper Kiang), ii. 67n Bridges of Pulisanghin, ii. 3; Sindafu (Ch’êngtu), 37; Suchau, 181; Kinsay, 185, 187, 194n, 201, 212; Kien-ning fu, 225, 228n; Fuchau, 233n, 234n; Zayton, or Chinchau, 241n Brine-wells, see Salt Brius River (Kin-sha Kiang, Gold River), ii. 36, 40n, 56, 67n Brown, G. G., ii. 35n —— Sir Thomas, ii. 420n, 424n; on Polo, 115 Bruce’s Abyssinian Chronology, ii. 435n seqq. Brunetto Latini’s Book, Li Tresor, 88, 117 Brunhilda, ii. 466n Bruun, Professor Ph., of Odessa, i. 6n, 54n, 232n–235n Bucephala, of Alexander, i. 105n Bucephalus, breed of, i. 158, 162n Buckrams, of Arzinga, i. 45; described, 47n; etymology, 48n; at Mardin, 61, 62n; in Tibet, ii. 45; at Mutfili, 361, 363n; Malabar, 389, 395, 398, 431 Buddha, see Sakya Muni Buddhism, Buddhists, see Idolatry, Idolaters Buddhist Decalogue, i. 170n Buffaloes in Anin, ii. 119 Buffet and vessels of Kúblái’s table, i. 382, 384n Bugaei, ii. 432n Buka (Boga), a great Mongol chief, ii. 471, 472, 474n Buka Bosha, 1st Mongolian Governor of Bokhara, i. 10n Búkú Khan, of the Hoei-Hu, or Uighúrs, i. 227n Bularguji (Bularguchi), “The Keeper of Lost Property,” i. 403, 407n Bulgaria, Great, ii. 286n Bulughán (Bolgana), Queen, 23, i. 32, 33n, 38n, ii. 474n —— another, ii. 475n Bundúkdár, Amír Aláuddín Aidekín (“The Arblaster”), i. 24n Bundúkdári, Malik Dáhir Ruknuddín Bíbars (Bendocquedar), Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, i. 22, 23n–25n, 145n, ii. 424n, 433n, 436n, 494n; killed by kumiz, 259n Buraets, or Burgats, the, i. 258n, 283n Búrkán Káldún, i. 247n Burma (or Ava), King of, ii. 98, 99n. (See also Mien.) Burnell, Arthur, ii. 335n, 359n, 386n Burning the Dead, see Cremation —— heretical books, i. 321n —— paper-money, etc., at funerals, i. 204, 208n, 267, 268n, ii. 191 —— Widows in South India, ii. 341, 349n Burrough, Christopher, i. 9n Burton, Captain R. F., ii. 597n Bushell, Dr. S. W., his visit to Shang-tu, i. 26n, 304n, 305n, 412n; on the Khitan Scripts, 28n; Tangut rulers, 205n; orders for post-horses, 353n Butchers, in Kashmir, i. 167; Tibet, 170n; S. India, ii. 342 Butiflis (Mutfili), ii. 362n Butler, Hudibras, ii. 92n Buyid dynasty, i. 86n

Ca’ Polo, Ca’ Milion, Corte del Millioni, the house of the Polos at Venice, 4, 26 seqq., 53, 70, 77 Caaju, castle of, i. 244 Cabs, Peking, ii. 211n Cacanfu (Hokiang-fu), ii. 127, 132 Cachanfu (P’uchau-fu, Ho-chung-fu), ii. 22, 25n Cachar Modun, i. 404, 408n Cachilpatnam, ii. 387n Cadmia, i. 126n Caesalpinia, ii. 380n; and see Brazil Caesarea of Cappadocia (Casaria, Kaisaríya), i. 43, 44n Caichu, castle of (Kiai-chau, or Hiai-chau?), ii. 17, 19n, 26n Caidu, see Kaidu Caiju, on the Hwang-Ho, ii. 142 —— on the Kiang, Kwachau, ii. 171, 174 Cail (Káyal), ii. 370, 372n–373n; a great port of Commerce, 370, 373n; the king, ib.; identified, 372; meaning of name, ib.; remains of, ib. Caindu (K’ien-ch’ang), a region of Eastern Tibet, ii. 53, 70n Caingan (Ciangan, Kiahing), ii. 184n, 185n Cairo, ii. 439n; museum at, 424n; ventilators at, 452n. (See Babylon.) Caiton, see Zayton Cala Ataperistan (Kala’ Atishparastán), “Castle of the Fire Worshippers,” i. 78 Calachan (Kalaján), i. 281, 282n Calaiate, Calatu, see Kalhát Calamanz, the word, ii. 272n Calamina, city, ii. 357n Caldwell, Rev. Dr. R., on devil-dancing among the Shanars, ii. 97n; on name of Ceylon, 314n; on Shahr-Mandi and Sundara Pandi, 333n; on the Tower at Negapatam, 336n; etymology of Chilaw, 337n; on Pacauta, 346n; Govis, 349n; singular custom of arrest, 350n–351n; rainy season, 351n; food of horses, ib.; Shanar devil-images, 359n; choiach, 368n; Cail, or Kayál city, 372n, 373n; Kolkhoi, 373n; King Ashar of Cail, ib.; Kollam 377n; Pinati, 380n; etymology of Sapong, ib.; Cape Comorin, 383n Calendar, Ecclesiastical Buddhist, i. 220, 222n; the Tartar, 447, 448n; of Brahmans, ii. 368n–369n; of Documents relating to Marco Polo and his family, 505n seqq. Calicut, ii. 380n, 381n, 388n, 391n, 440n; King of, and his costume, 346n Calif, see Khalif Caligine, Calizene (Khálij, a canal from Nile), ii. 439n Camadi (City of Dakiánús), ruined, i. 97, 113n Cambaluc (Khanbaligh, or Peking), capital of Cathay, 12, i. 38n, ii. 3, 132, 213n, 320; Kúblái’s return thither after defeating Nayan, i. 348; the palace, 362; the city, 374; its size, walls, gates, and streets, the Bell Tower, etc., 375n–378n; period of khan’s stay there, 411; its suburbs and hostelries, 412; cemeteries, women, patrols, 414; its traffic, 415; the Emperor’s Mint, 423; palace of the Twelve Barons, 431; roads radiating from, 433; astrologers of, 446 Cambay (Cambaet, Cambeth, Kunbáyat), kingdom of, ii. 394n, 397, 398n, 403n, 426n, 440n, 443n Cambuscan, of Chaucer, corruption of Chinghiz, i. 247n Camel-bird, see Ostrich Camels, mange treated with oil, i. 46; camlets from wool of, 281, 284; white, 281, 283n; incensing, 309n; alleged to be eaten in Madagascar, ii. 411; really eaten in Magadoxo, 413n; ridden in war, 423, 425n Camexu, Kamichu, see Campichu Camlets (cammellotti), i. 281, 283n, 284 Camoens, ii. 266n Camphor (Laurus Camphora) trees in Fo-kien, ii. 234, 237n —— of Sumatra, ii. 287n; Fansuri, 299, 302n; earliest mention of, 302n; superstitions regarding, 303n; description of the tree, Dryabalanops Camphora, 303n–304n; value attached by Chinese to, 304n; recent prices of, ib.; its use with betel, 371, 374n —— oil, ii. 304n Campichu (Kanchau), city of, i. 219, 220n Camul (Kamul), province, i. 209, 211n, 214n Camut, fine shagreen leather, i. 394, 395n Canal, Grand, of China, ii. 132, 139, 140, 141n, 143n, 152n, 154n, 209n, 222n; construction of, 174, 175n Canale, Cristoforo, MS. by, 34, 37 —— Martino da, French Chronicle of Venice by, 88 Cananor, kingdom, ii. 388n Cananore, ii. 386n, 387n Canara, ii. 390n, 397n Cancamum, ii. 397n Canela brava, ii. 390n Canes, Polo’s name for bamboos, q.v. Cannibalism, ii. 293, 294, 298n, 311n, 312n; ascribed to Tibetans, Kashmiris, etc., i. 301, 312n, 313n; to Hill-people in Fo-kien, ii. 225, 228n; to islanders in Seas of China and India, 264; in Sumatra, 284, 288n; regulations of the Battas, 288n; ascribed to Andaman islanders, 309, 311n Cannibals, i.e. Caribs, ii. 311n, 405n Canonical Hours, ii. 368–369n Cansay, see Kinsay Canton, 3, ii. 199n, 237n Cape Comorin, see Comari, Temple at, 76 —— Corrientes (of Currents), ii. 415n, 417n, 426n —— Delgado, ii. 424n —— of Good Hope, ii. 417n Capidoglio (Capdoille), sperm-whale, ii. 414n Cappadocian horses, i. 44n Capus, G., i. 129n 162n Caracoron (Kará Korum), i. 66n, 226, 227n, 269, ii. 460, 462n Carajan (Caraian, Karájang, or Yun-nan), province, 21, ii. 64, 66, 67n, 72n, 76, 86 Caramoran River (Hwang-Ho), ii. 142, 143n, 144n, 151 Carans, or Scarans, i. 100n Caraonas (Karaunahs), a robber tribe, i. 98, 101n, 121n Carats, i. 359n Carbine, etymology of, i. 101n Cardinal’s Wit, i. 21n Caribs, i.e. cannibals, ii. 311n, 405n Carpets, of Turcomania (Turkey), i. 43, 44n; Persian, 66n; Kerman, 96n Carriages, at Kinsay, ii. 205, 206; Chinese, 211n Carrion, shot from engines, ii. 163n Carta Catalana, Catalan Map of 1375, 134, i. 57n, 59n, 82n, 161n, ii. 221n, 243n, 286n, 362n, 386, 396n, 494n Carte, à la, ii. 486n Carts, Mongol, i. 254n Casan, see Gházán Khan Casaria (Caesarea of Cappadocia), i. 43, 44n Cascar (Kashgar), i. 180, 182n; Chaukans of, 193n Casem, see Kishm Caspian Sea (Sea of Ghel or Ghelan), ancient error about, 2, 129; its numerous names, i. 52, 58n, 59n, ii. 494n Cassay, see Kinsay Cassia, ii. 59n, 60n, 390n, 391n —— buds, ii. 59n, 391n —— fistula, ii. 398n Castaldi, Panfilo, his alleged invention of movable types, 139–140 Castambol, i. 45n Castelli, P. Cristoforo di, i. 52n, 53n Casvin (Kazvín), a kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 84n, 101n, 141n Catalan Navy, 38–39 Cathay (Northern China), 3; origin of name, 11, 15, i. 60, 76n, 285, 414, 418, 441, ii. 10, 127, 132, 135, 139, 140, 192, 391n, 457; coal in, i. 442; idols, ii. 263; Cambaluc, the capital of, see Cambaluc Cathayans, v. Ahmad, i. 415 et seqq.; their wine, 441; astrologers, 446; religion, 456; politeness, filial duty, gaol deliveries, gambling, 457 Catholics, ii. 407; Catholicos, of Sis, i. 42n; of the Nestorians, 61n, 62n Cators (chakors), great partridges, i. 296, 297n Cat’s Head Tablet, i. 356n Cats in China, ii. 350n Caucasian Wall, i. 53n, 54n Caugigu, province, ii. 116, 120, 123, 128n, 131n Caulking, of Chinese ships, ii. 250, 251n Cauly, Kauli (Corea), i. 343, 345n Causeway, south of the Yellow River, ii. 153n Cauterising children’s heads, ii. 432n Cave-houses, i. 154, 156n, ii. 150n Cavo de Eli, ii. 386n —— de Diab, ii. 417n Cayu (Kao-yu), ii. 152 Celtic Church, ii. 370n Census, of houses in Kinsay, ii. 192; tickets, ib. Ceremonial of Mongol Court, see Etiquette Ceylon (Seilan), ii. 312–314; circuit of, 310n; etymology of, 314n; customs of natives, 315; mountain of Adam’s (alias Sagamoni Borcan’s) Sepulchre, 316, 321n; history of Buddha, 317; origin of idolatry, 318 seqq.; subject to China, 392n Ceylon, King of, his pearl-ponds, ii. 337n Chachan (Charchan, Charchand), i. 192n, 194, 195n, 196n Chagatai (Sigatay), Kúblái’s uncle, son of Chinghiz, 10, i. 10n, 14n, 98, 102n, 183, 186n, ii. 457, 458n, 459 Chaghán-Jáng, ii. 72n, 73n Chaghan-Kuren, ii. 23n Chaghan-Nor (“White Lake”), N.E. of Kamul, i. 214n —— (Chaghan, or Tsaghan Balghasun), site of Kúblái’s palace, i. 296, 297n, 306n, 422n, ii. 14n Chairs, silver, i. 351, 355n Chakor (cator), great partridges, i. 296, 297n Chalcedony and jasper, i. 191, 193n Chalukya Malla kings, ii. 336n Champa (Chamba), kingdom of, ii. 266, 268n, 424, 426n, 596n; Kúblái’s expedition v., 267; the king and his wives, 268, 271n; products, 268, 271n–272n; locality, 269–270n; invaded by king of Lukyn, 279n Chandra Banu, ii. 315n Chandu (Shangtu), city of peace of Kúblái, i. 25, 298, 304n, 410–411, 435 Changan, ii. 182, 184n Chang-chau (Chinginju), ii. 178, 179n —— in Fo-kien, ii. 233n, 238n; Zayton(?), 238n; Christian remains at, 240n–241n Ch’ang Ch’un, travels, i. 62n Changgan (Chang-ngan), ii. 27–29n Chang-kia-Kau, the gate in the Great Wall, i. 56n Chang K’ien, ii. 16n Chang-shan (Chanshan), ii. 198n, 199n, 219, 221n, 222n, 224n Ch’ang Te (the Chinese traveller), Si Shi Ki, i. 64n, 66n Chang Te-hui, a Chinese teacher, i. 309n Chang-y (Chenchu), i. 417–419, 422n Chang Yao, Chinese general, i. 211n Cháo de Bux (Cavo di Bussi), boxwood, i. 57n Chaohien, Sung Prince, ii. 150n Cháo-Khánahs, bank-note offices in Persia, i. 429n Cháo Naiman Sumé Khotan, or Shangtu, “city of the 108 temples,” i. 304n Cháo, paper-money, i. 426n, 429n Cháo, title of Siamese and Shan Princes, ii. 73n Chaotong, ii. 130n Chapu, ii. 199n Characters, written, four acquired by Marco Polo, i. 27; one in Manzi, but divers spoken dialects, ii. 236 Charchan (Chachan of Johnson, Charchand), i. 192n, 194, 195n, 196n Charcoal, store in Peking, palace garden of, i. 370n Charities, Kúblái’s, i. 439, 443, 444; Buddhistic and Chinese, 446n; at Kinsay, ii. 188, 198n Charles VIII., of France, i. 398n Chau dynasty, i. 347n Chaucer, quoted, i. 3n, 5n, 17n, 161n, 247n, 386n, ii. 11n Chaukans, temporary wives at Kashgar, i. 193 Chaul, ii. 367n Cheapness in China, ii. 202 Cheetas, or hunting leopards, i. 397, 398n Cheh-kiang, cremation common during Sung dynasty in, ii. 135n; roads into Fo-kien from, 224n Cheinan, Gulf of, ii. 266 Chenchau, or Iching hien, ii. 173n, 174n Chenching (Cochin-China), ii. 268n–269n, 277n Chenchu (Chang-y), conspires with Vanchu v. Ahmad, i. 417–419, 422n Ch’eng-ting fu, ii. 13, 14n Ch’êng-Tsu (Yung-lo), Emperor, ii. 392n Ch’êng-tu (Sze-ch’wan), ii. 32n, 34n, 35n Ch’êngtu-fu (Sindafu), ii. 36, 37n Cheu, the Seven, ii. 277n Chibai and Chiban, ii. 459, 462n Chichiklik Pass, i. 172n, 175n Chien-ch’ang (Caindu), ii. 70n. (See K’ien ch’ang.) Chihli, plain of, ii. 14n Chilaw, ii. 337n Chiliánwála, battlefield of, i. 105n Chilu-ku, last Karakhitai king, ii. 20n Chin, Sea of, ii. 264, 265, 266n, 270n China, 134; Imperial Maritime Customs Returns for 1900, ii. 173n; Dominicans in, 240n; paved roads in, 189, 198n; relations with Korea and Japan, 262n; the name, 265n; king of Malacca at Court of, 282n; trade from Arabia to, 348n; from Sofala in Africa, 400n. (See also Cathay and Manzi.) Chinangli (T’sinan-fu), ii. 133, 135, 137n Chínár, Oriental planes, i. 128n, 138n Chinchau, Chincheo, Chinchew, Chwanchew, Tswanchau, see Zayton Chinese, Polo ignorant of the languages, 110, i. 29n; epigrams, 170n; funeral and mourning customs, 207n, ii. 191; feeling towards Kúblái, i. 421n; religion and irreligion, 456, 458n; their politeness and filial piety, 457, 462n; gambling, 457; character for integrity, ii. 204, 210n; written character and varieties of dialect, 236; ships, 249 seqq.; pagodas at Negapatam and elsewhere, 336n; coins found in Southern India, 337n; pottery, 372n–373n; trade and intercourse with Southern India, 373n, 378n, 386, 390, 392n Chinghian-fu (Chinkiang-fu), ii. 175, 176, 177n Chinghiz Khan, 10, 11, i. 5n, 10n, 12n, ii. 458n, 479, 481n; reported to be a Christian, i. 14n; Aung Khan’s saying of, 27n; his use of Uíghúr character, 28n; Erzrum taken by, 49n; harries Balkh, 151n; captures Talikan, 154n; ravages Badakhshan, 163n; his respect for Christians, 186n, 242n, 243n; subjugates Kutchluk Khân, 189n; his campaigns in Tangut, 206n, 218n, 225n, 281n; Rubruquis’ account of, 237n, 239n; made king of the Tartars, 238; his system of conquests, 238; and Prester John, 239–241; divining by twigs—presage of victory, 241; defeats and slays Prester John, 244; his death and burial-place, 244, 245n, 249n; his aim at conquest of the world, 245n; his funeral, 250n; his army, 262, 265n; defeats the Merkits, 270n; relations between Prester John’s and his families, 284, 288n; the Horiad tribe, 300, 308n; his prophecy about Kúblái, 331n; rewards his captains, 351n; captures Peking, ii. 8n; defeats and slays Taiyang Khan, 20n; his alleged invasion of Tibet, 46n; his mechanical artillery, 168n; his cruelty, 181n; Table of Genealogy of his House, 505n Chinghiz Tora, ii. 481n Ching-hoang tower at Hangchau-fu, ii. 214n Chinginju (Chang-chau), ii. 178 Chingintalas, province, i. 212; its identification, 214n, 215n Chingkim, Chinkin, Chimkin, Kúblái’s favourite son and heir-apparent, i. 38n, 359, 360n, 418, 422n; his palace, 366, 372n Chingsang, Ching-siang (Chinisan), title of a Chief Minister of State, i. 432n, ii. 145, 148n, 150n, 218n Chingting-fu (Acbaluc), ii. 13, 14n Chingtsu, or Yung-lo, Emperor, ii. 392n Chíní, coarse sugar, ii. 230n Chinju (Tinju), ii. 153, 154n Chin-tan, or Chínasthána, Chinese etymology of, ii. 119n Chinuchi, Cunichi, Kúblái’s Masters of the Hounds, i. 400, 401n Chipangu (Japan), ii. 253, 256n; account of Kúblái’s expedition v., 255, 258; its disasters, 255–256; history of expedition, 260n seqq.; relations with China and Korea, 262n Chitral, i. 154n, 160n, 165n, 166n Chloroxylon Dupada, ii. 397n Cho-chau (Juju), ii. 10, 11n, 131n Choiach, the term, ii. 364, 368n Chola, or Sola-desam (Soli, Tanjore), ii. 335n, 336n, 364, 368n Chonka (Fo-kien), kingdom of, ii. 231, 232n, 236; explanation of name, 232n Chonkwé, ii. 232n Chorcha, see Churchin Christian, astrologers, i. 241, 446; churches in China, early, ii. 27n; inscription of Singanfu, 28n; Alans in the Mongol service, ii. 178, 179n Christianity, attributed to Chinghizide princes, i. 14n, ii. 476, 477n; Kúblái’s views on, i. 344n —— former, of Socotra, ii. 410n Christians, of the Greek rite, Georgians, i. 50; and Russians, ii. 486; Jacobite and Nestorian, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n; among the Kurds, 60, 62n; and the Khalif of Baghdad—the miracle of the mountain and the one-eyed cobbler, 68–73; Kashgar, 182, 183n; in Samarkand, 183, 186n; the miracle of the stone removed, 185; Yarkand, 187; Tangut, 203, 207n; Chingintalas, 212; Suh-chau, 217; Kan-chau, 219; in Chinghiz’s camp, 241; Erguiul and Sinju, 274; Egrigaia, 281; Tenduc, 285; Nayan and the Khan’s decision, 339, 344; at Kúblái’s Court, 388; in Yun-nan, ii. 66, 74n; Cacanfu, 132; Yang-chau, 154n; churches at Chin-kiang fu, 177; at Kinsay, 192; St. Thomas’, 353–354; Coilum, 375; Male and Female Islands, 404; Socotra, 406; Abyssinia and fire baptism, 427, 432n; of the Girdle, 432n; in Lac (Wallachia), 487 Chrocho, the Rukh (q.v.), ii. 415n seqq. Chronology and chronological data discussed, first journey of the Polos, i. 3n; war between Barka and Hulákú, 8n; Polos’ stay at Bokhara, 10n; their departure and their second journey from Acre, 23n; their return voyage and arrival in Persia, 38n; story of Nigudar, 103n; Hormuz princes, 120n; destruction of Ismailites, 146n; history of Chinghiz, 239n, 242n, 247n; Kúblái’s birth and accession, 334n; Nayan’ rebellion, 334n, 346n; Polo’s visit to Yun-nan, ii. 81n; battle with the king of Mien, 104n; wars between China and Burma, 104n–106n, 111n, 114n; value of Indo-Chinese, 106n; conquest of S. China, 148n, 149n; capture of Siang-yang, 167n; Kúblái’s dealings with Japan, 260n–261n; with Champa, 270n; Marco’s visit to Japan, 271n; Kúblái’s Java expedition, 275n; review of the Malay, 282n; events in Ma’bar, 333n; King Gondophares, 357n; cessation of Chinese navigation to India, 391n; Abyssinia, 434n seqq.; Kaidu’s wars, 462n, 467n; Mongol revolutions in Persia, notes from, 470n–475n; wars of Toktai and Noghai, 497. (See also Dates.) Chrysostom, i. 81n Chuchu, in Kiang-si, ii. 224n, 229n Chughis, see Jogis Chung-Kiang, ii. 40n Chungkwé, “Middle Kingdom,” ii. 232n Chung-tu, or Yen-King (Peking, see Cambaluc) Ch’ura, i. 265n Churches, Christian, in Kashgar, i. 182; Samarkand, 185; Egrigaia, 281; Tenduc, 287n; early, in China, ii. 27n; Yang-chau, 154n; Chin-kiang fu, 177; Kinsay, 192; Zayton, 238n, 240n; St. Thomas’s, 354–355, 356n; Coilum, 377n; Socotra, 409n–410n Churchin, or Niuché, Churché, Chorcha (the Manchu Country), i. 231n, 343, 344n Cielstan, Suolstan (Shúlistán), i. 83, 85n Cinnamon, Tibet, ii. 49, 52n; Caindu, 56, 59n; Ceylon, 315n; story in Herodotus of, 363n; Malabar, 389, 390n Circumcision of Socotrans, ii. 409n; forcible, of a bishop, 429; of Abyssinians, 432n Cirophanes, or Syrophenes, story of, ii. 328n Civet, of Sumatra, ii. 295n Clement IV., Pope, i. 17, 18n, 21n Clepsydra, i. 378n, 385n, ii. 214 Cloves, ii. 272, 306; in Caindu, 56, 59n Coal (Polo’s blackstone), i. 442; in Scotland in Middle Ages, 443n; in Kinsay, ii. 216 Cobbler, the one-eyed, and the miracle of the mountain, i. 70 Cobinan (Koh-Banán), i. 125 Cocachin (Kúkáchin), the Lady, 23–24, i. 32, 33n, 36, 38n Cochin-China, the mediæval Champa (q.v.) Coco-nut (Indian nut), i. 108, ii. 293, 306, 308n, 309n, 354, 389 Coco Islands, of Hiuen T’sang, ii. 307n Cocos Islands, ii. 309n Cœur de Lion, his mangonels, ii. 165n, 166n Coffins, Chinese, in Tangut, i. 205, 209n Cogachin (Hukaji), Kúblái’s son, King of Carajan, i. 361n, ii. 76 Cogatai, i. 419 Cogatal, a Tartar envoy to the Pope, i. 13, 15 Coiganju (Hwaingan-fu), ii. 142, 148, 151 Coilum (Kollam, Kaulam, Quilon), kingdom of, ii. 375, 382n, 403n, 413n, 426n, 440n; identity of meaning of name, 377n; Church of St. George at, 377n; modern state of, 377n; Kúblái’s intercourse with, 378n Coilumin, columbino, colomní, so-called Brazil-wood, ii. 375; ginger, 375, 381n Coins of Cilician Armenia, i. 42n; of Mosul, 61n; Agathocles and Pantaleon, 163n; Seljukian with Lion and Sun, 352n; found at Siang-Yang, ii. 169n; King Gondophares, 357n; Tartar heathen princes with Mahomedan and Christian formulae, 477n Coja (Koja), Tartar envoy from Persia to the Khan, i. 32–33n, 38n Cold, intense, in Kerman, i. 91, 111n, 113n; in Russia, ii. 487 “Cold Mountains,” i. 114n Coleridge, verses on Kúblái’s Paradise, i. 305n Coloman, province, ii. 122, 128n–131n Colombino, see Coilumin Colon, see Coilum Colossal Buddhas, recumbent, i. 219, 221n Columbum, see Coilum Columbus, Polo paralleled with, 3; remarks on, 105–106 Comania, Comanians, i. 50, ii. 382, 383n, 490, 491n Comari, Comori (Cape Comorin, Travancore), ii. 333n, 382, 384, 385, 403n, 426n; temple at, 383n Combermere, Lord, prophecy applied to, ii. 149n Comercque, Khan’s custom-house, ii. 37, 41n Compartments, in hulls of ships, ii. 249, 251n Compass, Mariner’s, 138 Competitive Examinations in beauty, i. 359n Conchi, King of the North, ii. 479 Concubines, how the Khan selects, i. 357 Condor, its habits, ii. 417n; Temple’s account of, 417n; Padre Bolivar’s of the African, 420n Condur and Sondur, ii. 276, 277n Condux, sable or beaver, i. 410n Conia, Coyne (Iconium), i. 43 Conjeveram, ii. 334n Conjurers, the Kashmirian, i. 166, 168n; weather-, 98, 105n, 166, 168n, 301, 309n–311n; Lamas’ ex-feats, 315n–318n. (See also Sorcerers.) Conosalmi (Kamasal), i. 99, 106n Constantinople, i. 2, 19n, 36, ii. 165n, 487; Straits of, 488, 490 Convents, see Monasteries Cookery, Tartar horse-, i. 264n Cooper, T. T., traveller on Tibetan frontier, ii. 45n, 48n, 52n, 59n, 67n Copper, token currency of Mahomed Tughlak, i. 429n; imported to Malabar, ii. 390; to Cambay, 398 Coral, valued in Kashmir, Tibet, etc., i. 167, 170n, ii. 49, 52n Corea (Kauli), i. 343, 345n Corn, Emperor’s store and distribution of, i. 443 Coromandel (Maabar), see Mabar Corsairs, see Pirates Corte del Milione, see Ca’ Polo —— Sabbionera at Venice, 27 seqq. Cosmography, mediæval, 130 Costus, ii. 397n Cotan, see Khotan Cotton, stuffs of, i. 44n, 45, 47n, 48n, 60, ii. 225, 228n, 361, 363n, 395, 398, 431; at Merdin, i. 60; in Persia, 84; at Kashgar, 181; Yarkand, 187; Khotan, 188, 190n; Pein, 191; Bengal, ii. 115; bushes of gigantic size, 393, 394n Counts in Vokhan, i. 171, 173n; at Dofar, ii. 444 Courts of Justice, at Kinsay, ii. 203 Couvade, custom of, ii. 85, 91n–95n, 596n Cow-dung, its use in Maabar, ii. 341, 365 Cowell, Professor, i. 105n Cowries (porcelain shells, pig shells), used for money, etc., ii. 66, 74n, 76, 123; procured from Locac, 276, 279n Cralantur, its meaning(?), i. 71n Cramoisy (quermesis), i. 44n, 63, 65n Cranes, five kinds of, i. 296, 297n Crawford, John, ii. 277n Cremation, i. 204, 208n, ii. 122, 132, 134n, 135, 140, 141, 151, 152, 191, 218, 221n; in Middle Ages, ii. 133n Cremesor, Hot Region (Garmsir), i. 75, 99n, 112n, 114n Çrībhõja (Çribhôdja), country, ii. 283n Crocodiles, see Alligators Cross, legend of the Tree of the, i. 135; gibes against, on Nayan’s defeat, 343; on monument at Singanfu, ii. 27n Crossbows, ii. 78, 82n, 161n Cruelties, Tartar, i. 151n, 265n, 266n, ii. 180n Crusca MS. of Polo, 82, i. 18n, 38n, 85n, 297n, 358n, 384n, ii. 34n, 72n Cubeb pepper, ii. 272, 391n Cubits, astronomical altitude estimated by, ii. 382, 389, 392 Cublay, see Kúblái Cucintana, ii. 396n Cudgel, Tartars’ use of, i. 266, 267n, 414 Cuiju (Kwei-chau), province, ii. 124, 127n Cuinet, Vital, on Turkman villages, i. 44n; on Mosul Kurds, 62n Cuirbouly, i. 260, 263n, ii. 78, 82n Cuju, ii. 219, 221n, 224n Cuncun (Han-Chung) province, ii. 31, 32n Cunningham, General A., i. 12n, 104, 156n, 173n, 178n, 283n, 290n, ii. 357n Cups, flying, i. 301, 314n, 349n Curds and Curdistan, i. 9n, 60, 62n, 83n, 84n, 85n, 102n, 143n, 145n Currency, copper token, in India, i. 429n; salt, ii. 45, 54, 57n; leather, i. 429n; Cowrie, see Cowries Currency, paper, in China, i. 423, 426n; attempt to institute in Persia, 428n; alluded to, ii. 124, 127, 132, 135, 138, 140, 141, 152, 154, 170, 174, 176, 178, 181, 187, 218 Current, strong south along East Coast of Africa, ii. 412, 415n Currents, Cape of, or Corrientes, ii. 415n, 417n, 426n Curtains, Persian, i. 66n Curzola Island, Genoese victory at, 6, 45 seqq.; Polo’s galley at, 49; map of, 50 Curzon, Lord, i. 64n, 84n, 86n, 128n; list of Pamirs, ii. 594n —— Hon. R., on invention of printing, 138, 139 Customs, Custom-houses, ii. 37, 41n, 170, 204, 215, 216 Cutch pirates, ii. 410n Cuxstac, Kuhestec, i. 110n Cuy Khan (Kuyuk), i. 14n, 245, 247n Cycle, Chinese, i. 447, 454n Cynocephali, the, ii. 228n, 309, 311n Cypresses, sacred, of the Magians, i. 131n Cyprus, i. 65n Cyrus, his use of camels in battle near Sardis, ii. 104n

Dabul, ii. 443n Dadian, title of Georgian kings, i. 53n Da Gama, ii. 386n, 391n Dagroian, kingdom of, in Sumatra, ii. 293; probable position of, 297n Dailiu (Tali), ii. 81n Daïtu, Taidu, Tatu (Peking), Kúblái’s new city of Cambaluc, i. 305n, 306n, 374, 375n Dakiánús, city of (Camadi), i. 113n Dalada, tooth relique of Buddha, ii. 329n–330n Dalai Lama, with four hands, ii. 265n D’Alboquerque, ii. 281n, 382n, 409n, 451n Dalivar, Dilivar, Diláwar (Lahore), a province of India, i. 99, 104n, 105n Dalmian, ii. 297n Damas, i. 65n Damascus, i. 23n, 143; siege of, ii. 166n Damasks, with cheetas in them, i. 398n; with giraffes, ii. 424n. (See also Patterns.) Damghan, i. 138n, 148n Dancing dervishes, ii. 97n Dancing girls, in Hindu temples, ii. 345, 351n Dandolo, Andrea, Admiral of Venetian fleet at Curzola, 6, 46; his captivity and suicide, 48; funeral at Venice, 50 D’Anghieria, Pietro Martire, 36, 120 Dantapura, ii. 329n Dante, number of MSS., 117; does not allude to Polo, 118; Convito, i. 14n D’Anville’s Map, i. 25n, 88n, 155n, 224n, 228n, 297n, 408n, ii. 69n, 72n, 141n Darábjird, i. 86n Darah, ii. 436n Dárápúr, i. 104n, 105n Dardas, stuff embroidered in gold, i. 65n Dariel, Pass of (Gate of the Alans), i. 53n, 54n Darius, i. 128, 138n, 151, 157; the Golden King, ii. 17 Dark Ocean of the South, ii. 417n Darkness, magical, i. 98, 105n, 166 —— land of, ii. 484, 485n; how the Tartars find their way out, 484; the people and their peltry, 484; Alexander’s legendary entrance into, 485; Dumb trade of, 486n Darráj, black partridge, its peculiar call, i. 99n Darúná, salt mines, i. 154n Darwáz, i. 160n Dasht, or Plain, of Bahárak, i. 156n Dashtáb, hot springs, i. 122n Dasht-i-Lut (Desert of Lút), i. 124n, 127, 128n Dashtistan tribe and district, i. 86n Dates (chronology) in Polo’s book, generally erroneous, i. 2, 17, 36, 63, 145, 238, 332, ii. 98, 114, 145, 177, 259, 267, 268, 319, 354, 428, 459, 464, 474, 494 —— (trees or fruit), Basra, 63, 65n; Báfk, 88, 89n; Reobarles, province, 97, 111n; Formosa Plain, 107; Hormos, 109, 116n; wine of, 107, 115n; diet of fish, etc., 107, 116n, ii. 450 Daughters of Marco Polo, 69, 71, 73, 76, ii. 506n D’Avezac, M., i. 23n, 48n, 66n, 231n, 271n David, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n, 436n David, king of Georgia (Dawith), i. 50, 53n Davids, Professor T. W. Rhys, Buddhist Birth Stories, ii. 326n Davis, Sir John F., ii. 139n, 142n, 152n, 173n, 175n, 176n, 182n Dawaro, ii. 435n, 436n Daya, ii. 300n, 305n Dead, disposal of the, in Tangut, i. 205, 209n; at Cambaluc, 414; in Coloman, ii. 122; in China, 133n; in Dagroian, 293; by the Battas, 298n —— burning of the, see Cremation; eating the, see Cannibalism De Barros, ii. 239n, 283n, 287n, 300n, 410n; on Java, 274n; Singhapura, 281n; Janifs, 286n Debt, singular arrest for, ii. 343, 350n Decima, or Tithe on bequest, 71 Decimal organisation of Tartar armies, i. 261, 264n Decius, Emperor, i. 113n Degháns, Dehgáns, i. 152n Dehánah, village, i. 152n Deh Bakri, i. 111n, 112n De la Croix, Pétis, i. 9n, 155n, 183n, 239n, 243n, 281n, 410n Delhi, Sultans of, 12, ii, 426n D’Ely, Mount, see Eli Demoiselle Crane, anthropoides virgo, i. 297n Deogir, ii. 426n Derbend, Wall of, i. 53n, ii. 495. (See also Iron Gate of.) Deserts, haunted, i. 197, 201n, 274 Deserts of Kerman or of Lút, i. 123, 124n; of Khorasan, 149; of Charchan, 194; Lop (Gobi), 196, 197, 198n–203n, 210, 212, 214n, 223; Karakorum, 224, 226, 237n Desgodins, Abbé, ii. 57n Despina Khatun, ii. 477n Devadási, ii. 351n Devapattan, ii. 400n Devéria, G., i. 29n, 225n, 291n, ii. 60n, 63n, 70n, 89n, 108n, 122n, 124n Devil-dancing, i. 315n, ii. 86, 97n Devil trees, i. 136n Devils, White, ii. 355, 359n D’Evreux, Father Yves, ii. 94n Dhafar (Dofar, Thafar), ii. 340, 348n, 444; its incense, 445; two places of the name, 445n–446n Dhárani, mystic charms, i. 315 Dhúlkarnain (Alex.), see Zulkarnain Dialects, Chinese, ii. 236, 243n–244n Diamonds in India, how found, ii. 360–361; mines of, 362n; diffusion of legend about, ib. “Diex Terrien,” i. 141n Diláwar, Polo’s Dihar, i. 104n Dimitri II., Thawdadebuli, king of Georgia, i. 53n Dínár, see Bezant Dinár of Red Gold, ii. 348n, 349n Dinh Tiên-hwàng, king of An-nam, i. 264n Diocletian, i. 14n Dioscorides insula, ii. 408n Dir, chief town of Panjkora, i. 104n, 164n, 165n Dirakht-i-Fazl, i. 135n, 138n Dirakht-i-Kush, i. 135n Diráwal, ancient capital of the Bhattis, i. 104n Dirhem-Kub, Shah Mahomed, founder of Hormuz dynasty, i. 115n, 121n Dish of Sakya or of Adam, ii. 328n, 330n Diu City, ii. 392n Diul-Sind, Lower Sind, i. 86n Divination by twigs or arrows, i. 241, 242n Dixan, branding with cross at, ii. 433n Dizabulus, pavilion of, i. 384n Dizfúl River, i. 85n Djao (Chao) Namian Sumé (Kaipingfu), i. 25n Djaya, turquoises, ii. 56n Doctors at Kinsay, ii. 203 Dofar, see Dhafar Dogana, i. 151; conjectures as to, 152n, 156n Doghábah River, i. 152n Dog-headed races, ii. 309, 311n Dogs, the Khan’s mastiffs, i. 400; of Tibet, ii. 45, 49, 52n; fierce in Cuiju, 126 Dog-sledging in Far North, ii. 480, 481n, 482; notes on dogs, 483n Dolfino, Ranuzzo, husband of Polo’s daughter, Moreta, 76 Dolonnúr, i. 26n Dominicans, sent with Polos but turn back, i. 22, 23 D’or plain, the expression, i. 269n Doráh Pass, i. 165n Doria, family at Meloria, 56 —— Lampa, 6; Admiral of Genoese Fleet sent to Adriatic, 45; his victory, 48; his tomb and descendants, 51; at Meloria with six sons, 56 —— Octaviano, death of, 48 —— Tedisio, exploring voyage of, 51 Dorjé, i. 360n D’Orléans, Prince Henri, i. 200n, 277n Douglas, Rev. Dr. C., ii. 232n, 237n, 240n, 241n, 244n Doyley, Sir Fulke, ii. 166n Dragoian (Ta-hua-Mien), ii. 297n, 306n Draps entaillez, i. 392 Drawers, enormous, of Badakhshan women, i. 160, 163n Dreams, notable, i. 305n Drums, sound of in certain sandy districts, 197, 202n Dryabalanops Camphora, ii. 303n Dua Khan, i. 121n, ii. 459n, 462n Du Bose, Rev. H. C., ii. 182n–184n Ducat, or sequin, i. 426n, ii. 591n Dudley, Arcano del Mare, ii. 266n Duel, mode in S. India of, ii. 371 Dufour, on mediæval artillery, ii. 161n, 163n Duhalde, Plan of Ki-chau, ii. 26n; or T’si-ning chau, ii. 139n Duḳuz Khatun, i. 288n Dulcarnon (Zulkarnain), i. 161n Dulites, ii. 432n Dumas, Alexander, i. 53n Dumb trade, ii. 486n Duncan, Rev. Moir, ii. 28n Dungen (Tungăni), or converts, i. 291n Duplicates in geography, ii. 409n Dupu, ii. 397n Dürer’s Map of Venice, so-called, 29, 30 Durga Temple, ii. 383n Dursamand, ii. 427n Dúsháb, sweet liquor or syrup, i. 87n Dust-storms, i. 105n Duties, on Great Kiang, ii. 170; on goods at Kinsay and Zayton, 189, 215, 216, 235; on horses, 438; at Hormuz, 450. (See also Customs.) Dutthagamini, king of Ceylon, i. 169n Dwara Samudra, ii. 294n, 367n, 427n Dzegun-tala, name applied to Mongolia, i. 214n Dzungaria, i. 214n

Eagle mark on shoulder of Georgian kings, i. 50 Eagles, trained to kill large game, i. 397, 399n —— white, in the Diamond Country, ii. 360–361 Eagle-wood, origin of the name, ii. 271n. (See Lign-aloes.) Earth honoured, ii. 341 East, its state, circa 1260, 8 et seqq. Ebony (bonus), ii. 268, 272n Edkins, Rev., ii. 199n Edward I., 59, 62, 63, i. 21n, ii. 593n Edward II., correspondence with Tartar princes, i. 36n, ii. 477n Effeminacy, in Chinese palaces, ii. 17, 20n, 145, 207, 208 Eggs of Ruc and Aepyornis, ii. 416n, 417n Egrigaia, province, i. 281, 282n Ela (cardamom), ii. 388n Elchidai, ii. 471, 474n Elenovka, i. 58n Elephantiasis, i. 187, 188n, ii. 350n Elephants, Kúblái carried on a timber bartizan by four, i. 337, 404, 408n; Kúblái’s, 391, 392n, ii. 104; the king of Mien’s, 99; numbers of men alleged to be carried by, 100n; how the Tartars routed, 102; wild, 107, 111, 117, 119n; in Caugigu, 117; Champa, 268, 271n; Locac, 276, 279n; Sumatra, 285, 289n, 290n; Madagascar and Zanghibar, 411, 422; trade in teeth of, ib.; carried off by the Ruc, 412, 417n, 419n, 421n; in Zanghibar, 422, 423; used in war, 429, 433n–434n; an error, 433n; Nubian, 424n; fable about, ib.; not bred in Abyssinia, 431; training of African, 434n; war of the, ib. Eli, Ely, Elly (Hili), kingdom of, ii. 385, 386n seqq., 403n, 426n Elias, Ney, i. 215n, 225n, 278n, 288n, 291n, ii. 23n, 144n Elixir vitae of the Jogis, ii. 365, 369n Elliot, Sir Walter, i. 38n, 48n, 56n, 65n, 96n, 102n, 104n, 105n, 121n, 165n, 265n, ii. 295n, 333n, 334n, 336n, 350n, 367n, 369n, 370n, 372n, 400n, 410n, 419n Emad, Ed-din Abu Thaher, founder of the Kurd dynasty, i. 85n Embroidery of silk at Kerman, i. 90, 96n; leather in Guzerat, ii. 394, 395n Empoli, Giovanni d’, ii. 239n Empusa, the Arabian Nesnás, i. 202n Enchanters, at Socotra, ii. 407 Enchantments, of the Caraonas, i. 98. (See also Conjurers, Sorcerers.) Engano Island, legend, ii. 406n Engineering feat, 50 Engineers, their growing importance in Middle Ages, ii. 166n England, Kúblái’s message to king of, i. 34; correspondence of Tartar princes with kings of, 36n, ii. 477n English trade and character in Asia, ii. 368n Enlightenment, Land of, i. 460n Erba, poisonous plant or grass, i. 217, 218n Erculin, Arculin (an animal), ii. 481, 483n, 484, 487 Erdeni Tso (Erdenidsu), or Erdeni Chao Monastery, i. 228n–230n Eremites (Rishis), of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n Erguiul, province, i. 274, 282n Erivan, i. 58n Erkeun (Ye li ke un), Mongol for Christians, i. 291n Ermine, i. 257, 405, 410n, ii. 481, 484, 487 Erzinjan, Erzinga, Eriza (Arzinga), i. 45 Erzrum (Arziron), i. 45, 48n Eschiel, the word, ii. 390n Esher (Shehr, Es-shehr), ii. 442; trade with India, incense, Ichthyophagi, 442, 443, 444n; singular sheep, 443, 444n Essentemur (Isentimur), Kúblái’s grandson, king of Carajan, ii. 64, 80n, 98 Estimo, Venetian, or forced loan, 47, 76 Etchmiadzin Monastery, i. 61n Ethiopia and India, confused, ii. 432n Ethiopian sheep, ii. 422, 424n Etiquette of the Mongol Court, i. 382, 385n, 391, 393n, 457 Etymologies, Balustrade, 38; buckram, i. 47n–48n; Avigi, 57n; Geliz (Ghellé), 59n; Jatolic, 61n; muslin, 62n; baudekins, 65n; cramoisy, 65n; ondanique, 93n; zebu, 99n; carbine, 101n; Dulcarnon, 161n; balas, 161n; azure and lazuli, 162n; None, 173n; Mawmet and Mummery, 189n; salamander, 216n; berrie, 237n; barguerlac, 272n; S’ling, 276n, 283n; siclatoun, 283n; Argon, 290n; Tungani, 291; Guasmul, 292n; chakór, 297n; Jádú and Yadah, 309n–310n; Tafur, 313n; Bacsi, 314n; Sensin, 321n; P’ungyi, 325n; carquois, 366n; Keshikán, 380n; vernique, 384n; camut, borgal, shagreen, 395n; Chinuchi or Chunichi, 401n; Toscaol, 407n; Bularguchi, 407n; Fondaco, 415n; Bailo, 421n; comercque, ii. 41n; porcelain, 74n; Sangon, 138n; Faghfur, 148n; Manjanik, mangonel, mangle, etc., 163n–164n; galingale, 229n; Chini and Misri, 230n; Satin, 241n, 242n; eagle-wood, aloes-wood, 271n–272n; Bonús, Calamanz, ib.; benzoni, 286n; china pagoda, 336n; Pacauca, 346n; Balánjar, a-muck, 347n–348n; Pariah, 349n; Govi, ib.; Avarian, 355n–356n; Abraiaman, 367n; Choiach, 368n; proques, 370n; Tembul and Betel, 374n; Sappan and Brazil, 380n–381n; Balladi, ib.; Belledi, 381n; Indigo baccadeo, 382n; Gatpaul, baboon, 383n–385n; Salami cinnamon, 391n; κώμακον, ib.; rook (in chess), 419n; Aranie, 462n; Erculin and Vair, 483n; Misḳál, 592n —— (of Proper Names), Curd, i. 62n; Dzungaria, 214n; Chingintalas, ib.; Cambuscan, 247n; Oirad, 308n; Kungurat, 358n; Manzi, ii. 144n; Bayan, 148n; Kinsay, 193n; Japan, 256n; Sornau, 279n; Narkandam, 312n; Ceylon, 314n; Ma’bar, 332n; Chilaw, 337n; Mailapúr, 359n; Sônagarpaṭṭanam, 372n; Punnei-Káyal, Káyal, ib.; Kollam (Coilum), 377; Hili (Ely), 386n; Cambaet, 398n; Mangla and Nebila, 405n; Socotra, 408n; Colesseeah, 410n; Caligine, 439n; Aijaruc, 463; Nemej, 493n —— Chinese, ii. 119n Etzina, i. 223 Eunuchs, i. 356; procured from Bengal, ii. 115n Euphrates, i. 43n; said to flow into the Caspian, 52, 59n Euphratesia, i. 43n Euxine, see Black Sea Evelyn’s Diary, i. 136n Execution of Princes of the Blood, mode of, i. 67n, 343, 344n Eyircayá, i. 281n

Facen, Dr. J., 139 Faghfur (Facfur, Emperor of Southern China), ii. 145; meaning of title, 148n; his effeminate diversions, 207; decay of his palace, 208 Faizabad in Badakhshan, i. 156n, 163n, 173n, 175n Fakanúr, ii. 440n Fakata, ii. 260n Fakhruddin Ahmad, Prince of Hormuz, i. 121n, ii. 333n Falconers, Kúblái’s, i. 335, 402, 407n Falcons, of Kerman, i. 90, 96n; Saker and Lanner, 158, 162n; peregrine, 269; Kúblái’s, 402 Famine, horrors, i. 313n Fanchán, P’ing-chang, title of a second class Cabinet Minister, i. 432n, ii. 179n Fanchan Lake, ii. 29n Fan-ching, siege of, ii. 167n Fandaraina, ii. 386n, 391n, 440n Fang, see Squares Fansur, in Sumatra, kingdom of, ii. 299, 302n Fansuri camphor, ii. 299, 302n Fan Wen-hu, or Fan-bunko, a General in Japanese Expedition, ii. 260n, 261n Fariáb, or Pariáb, i. 106n Faro of Constantinople, ii. 490 Farriers, none in S. India, ii. 340, 450 Fars, province, i. 85n, 92n, ii. 333n, 348n, 377n, 402n Fashiyah, Atabeg dynasty, i. 85n, 86n Fassa, i. 86n Fasting days, Buddhist, i. 220, 222n Fattan, in Ma’bar, ii. 333n, 336n Fatteh, ’Ali Sháh, i. 146n, 179n Fausto, Vettor, his Quinquereme, 33 Fazl, Ibn Hassan (Fazluïeh-Hasunïeh), i. 86n Feili, Lurs dynasty, i. 84n Female attendants on Chinese Emperors, ii. 17, 20n, 147, 207, 208 Ferlec, in Sumatra, kingdom of (Parlák), ii. 284, 287n, 294n, 295n, 305n; Hill people, 284, 288n Fernandez, or Moravia, Valentine, ii. 295n Ferrier, General, i. 68n, 100n, 106n Festivals, Order of the Kaan’s, i. 386, 388n Fiag, or Pog River, i. 54n Ficus Vasta, i. 129n Fidáwí, Ismailite adepts, i. 144n, 145n Filial Piety in China, i. 457, 462n Filippi, Professor F. de, Silk industry in Ghílán, i. 59n Finn, i. 122n Fiordelisa, daughter of younger Maffeo Polo, 17, 65 —— supposed to be Nicolo Polo’s second wife, 17, 26, 27 —— wife of Felice Polo, 27, 65 Firando Island, ii. 260n Firdús, Ismailite Castle, i. 148n Firdúsí, i. 93n, 130n Fire, affected by height of Pamir Plain, i. 171, 178n; regulations at Kinsay, ii. 189 Fire-baptism, ascribed to Abyssinians, ii. 427, 432n Fire-Pao (cannon?), i. 342n, ii. 596n Fire-worship, or rockets, in Persia, i. 78, 80; by the Sensin in Cathay, 303, 325n Firishta, the historian, i. 104n, 169n Fish miracle in Georgia, i. 52, 57n, 58n; in the Caspian, 59n; and date diet, 107, 116n, ii. 450; supply at Kinsay, 202; food for cattle, 443, 444n; stored for man and beast, 443 Fish-oil, used for rubbing ships, i. 108, 117n Florin, or ducat, ii. 215, 591n Flour (Sago), trees producing, ii. 300, 304n, 305n Flückiger, Dr., ii. 226n Fog, dry, i. 105n Fo-kien, see Fu-chau Folin (Byzantine Empire), ii. 405n Fondaco, i. 415n, ii. 238n Foot-mark on Adam’s Peak, q.v. Foot-posts in Cathay, i. 435 Forg, i. 86n Formosa, Plain (Harmuza), i. 107, 115n Forsyth, Sir T. Douglas, i. 193n, 194n, 216n, 400n Fortune, R., ii. 182n, 198, 220n, 222n, 224n, 229n, 233n Foundlings, provision for, ii. 147, 151n Four-horned sheep, ii. 443, 444n Fowls with hair, ii. 126, 129n Foxes, black, ii. 479, 481n, 484, 487 Fozlán, Ibn, i. 7n, 8n, ii. 348n, 488n Fra terre (Interior), i. 43n Fracastoro, Jerome, 2 Franciscan converts, in Volga region, i. 5n, 9n, ii. 491n; at Yang-chau, 154n; Zayton, 237n Francolin (darráj of the Persians), black partridge, i. 97, 99n, 107, 297n Frankincense, see Incense Frederic II., Emperor, his account of the Tartars, i. 56n; story of implicit obedience, 144n; his cheetas, 398n; his leather money, 429n; his giraffe, ii. 424n French, the original language of Polo’s Book, 81 seqq.; its large diffusion in that age, 86 seqq., 122 French Expedition up the Kamboja River, ii. 57n, 67n, 80n, 120n Frenchmen, riding long like, ii. 78 French mission and missionaries in China, ii. 38n, 48n, 52n, 57n, 63n, 96n, 97n, 127n Frère charnel, i. 187n Frere, Sir B., i. 96n, 117n, 147n, ii. 395n, 424n Froissart, i. 17n, 42n, 68n Fu-chau (Fo-kien, Fuju), ii. 220n–222n, 224n, 226, 230, 231, 232n, 233n, 238n, 251n; paper-money at, i. 428n; wild hill people of, 225, 228n; its identity, 232n, 238n; language of, 243n; tooth relique at, 330n Fuen (Fen) ho River, ii. 17n Funeral rites, Chinese, in Tangut, i. 204; of the Kaans, 246, 250n; at Kinsay, ii. 191. (See also Dead.) Fungul, city of, ii. 124, 127n Furs, of the Northern Regions, i. 257, 405, 410n, ii. 481, 483n, 484, 487 Fusang, Mexico(?), ii. 405n Fuyang, ii. 220n Fuzo, see Fu-chau

Gabala, Bishop of, i. 231n Gagry, maritime defile of, i. 54n Gaisue, officer of Kúblái’s Mathematical Board, i. 449n Galeasse, Venetian gallery, 36, i. 119n Galingale, ii. 225, 229n, 272 Galletti, Marco, 27, ii. 512n Galleys of the Middle Ages, war, 31 seqq.; arrangement of rowers, 31–32; number of oars, 32, 33; dimensions, 33, 34; tactics in fight, 38; toil in rowing, ib.; strength and cost of crew, 39; staff of fleet, 39–40; Joinville’s description of, 40; customs of, 41 Galley-slaves not usual in Middle Ages, 39 Gambling, prohibited by Kúblái, i. 457 Game, see Sport Game Laws, Mongol, i. 396, 406, ii. 13 Game, supplied to Court of Cambaluc, i. 396, 401 Ganapati Kings, ii. 362n Gandar, Father, ii. 139n, 153n Gandhára, ii. 114n, 329n, 330n; Buddhist name for Yun-nan, ii. 73n Ganfu, port of Kinsay, ii. 189 Ganja, gate of, i. 57n Gan-p’u, ii. 238n Gantanpouhoa, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n Gantûr, ii. 362n Gardenia, fruit and dyes, ii, 226n Gardiner’s (misprinted Gardner’s) Travels, i. 160n, 179n Gardner, C., ii. 196n, 198n Garmsir, Ghermseer (Cremesor), Hot Region, i. 75n, 99n, 112n, 114n Garnier, Lieut. Francis (journey to Talifu), ii. 38n, 48n, 57n, 58n, 60n, 64n, 67n, 74n, 80n, 90n, 91n, 95n, 99n, 117n, 120n, 122n, 123n, 128n, 130n, 198n, 278n Garrisons, Mongol, in Cathay and Manzi, i. 336n, ii. 190, 200n; disliked the people, 205 Garuda, ii. 351n, 415n, 419n Gate of Iron, ascribed to Derbend, i. 57n Gates, of Kaan’s palace, i. 363, 368n; of Cambaluc, 374, 377n; of Somnath, ii. 400–401 Gat-pauls, Gatopaul, Gatos-paulas, ii. 382, 383n, 385n Gatto maimone, ii. 383n Gauenispola Island, ii. 300, 307n Gaur (Bos Gaurus, etc.), ii. 114n Gauristan, i. 86n Gavraz, village, i. 45n Gazaria, ii. 490, 492n Gedrosi, ii. 402n Gelath in Imeretia, Iron Gate at, i. 57n Geliz, Spanish for silk dealer, i. 59n Genealogy of Polos, 13; errors as given by Barbaro, etc., in, 77–78; tabular, ii. 506n; of House of Chinghiz, 505n Genoa, Polo’s captivity at, 6, 48–55 —— and Pisa, rivalry, and wars of, 41, 56 seqq. —— and Venice, rivalry and wars of, 41 seqq. Genoese, their growth in skill and splendour, 42; character as seamen by poet of their own, 43; character by old Italian author, 48; capture of Soldaia, i. 4n; their navigation of the Caspian, 52, 59n; trade in box-wood, 57n; their merchants at Tabriz, 75; in Fo-kien, ii. 238n Gentile Plural names converted into local singulars, i. 58n Geographical Text of Polo’s Book constantly quoted, its language, 83; proofs that it is the original, 84 seqq.; tautology, 85; source of other texts, ib. George (Jirjis, Yurji, Gurgán), king of Tenduc, of the time of Prester John, i. 284, 287n; a possible descendant of, 288n, ii. 460 Georgia (Georgiana), beauty of, and its inhabitants, i. 50–53n; their kings, 50, 52n Gerfalcons (Shonkár), i. 270, 273n, 299, 402, 404; tablets engraved with, 35, 351, 355n, ii. 487 Gerini, Colonel, ii. 596n German Follower of the Polos, ii. 159 Ghaiassuddin Balban (Asedin Soldan), Sultan of Delhi, i. 99, 104n, 105n Gháran country, ruby mines in, i. 161n Gházán (Casan) Khan of Persia, son of Arghún, i. 14n, 29n, 88n, 103n, 121n, 138n, 429n, ii. 50, 166n, 466n; his regard for the Polos, i. 35; marries the Lady Kukachin, 36, 38n, ii. 465n; his mosque at Tabriz, i. 76n; set to watch the Khorasan frontier, ii. 474, 475n; obtains the throne, 476; his object and accomplishments, 478n Ghel, or Ghelan (Ghel-u-chelan), Sea of, Caspian Sea, i. 52, 58n Ghellé (Gílí), silk of the Gíl province, i. 52, 59n Ghes, or Kenn (formerly Kish or Kais), i. 63, 64n Ghez tree, i. 89n Ghiuju, ii. 219, 221n, 222n Ghiyas ed-din, last Prince of Kurd dynasty, i. 85n Ghori, or Aksarai River, i. 152n Ghúls, goblins, i. 202n Ghúr, i. 102n Giglioli, Professor H., 51 Gíl, or Gílán, province, i. 59n Gilgit, i. 160n Gill, Captain (River of Golden Sand), i. 408n, ii. 40n, 57n, 59n, 80n–82n, 84n, 88n, 91n, 109n, 169n, 221n Ginao, Mt. and Hot Springs, i. 122n Gindanes of Herodotus, ii. 48 Ginger, ii. 22; Shan-si, 33; Caindu, 56; alleged to grow in Kiangnan, 181, 183n; Fuju, 224, 325; Coilum, 375, 381n; different qualities and prices of, 381n; Ely, 385, 388n; Malabar, 389; Guzerat, 393 Giraffes, ii. 413, 421n, 422, 431; mediæval notices of, 424n Girardo, Paul, 70, ii. 511n Girdkuh, an Ismailite fortress, its long defence, i. 146n, 148n Girls, consecrated to idols in India, ii. 345–346 Gittarchan, see Astrakhan Glaza (Ayas, q.v.), 54 Gleemen and jugglers, conquer Mien, ii. 110 Goa, ii. 358n, 451n Gobernador, Straits of, ii. 281n Goës, Benedict, 20, i. 175n, 218n Gog and Magog (Ung and Mungul), legend of, i. 56n, 57n; rampart of, 57n; country of, 285; name suggested by Wall of China, 292n Gogo, ii. 398n Goître at Yarkand, i. 187, 188n Golconda diamond mines, ii. 362n Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh, their mystic meaning, i. 79, 81n Gold dust in Tibet, ii. 49, 52n; exchanged for salt in Caindu, 54, 57n; Brius River, 56; in Kin-shia-Kiang, 72n; and nuggets in Carajan, 76; abundant in Yun-nan, 95n, 106; Caugigu, 116; Coloman, 123; infinite in Chipangu, 253, 256; in Sea of Chin Islands, 264; dust in Gulf of Cheinan Islands, 266; not found in Java, 274n; in Locac, 276; the Malayo-Siamese territories, 179n; Sumatra, 284, 287n; vast accumulations in South India, 12, 340, 348n; imported into Malabar, 390; and into Cambay, 398; purchased in Socotra, 407 Gold and silver towers of Mien, ii. 110 —— cloths of, i. 41, 50, 60, 63, 65n, 75, 84, 285, 387, ii. 23. (See Silk and Gold.) —— of the Gryphons in Herodotus, ii. 419n —— Teeth (Zardandan), Western Yunnan, ii. 84, 88n–91n —— to silver, relative value of, i. 426n, ii. 95n, 256n, 591n Golden King and Prester John, tale of the, ii. 17–22 —— Island, ii. 174n, 175, 176n, 310n —— Horde (kings of the Ponent), ii. 486n, 492n Golfo, Indigo di, ii. 382n Gomispola, Gomispoda, see Gauenispola Gomushtapah, Wall of, i. 57n Gomuti palm, ii. 297n Gondophares, a king in the St. Thomas legends, ii. 357n Gordon’s “Ever Victorious Army,” ii. 179n Gordun Sháh, i. 120n Göring, F., i. 74n Goriosan, ii. 260n Gor Khar, wild ass, i. 89n Goshawks, i. 50, 57n, 96n, 252, 402; black, ii. 285, 345 Gothia (Crimean), ii. 490; its limit and language, 492n Govy, a low caste in Maabar, ii. 341, 349n, 355 Goza, i. 38n Gozurat, see Guzerat Grail, Buddhist parallel to the Holy, ii. 328n, 330n Granaries, Imperial, i. 443 Grapes in Shan-si, ii. 13, 15n, 16n Grass-cloths, ii. 127n Grasso, Donato, 25 Great Bear (Meistre), ii. 292, 296n; and Little, force of, and application of these epithets, 286n Great, or Greater Sea (Black Sea), i. 3n, ii. 487, 488, 490 Greece, Bactria’s relation to, i. 160n Greek fire, 38, ii. 165n Greeks, in Turcomania, i. 43; and Greek tongue in Socotra, ii. 408n, 409n; possible relic of, 410n Green, Rev. D. D., ii. 193n —— Island, legendary, ii. 381n —— Islands, ii. 417n —— Mount, Cambaluc, i. 365, 370n —— R., see Tsien Tang Gregorieff, his excavations at Sarai, i. 6n Gregory X., Pope, see Theobald of Piacenza Grenard, i. 189n, 190n, 193n, 195n, 200n, 203n, 276n, 310n, 324n, 409n, ii. 5n, 27n Grioni, Zanino, ii. 517n Griut (kurut), sour-curd, i. 265n Groat, Venetian grosso, i. 424, 426n, ii. 22, 66, 153, 181, 201, 225, 236, 354, 591n Groot, Professor, J. J. M. de, i. 209n, 251n, 268n, ii. 135n Grote, Arthur, ii. 444n Grueber and Dorville, Jesuit travellers, i. 276n Grus, cinerea, antigone, leucogeranus, monachus, i. 297n Gryphon, see Ruc Guasmul (Basmul), half-breeds, i. 284, 292n Guchluk, i. 161n Gudar (village), i. 113n Gudderi, musk animals, Tibet, ii. 45, 49n Gudran, i. 126n Guebers, the, i. 88n, 96n Gujáh, Hulákú’s chief secretary, i. 33n Gugal, bdellum, ii. 397n Guilds of craftsmen at Kinsay, ii. 186 —— Venetian, 72 Guinea-fowl, ii. 431, 437n Guions, a quasi-Tibetan tribe, ii. 60n Gumish-Khának, silver mines, i. 49n Gunpowder, 138 Gurgán, a Tartar chief, ii. 474n Gurgán, son-in-law, a title, i. 288n Gur-Khan of Karacathay, i. 233n Gutturals, Mongol elision of, i. 8n, 64n Guz = 100, i. 261, 263n Guzerat (Gozurat), ii. 389, 390, 392, 394n; products, mediæval architecture and dress, 393; work, 393–394, 395n

Haast, Dr., discovers a fossil Ruc, ii. 417n Habíb-ullah of Khotan, i. 189n Habsh (Abash), see Abyssinia Hadhramaut (Sessania Adrumetorum), i. 82n Hadiah, ii. 436n Haffer, ii. 445n Hai-nan, Gulf of, ii. 266n —— language of, ii. 244n Hairy men in Sumatra, ii. 301n Hajji Mahomed, i. 211n, 221n Hakeddin, ii. 436n Half-breeds, see Argons Hamd Allah Mastaufi, the geographer, i. 76n, 81n, 84n, 92n, 135n Hamilton, Captain Alexander, i. 106n, 122n Hammer-Purgstall on Marco Polo, 115 Hamúm Arabs, ii. 443n Hamza of Ispahan, i. 101n Hamza Pantsúri, or Fantsúri, ii. 303n Hanbury, D., ii. 183n, 226n, 229n Han-chung (Cuncun), ii. 31, 32n, 34n, 35n Hang-chau fu, see Kinsay Han dynasty, i. 193n, 347n, ii. 32n, 35n, 70n —— River, ii. 34n, 35n, 149n, 167n Hanjám, i. 115n Han-kau, ii. 183n Hansi, ii. 427n Han Yü, ii. 81n Harám, i. 141n Harhaura, W. Panjáb, i. 104n Harlez, Mgr. de, i. 305n Harmozeia, i. 114n Harpagornis, fossil Ruc, ii. 417n Harran, i. 23n Harshadeva, king of Kashmir, i. 169n Harsuddi, temple of, ii. 349n Haru, or Aru, ii. 303n Hashíshín, see Assassins Hásik, ii. 444n Hassán Kalá, hot springs at, i. 47n Hassan, son of Sabah, founder of the Ismailites, i. 141n Hastings, Warren, letter of, i. 57n Hatan, rebellion of, i. 346n Haunted deserts, i. 197, 201n, 274 Havret, Father H., ii. 155n, 212n Hawáríy (Avarian), the term, ii. 356n Hawks, hawking in Georgia, i. 50, 57n; Yezd and Kerman, 88, 90, 96n; Badakhshan, 158, 162n; Etzina, 223; among the Tartars, 252; on shores and islands of Northern Ocean, 269, 273n; Kúblái’s sport at Chagannor, 296; in mew at Chandu, 299; trained eagles, 397, 399n; Kúblái’s establishment of, 402, 403, 407n, ii. 13; in Tibet, 50; Sumatra, 285; Maabar, 345 Hayton I. (Hethum), king of Lesser Armenia, 11, i. 25n, 42n, ii. 592n; his autograph, 13 Hazáras, the, Mongol origin of, i. 102n; lax custom ascribed to, 212n, ii. 56n Hazbana, king of Abyssinia, ii. 436n Heat, great at Hormuz, i. 108, 109, 119n, ii. 452; in India, 343, 375–376 Heaven, City of (Kinsay), ii. 182, 184n, 185, 203 Hedin, Dr. Sven, i. 188n, 190n, 193n, 198n, 203n, 225n, 276n Heibak, caves at, i. 156n Height, effects on fire of great, i. 171, 178n Heikel, Professor Axel, on Buddhist monasteries in the Orkhon, i. 228n Hei-shui (Mongol Etsina) River, i. 225n Hel, Ela (Cardamom), ii. 388n Helena, Empress, i. 82n Helli, see Eli He-lung Kiang, ii. 35n Hemp of Kwei-chau, ii. 127 Henry II., Duke of Silesia, ii. 493n Henry III., i. 27n, 56n Heraclius, Emperor, said to have loosed the shut-up nations, i. 56n Herat, i. 150n, ii. 402n Hereditary trades, ii. 186, 196n Hereford, Map, 132, i. 134n Hermenia, see Armenia Hermits of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n Herodotus, i. 135n, ii. 104n, 109n Hethum, see Hayton Hiai- or Kiai-chau (Caichu?), ii. 19n Hides, ii. 398. (See Leather.) Hili, Hili-Marawi, see Ely Hill-people of Fo-kien, wild, ii. 225, 228n Hinaur, see Hunáwar Hind, ii. 402n Hindu character, remarks on frequent eulogy of, ii. 367 —— Kush, i. 104n, 164n, 165n, ii. 594n Hindus, their steel and iron, i. 93n —— in Java, ii. 283n Hing-hwa, language of, ii. 244n Hippopotamus’ teeth, ii. 413, 421n Hips, admiration of large, i. 160 Hirth, Dr. F., ii. 27n, 28n, 89n, 194n, 199n Hiuan-Tsung, Emperor, ii. 28n Hiuen Tsang, Dr., a Buddhist monk, i. 164n–165n, 169n, 174n, 189n–193n, 197n, 202n, 221n, 222n, 306n, 446n, ii. 28n, 60n, 594n, 595n Hochau, in Sze-chwan, Mangku Khan’s death at, i. 245n —— in Kansuh, ii. 29n Hochung-fu (Cachanfu), ii. 25n Hodgson, Mr., ii. 116n Hoernle, Dr., i. 190n Hojos, ii. 262n Hokien-fu (Cacanfu), ii. 133n Hokow, or Hokeu, ii. 224n Holcombe, Rev. C., on Hwai-lu, ii. 15n; on Yellow River, 23n; on Pia-chau fu, 25n; on road from T’ung-kwan to Si-ngan fu, 27n Hollingworth, H. G., ii. 144n Holy Sepulchre, ii. 429; oil from lamp of, i. 14, 19, 26 Homeritae, ii. 432n Homi-cheu, or Ngo-ning, ii. 122n, 128n, 129n, 131n Homme, its technical use, i. 27n, 342n Hondius map, i. 102n Ho-nhi, or Ngo-ning (Anin) tribe, ii. 120n, 121n. (See Homi-cheu.) Hooker, Sir Joseph, on bamboo explosion, ii. 46n Horiad (Oirad, or Uirad) tribe, i. 300, 308n Hormuz (Hormos, Curmosa), i. 83, 107, 110n, ii. 340, 348n, 370, 402n, 449, 451; trade with India, a sickly place, the people’s diet, i. 107, ii. 450; ships, 108; great heat and fatal wind, 108, 109, 119n, 120n; crops, mourning customs, i. 109; the king of, 110; another road to Kerman from, 110, 122n; route from Kerman to, 110n; site of the old city, ib.; foundation of, 115n; history of, 120n; merchants, ii. 340; horses exported to India from, 348n; the Melik of, 449, 450, 451 —— Island, or Jerun, i. 110n, 111n, ii. 451n; Organa of Arian, i. 115n, 121n Hormuzdia, i. 111n Horns of Ovis Poli, i. 171, 176n Horoscopes, in China, i. 447, ii. 191; in Maabar, 344 Horse-posts and Post-houses, i. 433, 437n Horses, Turkish, i. 43, 44n; Persian, 83, 86n; of Badakhshan, strain of Bucephalus, 158, 162n; sacrificed at Kaans’ tombs, 246; Tartar, 260, 264n; and white mares, 300, 308n; presented to Kaan on New Year’s Day, 390; of Carajan, ii. 64, 78, 81n; their tails docked, 82n; of Anin, 119; tracking by, 174n; decorated with Yaks’ tails, 355; now bred in S. India, 340, 342, 348n, 350n, 438, 450 —— great trade and prices in importing to India from Persia, i. 83, 86n; modes of shipment, 108, 117n; from Carajan, ii. 78; from Anin, 119; from Kis, Hormuz, Dofar, Soer, and Aden, 340, 348n, 370, 395, 438; Esher, 442; Dofar, 444; Calatu, 450, 451n —— duty on, 438; captured by pirates, 395; their extraordinary treatment and diet in India, 340, 345, 348n–349n, 351n, 450 Horse-stealing, Tartar laws v., i. 266 Hosie, A., ii. 131n; on Ch’êng-tu, 40n; brine-wells of Pai-yen-ching, 58n; on the Si-fan, 60n, 61n; on Caindu Lake, 72n Hospitals, Buddhist, i. 446n Hostelries, at Cambaluc, i. 412; on the Cathay post-roads, 434, ii. 32n; at Kinsay, 193 Hot springs in Armenia, i. 45, 46n; near Hormuz, 110, 122n Hounds, Masters of Kaan’s, i. 400–401n Hours, struck from Cambaluc bell-tower, i. 373, 414; at Kinsay, ii. 188; unlucky, 364, 368n; canonical, 368n, 369n Hsi Hsia dynasty, i. 205n Hsiang-Chên, Hsiang, wood, ii. 301n Hu-chau fu (Vuju), ii. 184n Hui-hui, white and black capped, two Mohammedan sects, ii. 30n, Hukaji (Hogáchi, Cogachin), Kúblái’s son, i. 361n, ii. 76, 80n Hukwan-hien, ii. 230n Hulákú Khan (Alau, Alacon), Kúblái’s brother, and founder of Mongol dynasty in Persia, 10, i. 5, 10, 61n, 64n, 334n; war with Barka Khan, 8n, 103n; takes Baghdad and puts Khalif to death, 63, 66n, 85n, 86n; the Ismailites and the Old Man, 145, 245, 247n —— his treachery, ii. 181n; his descendants, 477; battle with Barca, 494; his followers, 495 Hullukluk, village, near Sivas, i. 45n Human fat, used for combustion in war, ii. 180n —— sacrifices, i. 208n Humáyún, Emperor, i. 155n, 277n Humboldt, 106, 107, 110, 120, i. 178n Hunáwar (Onore, Hinaur), ii. 390n, 440n Hundred Eyes, prophecy of the, ii. 145, 146, 149n Hundwáníy (ondanique), Indian steel, i. 93n Hungary, Hungarians, ii. 286n, 492n Hung Hao, Chinese author, i. 212n Hun-ho (Sanghin River), ii. 5n, 6n Hunting equipment and Expedition, Kúblái’s, i. 397, 398n, 404; Kang-hi’s, 407n —— preserves, ii. 13. (See also Sport.) Hutton, Captain, i. 100n Hwa-chau, ii. 29n Hwai-lu, or Hwo-lu-h’ien (Khavailu), the Birmingham of N. Shansi, ii. 15n Hwai-ngan-fu (Coiganju), ii. 152n Hwai River, ii. 143n, 152n Hwang-ho (Yellow River), i. 245n, 282n, 286n, ii. 23n, 25n, 27n; changes in its courses, 137n, 142n, 143n; its embankments, 143n Hwan-ho, ii. 6n Hyena, i. 378n Hyrcania, king of, i. 57n

Iabadiu, ii. 286n Ibn-al-Furāt, i. 67n Ibn Batuta (Moorish traveller, circa A.D. 1330–1350), i. 4n–9n, 37n, 44n, 46n, 65n, 75n, 76n, 85n, 101n, 110n, 111n, 116n, 120n, 148n, 150n, 151n, 161n, 165n, 202n, 247n, 294n, 346n, 396n–410n, ii. 116n, 163n, 214n, 282n, 286n, 312n, 322n, 337n, 346n, 380n, 391n, 413n, 440n, 444n, 445n, 465n; his account of Chinese juggling, i. 316n; his account of Khansa (Kinsay), 214n; of Zayton, 238n; in Sumatra, 289n, 294n; on Camphor, 303n; in Ceylon, 315n, 322n, 337n; at Kaulam, 377n, 380n; in Malabar, 391n; sees Rukh, 419n; his account of Maldives, 425n; dog-sledges, ii. 481n, 483n; Market in Land of Darkness, 486n; on Silver Mines of Russia, 488n Ibn Fozlán, see Fozlán Ichin-hien, ii. 154n, 168n, 173n Ichthyophagous cattle and people, ii. 442, 443, 444n Icon Amlac, king of Abyssinia, ii. 434n–436n Iconium (Kuniyah, Conia), i. 43, 44n Idolatry (Buddhism) and Idolaters, in Kashmir, i. 166, 168n; their decalogue, 167, 170n; Pashai, 172; Tangut, 203, 207n; Kamul, 210; Kanchau, 219, 221n; Chingintalas, 212; Suhchau, 217; Etzina, their fasting days, 220, 222n, 223; Tartars and Cathayans, 263, 343, 445, 456; Erguiul, 274; Egrigaia, 281; Tenduc, 284, 285; Chandu, 300–303; at Kúblái’s birthday feast, 387; Cachanfu, ii. 23; Kenjanfu, 24; Acbalec Manzi, 33; Sindafu, 37; Tibet, 45, 49; Caindu, 53; Yachi, 66; Carajan, 76; Zardandan, 84; Mien, 109; Caugigu, 116; Coloman, 122; Cuiju, 124; Cacanfu, 132; Chinangli, 135; Sinjumatu, 138; Coiganju, 151; Paukin, 152; Tiju, 153; Nanghin, 157; Chinghianfu, 176; Tanpiju, 218; Chipangu, 253; Chamba, 266; Sumatra, 284, 292, 299; Nicobars, 306; Mutfili, 360; Coilum, 375; Eli, 385; Malabar, 389; Tana, 395; Cambaet, 397; Semenat, 398; Far North, 479 —— Origin of, ii. 318, 319; of Brahmans, 364; of Jogis, 365 Idols, Tartar, i. 257, 258n, 456, ii. 479; Tangut, 203–207n; colossal, 219, 221n; of Cathay, 263; of Bacsi or Lamas, 302; of Sensin, 303, 323n–326n; of East generally, 263, 265n; in India, 340, 345 Ιερόδουλοι, ii. 351n Ieu, Gnostics of, ii. 321n Ifat, Aufat, ii. 435n Ig, Ij, or Irej, capital of the Shawánkárs, i. 86 Igba Zion, Iakba Siun, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n Ilchi, commissioner, i. 30n Ilchi, modern capital of Khotan, i. 189n, 190n Ilchigadai Khan, i. 186n Ilija, hot springs at, i. 47n Ilkhan, the title, 10 Ilyáts, nomads of Persia, i. 85 Imáms of the Ismailites, i. 146n Im Thurn, Everard, on Couvade, ii. 94n Incense, Sumatran, ii. 286; brown in West India, 395, 396n; white (i.e. frankincense), in Arabia, 396n, 442, 443n, 445, 446n–449n India, 12, i. 1, 107, 109, 167, 414, ii. 76, 78, 107, 115, 119, 236, 249; horse trade to, i. 83, 86n; trade to Manzi or China from, ii. 190, 216, 390, 395; believed to breed no horses, 340, 342, 438, 450; trade with Persia and Arabia, 370; western limits of, 401, 402n; islands of, 423, 425n; division of, 424; sundry lists of States, 426n–427n; trade with Aden and Egypt, 438; with Arabian ports, 442, 444, 450; confusion of Ethiopia and, 432n India, the Greater, ii. 331 seqq., 401, 424 —— its extent, ii. 425n, 426n —— the Lesser, ii. 424, 425n–426n —— Middle (Abyssinia), ii. 423, 427 —— remarks on this title, ii. 431n —— Maxima, ii. 426n —— Tertia, ii. 425n —— Superior, ii. 426n —— Sea of, i. 35, 63, 108, 166, ii. 265, 424 Indian drugs to prolong life, ii. 370n —— geography, dislocation of Polo’s, ii. 377n, 390n, 396n, 403n, 426n —— nuts, see Cocoa-nuts —— steel (ondanique), i. 93n Indies, the Three, and their distribution, ii. 424, 426n Indifference, religious, of Mongol Emperors, i. 14n, 349n Indigo, mode of manufacture at Coilum, ii. 375, 381n, 382n; in Guzerat, 393; Cambay, 398; prohibited by London Painters’ Guild, 382n Indo-China, ii. 426n Indragiri River, ii. 283n Infants, exposure of, ii. 147, 151n Ingushes of Caucasus, i. 268n Innocent IV., Pope, i. 62n Inscription, Jewish, at Kaifungfu, i. 346n Insult, mode of, in South India, ii. 371 Intramural interment prohibited, i. 414 Invulnerability, devices for, ii. 259, 263n ’Irák, i. 74, 84n, 86n, 145n Irghai, i. 281n Irish, accused of eating their dead kin, ii. 298n —— M.S. version of Polo’s Book, 102–103 Iron, in Kerman, i. 90, 92n, 93n, 94n; in Cobinan, 125 Iron Gate (Derbend Pass), said to have been built by Alexander, i. 53n, 54n; gate ascribed to, 57n, ii. 494 Irtish River, ii. 493n Isaac, king of Abyssinia, ii. 432n, 433n Isabel, queen of Little Armenia, i. 42n Isabeni, ii. 432n Isentemur (Sentemur, Essentemur), Kúblái’s grandson, ii. 64, 80n Ish, the prefix, i. 156n ’Ishin, i. 119n Ish-Káshm, i. 156n, 172n; dialect, 160n, 173n Iskandar, Shah of Malacca, ii. 282n Islands, of the Indian Sea, ii. 249, 424, 426n; of China, 251, 264; in the Gulf of Cheinan, 266n; Male and Female, 404 seqq. Isle d’Orléans, ii. 277n Isle of Rubies (Ceylon), ii. 314n Ismaïl, Shah of Persia, i. 61n Ismailites, see Assassins Ispahan (Istanit, Istan, Spaan), kingdom of Persia, i. 83n, 85n Israel in China, see Jews Iteration, wearisome, ii. 133n I-tsing, ii. 283n Ivongo, ii. 414n Ivory trade, ii. 423, 424n ’Izzuddín Muzaffar, suggests paper-money in Persia, i. 428n, 429n

Jacinth, ii. 362n Jacobite Christians, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n, ii. 409n, 432n–433n; at Tauris, i. 75, 77n; Yarkand, 187; perhaps in China, 291n Jacobs, Joseph, Barlaam and Josaphat, ii. 327n Jadah, or Yadah-Tásh, i. 309n Jade stone (jasper) of Khotan, i. 191, 193n, 194 Jaeschke, Rev. H. A., i. 209n, 243n, 314n, 324n Jaffa, Count of, his galley, 40, 49 Jaipál, Raja, ii. 346n Jájnagar, ii. 427n Jaláluddín of Khwarizm, i. 91n, 236n Jamáluddín-al-Thaibi, Lord of Kais, i. 65n, ii. 333n, 348n Jamáluddin, envoy from Ma’bar to Khanbaligh, ii. 337n Jambi River, ii. 283n James of Aragon, king, i. 273n, ii. 163n Jámisfulah (Gauenispola), ii. 307n Jamúi Khátún, Kúblái’s favourite Queen, her kindness to the captured Chinese princesses, i. 38n, 358n, ii. 151n Jangama sect, ii. 370n Janibeg, Khan of Sarai, i. 6n, 264n, 352n Japan, see Chipangu Japanese paper-money, i. 428n Jaroslawl, ii. 489n Jase, stitched vessel, i. 117n Jaspar (Gaspar), one of the Magi, i. 78, 82n Jasper and chalcedony, i. 191, 193n Jatolic, Játhalík, Jaselic, Gáthalík (καθολικός), i. 60, 61n Jauchau, ii. 243n Jaúzgún, former captain of Badakhshan, i. 156n Java, the Great, 13; described, ii. 272; circuit, empires in, 275n; Kúblái’s expedition against, ib. Java, the Greater and Lesser, meaning of these terms, ii. 286n Java, the Less, see Sumatra Jawa, Jáwi, applied by Arabs to islands and products of the Archipelago generally, ii. 286n Jaya-Sinhavarman II., king of Champa, ii. 271n Jazirah, i. 61n Jehangir (Jehan, Shah), i. 168n Jenkinson, Anthony, i. 9n, 218n Jerún (Zarun), island, site of the later Hormuz, i. 110n, 111n, 115n, 121n Jerusalem, 130, i. 19 Jesuit maps, i. 408n Jesujabus, Nestorian Patriarch, ii. 377n, 409n Jews, their test of Mahommed’s prophetic character, i. 56n; shut up by Alexander, ib.; their connection with the Tartars, 57n; in China, their inscription at Kaifungfu, 343, 346n, 347n; in Coilum, ii. 375; in Abyssinia, 427, 431n, 434n Jibal, i. 81n —— Naḳús, or “Hill of the Bell,” Sinai desert, i. 202n Jibal-ul-Thabúl, “Hill of Drums,” near Mecca, i. 202n Jíruft, i. 92n, 106n, 111n, 112n Jogis (Chughi), ii. 365, 369n John XXII., Pope, i. 4n, 5n, 186n Johnson, his visit to Khotan, i. 189n, 190n, 192n, 195n, 198n Johnston, Keith, i. 81n, ii. 67n Johore, Sultan of, ii. 281n, 282n Jon (Jihon, or Oxus) River, ii. 458, 466 Jordanus, Friar, i. 37n Jor-fattan (Baliapatan), ii. 386n Josephus, i. 49n, 57n, 66n Jubb River, ii. 424n Judi, Mount, i. 62n Jugglers, at Khan’s feasts, i. 383, 386n, 392; and gleemen conquer Mien, ii. 110, 114n Juggling extraordinary, i. 316n, 318 et seq. Juji, eldest son of Chinghiz, 10, i. 5n, 239n Juju (Cho-chau), ii. 10, 11n, 127, 131n Julman, ii. 485n Junghuhu, on Batta cannibalism, ii. 288n; on camphor trees, 303n Junks, ii. 252n, 333n. (See also Ships.) Jupár, i. 113n Justice, administration of Tartar, i. 266 Justinian, Emperor, i. 49n Juzgána (Dogana), i. 152n

Kaan, and Khan, the titles, 10 Kaan, the Great, see Kúblái Kaans, the series of, and their burial place, i. 245, 247n–250n; massacre of all met by funeral party, 246, 250n Kabul, i. 104n, 165n, ii. 402n Kachkár (Ovis Vignei), wild sheep, i. 158, 163n Kadapah, ii. 362n Kafchi-kúe, ii. 128n Káfirs of Hindu Kush, i. 165n; their wine, 87n, 155n Kahgyur, Tibetan Scripture, ii. 347n Kahn-i-Panchur, i. 106n Kaidu (Caidu) Khan, Kúblái’s cousin and life-long opponent, 11, i. 183, 186n, 187, 214n, ii. 148n; plots with Nayan, i. 333, 334n, 348; his differences with Kúblái, ii. 457; and constant aggressions, 457–458; his death, 459n; his victorious expedition v. Kúblái, 459; Kúblái’s resentment, 463; his daughter’s valour, 463 seqq., 465n; sends a host v. Abaga, 467 Kaifung-fu, Jews and their synagogues there, i. 346n, 347n; siege of, ii. 158n Kaikhatu (Kiacatu), Khan of Persia, seizes throne, i. 35, 38n; his paper-money scheme, 428n; his death, 428, ii. 475; his dissolute character, i. 91n, ii. 475 Kaïkhosru I. and III., Seljukian dynasty, i. 44n Kaïkobad I. and III., i. 44n Kaikus, Izz ed-din, i. 44n Káil, see Cail Kaïn (Gháín), a city of Persia, i. 86n, 124n, 141n Kaipingfu (Keibung, Kaiminfu, Kemenfu), i. 25, 227n, 304n, 306n Kairat-ul-Arab, i. 112n Kais, see Kish Kaisaríya (Caesaræa, Casaria), i. 43, 44n, 49n Kajjala, or Khajlak, a Mongol leader, i. 104n Kakateya, dynasty, ii. 362n Kakhyens, Kachyens, tribe in Western Yun-nan, ii. 74n, 82n, 90n, 120n Ḳakula, ii. 279n Kala’ Atishparastán (Cala Ataperistan), “The Castle of the Fire-Worshippers”), i. 78, 82n Kala’ Safed, i. 85n Kalaján (Calachan), i. 281, 282n Kalámúr, ii. 427n Kalantan, ii. 279n Ḳalchi, Ḳalaḳchi, i. 380n Kales Devar, king of Ma’bar, ii. 333n, 335n; his enormous wealth, 333n Kalgan, or Chang-kia-keu, i. 295n Kalhát (Kalhátú, Calatu, Calaiate), i. 120n, ii. 348n; described, 449–450, 451n; idiom of, 451n Kalidása, the poet, on the Yak, i. 278n Kalikut, ii. 386n, 391n, 440n Ḳálín, marriage prices, i. 256n, 392n Kalinga, ii. 329n, 330n Kalinjar, ii. 426n Kalmia angustifolia, poisonous, i. 219n Kamál Malik, i. 68n Ḳamárah, Ḳomar, ii. 279n Kamasal (Conosalmi), Kahn-i-asal, “The honey canal,” i. 99, 106n Kambala, Kúblái’s grandson, i. 361n Kambáyat (Cambay), ii. 398n Kamboja (Chinla), ii. 134n, 278n, 374n Kampar, district and River, Buddhist ruins, ii. 283n Kamul (Komal, Camul), the Mongol Khamil, Chinese Hami, i. 209, 211n, 214n Kanát, or Kárez, underground stream, i. 123, 124n Kanát-ul-Shám (Conosalmi), i. 106n Kanauj, ii. 427n Kanbalu Island, ii. 414n Kanchau (Campichu), i. 219, 220n Kandahár, Kandar, Gandhára, ii. 72n, 73n, 329n, 402n Kandy, ii. 328n Kanerkes, or Kanishka, king, i. 168n; coins of, 173n Kang-hi, Emperor, i. 251n, 407n, ii. 8n, 182n Kank, i. 194n, 195n Kanp’u (Ganpu), old Port of Hang-chau, ii. 198n, 199n Kansan, see Shen-si Kansuh, i. 206n, 220n Kao Hoshang, i. 422n Kao-Tsung, Emperor, ii. 28n Kao-yu (Cayu), ii. 153n Kapilavastu, ii. 322n Kapukada, Capucate, ii. 380n Ḳarábughá, Carabya, Calabra, a military engine, ii. 168n Kará Hulun, ii. 485n Karájáng (Carajan, or Yun-nan), ii. 64, 67n, 72n, 73n, 80n Karákásh (“black jade”) River, i. 193n Karákhitaian Empire, i. 231n —— Princes of Kerman, i. 91n Kará Khoja, i. 214n Karakorum (Caracoron), i. 66n, 226, 227n, 269, ii. 460 Kara Kumiz, special kind of Kumiz, i. 259n Karámúren (Caramoran) River, Mongol name for the Hwang-ho, or Yellow River, i. 245n, 282n, 286n, ii. 22, 23n Karana, meaning of, i. 101n Karáni (vulgo Cranny), i. 101n Karanút, a Mongol sept, i, 101n Ḳaraún Jidun, or Khidun, i. 101n Karaunahs (Caraonas), a robber tribe, i. 98, 101n, 121n Karavat, an instrument for self-decollation, ii. 349n Karens, ii. 74n Karmathian, heretics, i. 187n Karnúl, ii. 362n Karráh, ii. 427n Karra-Mánikpúr, i. 86n Kartazōnon, Karkaddan, rhinoceros, ii. 291n Kaṣaidi Arabs, ii. 443n Kash, jade, i. 193n Kashan, i. 81n Káshgar (Cascar), i. 180, 182n; Chankans of, 193n, ii. 594n Kashísh (Casses), i. 70n, ii. 409n Kashmír (Keshimur), i. 104n, 164n, 166; Buddhism, 166, 168n; beauty of the women, 166, 169n; conjurers, 166, 168n; the language of, 168n; sorcery in, ii. 593 Kashmiris, i. 76n, 166 Kasia, people and hills, ii. 59n Kasyapa Buddha, ii. 356n Kataghan, breed of horses, i. 162n Ḳaṭar pirates, ii. 409n Kátif, ii. 348n Kattiawár, ii. 395n; pirates, 400n Kaulam, see Coilum Kaulam-Malé, ii. 377n Kauli (Cauly), Corea, i. 343, 345n Kaunchi (Conchi), Khan, ii. 479, 481n Káveripattanam, ii. 335n Káveri River, delta of, ii. 335n Kavir, saline swamp, i. 124n Kavváyi, ii. 388n Káyal, Káil, see Cail —— Pattanam, ii. 372n —— Punnei-, ii. 372n Kayten, ii. 234n Kazan, i. 6n, 7n Kazáwinah, i. 101n Kazbek, i. 54n Kazvín (Casvin), i. 83, 84n, 101n, 141n Keary, C. F., i. 429n Kebteul, night-watch, i. 381n Kehran, ii. 426n Keiaz tribe, i. 179n Keibung (Kaipingfu), i. 25, 227n, 304n, 306n Kelinfu (Kienning-fu), City, its bridges, ii. 225, 228n, 229n, 234n Kemenfu, see Kaipingfu Kenjanfu (Si-ngan fu), ii. 24, 25n, 27n–29n Keraits, a great Tartar tribe, i. 236n, 237n, 271n, 287n, 288n Kerala, ii. 390n Keria, see Kiria Keriza River, ii. 595n Kermán, i. 89n, 90, 109, 110, ii. 452; route to Hormus from, i. 91, 107, 110; steel manufacture, its industries, 96n; king of, Atabeg of, 107, 110; stitched vessels of, 117n; desert of, 123, 124n Kerulen (K’i-lien) valley, the Khans’ burial-ground, i. 248n Keshican (Keshikten), Kúblái’s life-guard, i. 379, 380n, 381n, 394n Kesmacoran (Kij-Makrán), i. 86n, ii. 401, 402n; Kij-Makrán, 402n Keuyung Kwan, village, i. 28n Khakán, the word, 10 Khalif (Calif) Mosta’Sim Billah of Baghdad, i. 63; taken by Hulákú and starved to death, 64; plot v. the Christians laid by a former—the miracle of the mountain, 69–73; becomes secretly a Christian, 73 Khálij, ii. 439n Khàm, stuff made with cotton thread, i. 190n Khambavati (Cambay), ii. 398n Khanabad (Dogana?), i. 156n Khán Bádshah of Khotan, i. 189n Khánbalík, see Cambaluc Khanfu, ii. 199n Khanikoff, N. de (travels in Persia), i. 49n, 53n, 58n, 74n, 89n, 91n, 92n, 96n, 101n, 106n, 114n, 121n, 124n, 141n, 150n, 193n Khanjár-i-Hundwán, hanger of Indian steel, i. 93n Khán-khánán, a title, 10 Khanoolla (Mount Royal), site of Chinghiz’s tomb, i. 247n Khansâ, ii. 199n, 214n Kharesem, Mount, i. 155n Khato-tribe, ii. 120n Khátún-gol, or “Lady’s River,” i.e. Hwang-ho, i. 245n, 249n Khatun, title of Khan’s wives, 10 Khavailu (Hwo-lu h’ien), ii. 15n Khazars, the, i. 7n, ii. 492n Khilak, i. 54n Khimka, ii. 238n Khinsa, Khingsai, Khinzai, ii. 144n, 175n, 214n. (See Kinsay.) Khitan, Khitai, 11 —— character, i. 28n —— dynasty of Liao, i. 232n, 288n, ii. 20n Khmer, ii. 279n Khodabanda, Ilkhan of Kermán, i. 91n, 103n Khojas, name of modern Ismailite sect, i. 146n, 163n Khorasan, province, i. 38n, 128n, 131n, 135n, 150n, ii. 467n, 474n; turquoises of, i. 92n Khormuzda, supreme deity of the Tartars, i. 257n Khotan (Cotan), i. 188, 195n, 197n, ii. 594n, 595n; fruits, i. 190n; routes between China and, 191n; buried cities of, 192n; its jade, 193n Khumbavati (Cambay), ii. 398n Khumdán, ii. 27n Khusrú, Amír, Indian poet, i. 48n, 96n, 104n Khutuktai Setzen, Prince of the Ordos, i. 257n Khwarizm, i. 9n Kiacatu, see Kaikhátu Kiahing (Ciangan, Canigan), ii. 185n Kiai- or Hiai-chau (Caichu), ii. 19n Kiakhta, i. 56n, 218n Kia-k’ing, Emperor, ii. 143n Kiang, the Great (Kian and Kian-Suy, and in its highest course Brius, the Kinsha Kiang), ii. 36, 56, 59n, 60n, 64, 67n, 69n, 70n, 72n, 129n–131n, 149n, 154n; its vastness, and numerous craft, 170, 171, 173n; steamers on, 173n, 174n; its former debouchure to the south, and changes, i. 199n Kiang-Ché, ii. 157n, 217n, 224n; limits of, 218n Kiang-Hung, Xieng-Hung, ii. 117n, 127n–129n, 131n Kiangka, ii. 48n Kiang-mai, Xieng-mai, Zimmé, ii. 117n, 128n, 279n Kiangshan, ii. 224n Kiangsi, ii. 228n Kiang-su, ii. 135n Kiang-suy (-shui) River, ii. 36, 40n Kiangtheu, ii. 105n, 111n, 113n Kiang-Tung, ii. 117n, 279n Kiao-chi (Tungking), Chinese etymology of, ii. 119n, 128n Kia Tsing, Emperor, a great bridge builder, ii. 6n Ki-chau Castle, ii. 26n Kieh-Ch’a, ii. 283n K’ien-ch’ang, Kiung-tu (Caindu), ii. 70n–72n Kien-chau, ii. 232n Kien-kwé, ii. 232n Kien-lung, Emperor, ii. 8n, 196n Kien-ning fu (Kelinfu), ii. 228n Kiepert, Map of Asia, i. 197n Kij-Makrán (Kesmacoran), i. 86n Kila’-i-Gabr, “Gueber Castle,” i. 81n, 82n Kilimanchi River, ii. 424n Kiming shan Mountains, gold and silver mines, i. 295n Kimiz, kumiz (kemiz), mare’s milk, —Tartar beverage, i. 257, 259n Kin, or Golden Dynasty in N. China, 12, i. 28n, 231n, 288n, ii. 8n, 19n, 168n, 190n; their paper-money, i. 426n, 430n; story of their Golden King, ii. 17–22 Kincha, Chinese name for Kipchak, ii. 179n Kin-Chi, or Gold-Teeth (Zardandan), 84–90n King of the Abraiaman, ii. 364 —— of England, Kúblái’s message to, i. 34; intercourse with Mongol princes, 36n, ii. 177n —— of France, Kúblái’s message to, i. 34 —— of Spain, Kúblái’s message to, i. 34, ii. 477n —— Rev. C. W., i. 370n Kings of Maabar, the five brothers, ii. 331, 333n, 334n, 337n, 338–339, 370, 371; their mother’s efforts to check their broils, 371 —— subordinate, or Viceroys, in China, i. 360, 361n, ii. 24, 64, 76, 79n, 190, 199n —— Tartar, of the Ponent, ii. 490, 492n Kingsmill, T. W., ii. 154n, 184n, 194n, 220n King-tê-chên, porcelain manufacture, ii. 243n K’ing-yüan (Ning-po), ii. 238n Kin-hwa fu, ii. 222n Kinki, Kimkhá, ii. 238n Kinsay (King-szé, or “Capital,” Khansá, Khinsá, Khingsai, Khanzai, Cansay, Campsay), formerly Lin-ngan now Hang-chau fu, 11, ii. 146, 149n, 193n; its surrender to Bayan, 146, 149n; extreme public security, 147; alleged meaning of the name, 182, 184n, 185; described, 185–208; bridges, 185, 187, 194n; hereditary trades, guilds and wealthy craftsmen and their dainty wives, 186, 196n; the lake, islands and garden-houses, 186, 187, 196n; stone-towers—inhabitants’ clothing and food, 187, 197n–198n; guards and police regulations, 187–188; fires, 188; alarm towers, paved streets, 189; revenue, 189, 190, 215, 216, 217n, 218n; pavements, public baths, port of Ganfu, 189, 198n, 199n; the province and other provinces of Manzi, garrisons, 190, 200n; horoscopes, funeral rites, 191, 200n; palace of the expelled king, 192; church, house registers, 192, 200n; hostel regulations, 193; canals, 200; markets and squares, 201, 209n; fruits and fish shops, 202, 210n; women of the town, physicians and astrologers, courts of justice, 203; vast consumption of pepper, 204, 210n; inhabitants’ character—their behaviour to women and foreigners, 204, 210n, 211n; hatred of soldiers, 205; pleasures on the lake and in carriage excursions, 205, 211n; palace of the king, 206; the king’s effeminacy and ruin, 207–208, 211n; tides, 208n; plan of, 209n; notices by various writers of, 213n; wealth of, 245n; ships, 255, 260n Kin-sha Kiang, “River of Golden Sands” (upper branch of Great Kiang, Brius), ii. 36, 56, 64, 67n, 69n, 70n, 72n Kinshan, see Golden Island Kinto, or Hintu, Mongol general, ii. 260n Kipchak (Ponent), Southern Russia, events related by Polo in, 23, i. 5, 6n, ii. 490 seqq.; sovereigns, 492n; people of, 493n; extent of empire, ib. Kirghiz Kazak, i. 313n Kirghiz, the, i. 162n, 176n, 309n, ii. 362n Kiria, i. 192n, 195n, ii. 595n Kirk, Sir John, and Raphia palm, ii. 597n Kis, Kish, or Kais (Kisi), now Ghes, or Kem, island in Persian Gulf, i. 63, 64n, 83, 452; merchants, ii. 340; described, 453n Kishik, Kishikan, Kizik, Keshikchi, see Keshican Kishm (Casem), i. 153, 155n, 156n, 173n —— or Brakht (Oaracta), island in the Persian Gulf, i. 115n, 121n Kistna River, ii. 362n Kitubuka, General, i. 85n Kiu-chau, ii. 222n Kiulan (Quilon), see Coilum Kizil Irmak, the, i. 45n Kizil River, i. 54n Kneeling oxen, i. 97, 99n Kobad, the Sassanian, i. 53n Kobdo, i. 215n Koh-Banán (Cobinan), i. 125 Koja (Coja), a Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n, 38n Kokcha River, i. 154n–156n, 162n Kok-Tash, greenstone of Samarkand, i. 187n Kolastri, or Kolatiri Rajas, ii. 387n Ko-li-ki-sze, i. 289n Kolkhoi of Ptolemy, identified, ii. 373n Kollam, see Coilum Koloman, see Coloman Kolyma, bird-hunting at, i. 272n Κώμακον, ii. 391n Ḳomár, ii. 279n, 383n Κομάρια ἄκρον, ii. 382n Konár tree, Marco Polo’s apples of Paradise, i. 99n Kondachi, 337n Konkan, Konkan-Tana, ii. 367n, 390n, 396n Korano, epithet on Indo-Scythic coins, i. 101n Korea, History of, ii. 262n Koresh king, i. 82n Kornish, or K’o-tow (Khén-théu), i. 391, 393n Kosakio, a general against Japan, ii. 260n Kosseir, ii. 439n Kotcheres, Kurds of Mosul, i. 62n Kotlogh, or Kutlugh, Sultan of Kerman, i. 91n Kotlogh Shah, the Chaghataian prince, i. 104n, 121n Kotrobah Island, ii. 409n Kouyunjik, sculptures at, i. 100n Kozlov, Lieutenant K. P., on the Lob-nor, i. 199n Kuang-chou, ii. 239n Kúbenán (Cobinan), a Kuh-banán “Hill of the Terebinths or Wild Pistachios,” i. 123, 124n Kúblái (Cublay), Káán, the Great Khán, i. 8n, 10, 11, 12, 15; his envoys meet the two elder Polos, 10; receives and questions the Polos, 11, 12; sends them as envoys to the Pope, 13; his desire for Christian teachers, and for oil from the lamp in the Holy Sepulchre, 13, 14; gives them a Golden Tablet, 15; his reception of the three Polos, 26; sends Marco on an embassy, 27; Marco grows in favour, 30; allows the Polos to depart with Tablets of Authority, 33–35; rumour of his death, 38n; sends a napkin of asbestos to the Pope, 213; his greatness and power, 246, 247n, 331; his milk libations, 300; his inscription at Shangtu, 304n; Chinghiz’s prophecy, 331n; his lineage, age, and accession, 332; Nayan’s revolt, 333; Nayan’s defeat and death, 336–343; rebukes anti-Christian gibes, 344; returns to Cambaluc, 348; treats four religions with equal respect, 348n; his views on Christianity, 349n; how he rewards his captains, 350; his personal appearance, 356; his wives and ladies-in-waiting, 356–358; his palace at Cambaluc, 362; builds Cambaluc city, 374; his bodyguard, 379; order of his feasts, 381; celebration of his birthday, 387; his distribution of robes, 387, 394; his New Year’s feast, 390; his elephants, 391; the K’o-tow, 391, 393n; adopts Chinese ancestor-worship, 392n; his game laws, 396; his hunting establishment, 397; his masters of hounds, 400; how he goes a-hunting, 402; how his year is spent, 410; Ahmad’s influence, oppression, and death, 416–420; his treatment of Mahomedans, 422n; his mint and paper-money, 423; his purchase of valuables, 425; his twelve great Barons, 430; his posts and runners, 433; remission of taxes, 439, 443; his justice, 440n; a tree planter, 440; his store of corn, 443; charity to the poor, 445; his astrologers, 446; gaol deliveries, and prohibition of gambling, 457; his early campaign in Yun-nan, ii. 46n, 79, 80n; and the king of Mien and Bangala, 98, 110, 114n; Litan’s plot, 136; sends Bayan to invade Manzi, 145; his dealings with Bayan, 148n, 149n; satisfied with the Polo’s mangonels, 159; appoints Mar Sarghis governor of Chinghian-fu, 177; the city of Kinsay, 186–190; his revenue from Kinsay, 215; from Zayton, 235; his expedition against Chipangu (Japan), 255; sends force against Chamba, 267, 270n; attempts to gain Java, 272, 275n; his death, 275n; sends to buy Ceylon ruby, 313, 315n; sends for religions of Sakya, 319; testifies to miraculous powers of Sakya’s dish, 320; intercourse with Ma’bar, 337n; with Kaulam, 378n; missions to Madagascar, 412–413; Kaidu’s wars with him, 457 seqq. —— Khan, territories and people subject to (Turkistan), i. 180, 188, 191, 196; (Tangut and Mongolia), 203, 212, 217, 269, 274, 281, 284, 285; (Tibetan frontier and Yun-nan), ii. 50, 53, 64, 109, 116, 119, 122; (Western China), 124, 127; (N. Eastern China), 132, 135, 138, 140, 141; (Manzi), 151–153; (Sinju), 170; (Caiju), 174; Chinghian-fu, 176; (Chinginju), 178; (Suju), 181; (Tanpigu), 218; (Chonka), 231; (Zayton), 234; (Chamba), 267; (Sumatra), 272, 285, 292, 299 Kuché character, i. 211n Kudatku Bilik, an Uíghúr poem, i. 28n Kuhistan, or Hill country of Persia, i. 86n Kúkachin, see Cocachin Kukin-Tána, ii. 396n Kukju (Genkju), Kúblái’s son, i. 361n Kuku-Khotan (Blue Town), depôt for Mongolian trade with China, i. 278n, 286n, 287n Ku-kwan, Customs’ Barrier, ii. 14n Kuláb, lions in, i. 152n; Salt Mines, 154n Kulan, Asinus Onager, the Gor Khar of Persia, i. 89n Kulasaikera, ii. 335n Kumár, see Ḳomár Kumhări, Kumari, see Comari Kumiz, kimiz (kemiz), Mare’s milk, Tartar beverage, i. 257, 259n, 300; sprinkling of, 308n, 309n, 385n, 411 Kummájar, ii. 491n Kúnbúm Monastery, i. 319n Kunduz, i. 152n, 154n Kunduz (beaver or sable), i. 410n Kunduz-Baghlán, i. 86n Kung-ki-cheng (Fei-ch’eng), ii. 6n, 8n Kunguráts, Kunkuráts (Ungrat), a Mongol tribe, i. 38n, 101n, 359n, 360 Kunichi (Cunichi, or Chinuchi), “The Keepers of the Mastiff Dogs,” i. 400 Kuniyah (Conia), Iconium, Koniah, i. 43, 44n 356n Kunlun (Pulo Condore), ii. 277n Kurd dynasty, i. 85n Kurdistan (Curdistan), i. 9n, 62n, 83, 84n Kurds, the, i. 60, 62n, 85n Kúreh-i-Ardeshír (Kuwáshír), i. 91n Kuria Maria Islands, ii. 405n Kuridai, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n Kúrkah, great drum, i. 340n, 341n Kurmishi, ii. 474n Kurshids of Lúristán, i. 85n Kurut (Curd), i. 262, 265n Kus, Cos (in Egypt), ii. 439n Kushluk, the Naiman, ii. 20n Kutan, son of Okkodai, ii. 32n Kutchluk Khan (Buddhist), Chief of the Naïmans, i. 188n Kutuktemur, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n Kutulun, Princess, ii. 465n Kuwinji, see Kaunchi Kuyuk Khan, i. 14n, 245, 247n Kwa-chau (Caiju), at mouth of Great Canabon Yang-tse-Kiang, ii. 144n, 175n Kwan Hsien, ii. 41n Kwansinfu, ii. 221n, 224n Kwawa, i.e. Java, etymology, ii. 119n Kwei-chau (Cuiju), ii. 82n, 124n, 127n, 129n Kwei-hwa-ch’eng, or Kuku Khotan, i. 278n, 286n, 287n Kweilei River, i. 345n Kyŭng-sang province, ii. 262n

Lac (Wallachia), Lacz, i. 54n, ii. 487, 489n, 490, 491n Ladies’ dresses in Badakhshan, i. 160, 163n Ladies of Kinsay, ii. 186 Lagong, ii. 279n Lahore (Dalivar, Dilivar), i. 99, 104n, 105n, ii. 426n, 427n Lahsá, ii. 348n Lájwurd mines, i. 162n Lake, Caindu, ii. 53, 72n —— Fanchau, ii. 29n —— Kinsay, ii. 186, 196n, 200, 214n —— of Palace at Cambaluc, i. 365, 370n —— Pleasure parties on, ii. 205, 211n —— Talifu, ii. 80 —— Yunnan-fu, ii. 66 Laknaoti, ii. 427n Lakshamana Deva, king of Kashmir, i. 104n Lamas of Tibetan Buddhism, i. 28n; their superstitions and rites, 204, 207n, 220, 221n–223n, 301, 302, 314n, 315n; their monasteries, 303, 319n; marriage, 303, 319n. (See also Bakhshi.) Lambri, kingdom of, ii. 299, 300n, 306, 307n; situation of, 301n Lances of Sago Palm, ii. 305n Lanchang, ii. 279n Land of Darkness, ii. 484 seqq.; market in, 486n Langdarma, i. 168n, 170n Langting Balghasun, i. 306n Languages used in Mongol Court and administration, i. 27, 28n–30n Lan-Ho, i. 305 Lanja Bálús, or Lankha bálús, ii. 308n Lanka (Ceylon), ii. 320n Lan Ki Hien (Nan-Che-hien), ii. 222n, 224n Lanner Falcons, i. 158, 162n, ii. 50 Lan-tsang kiang (Mekong) River, ii. 88n, 128n Lao-Kiun, or Lao-Tseu, the Philosopher, i. 322n, 325n, 326n Laos, people of, ii. 91n, 117n, 120n, 128n Lar, or Láṭ-Desa, ii. 367n —— province, ii. 363, 367n, 403n Latin version of Polo’s Book, 63, 81, 90, 95, 100 Latins, the term, i. 10, 12, 32 Latsé, Tibetan for musk, i. 279n Lauredano, Agnes, ii. 520n Laurus Camphora, ii. 237n Lawek, Lawáki, ii. 278n–279n Laxities of marriage customs, see Marriage Layard, Mr., i. 85n Layas, see Ayas —— Gulf of, i. 17n Leather, i. 395, 398; embroidered mats of Guzerat, 393–394, 395n Leaves, used for plates, ii. 365; green leaves said to have a soul, 366 Lecomte on Chinese war vessels, i. 37n Lembeser, Ismaelite fortress, i. 146n Lenzin, ii. 141n Leon I., king of Lesser Armenia, i. 42n Leon II., king of Lesser Armenia, i. 44n Leon III., king of Lesser Armenia, i. 25n Leon VI., last king of Lesser Armenia, i. 42n Leopards, ii. 282, 411, 431; taught to sit on horseback, i. 299; (Cheetas) kept for the Chase by Kúblái, 397 Lepechin, Professor, i. 9n Le Strange, Guy, i. 67n, 92n Leung Shan, i. 245n Levant, term applied by Polo to the kingdom of the Mongol Khans, i. 1, 5, 8n, 10, 32, 36, 44, 63, 84, 246, 270, ii. 50, 376, 466, 477, 491, 494 Lewchew, ii. 391n Lewis, see St. Lewis Lewis XI. and XII. (France), i. 398n Lew-sha, old Chinese name for Lop Desert, i. 198n, 201n Leyes, see Ayas Lhása, ii. 45n, 70n, 74n; Labrang Monastery at, i. 319n Li, Chinese measure, supposed to be confounded with miles, ii. 193n, 194n, 209n Liampo (Ningpo), ii. 228n, 239n Liang, or tael, i. 426n, 427n Liang-chau in Kansuh, i. 29n, 276n, 281n Liao dynasty, 12, i. 232n, 288n Liao-tong, i. 289n, 334n, 345n Libanos, Λιβανοφόρος and Λιβανωτοφόρος χώρα, ii. 445n–446n Libro d’Oro, 14 Licinius, Emperor, i. 45n Lidé (Liti), ii. 297n, 305n Lieuli Ho, ii. 6n Lign-aloes (eagle-wood), ii. 87, 268; etymology, 271n; in Sumatra, 284, 287n Ligor, ii. 278n Ligurium, the precious stone, Liguire, i. 398n Li H’ien, Tartar ruler of Tangut, i. 206n Likamankwas of Abyssinian kings, ii. 348n Li-kiang fu, ii. 73n, 90n Limyrica, ii. 408n Lindley, i. 99n Lindsay, Hon. R., ii. 46n, 74n Linga, ii. 370n Linju, ii. 140, 141n Lin-ngan (Hang-chau), ii. 149n, 195n Lin-ngan in Yun-nan, ii. 120n, 121n, 129n Lintching-y, or Lingchinghien, ii. 141n Lin-t’sing chau, ii. 139n Lion and Sun, i. 352n Lions, black, ii. 376, 382n, 422 —— on the Oxus, i. 151; Chinese notion of, i. 399n —— (apparently for tigers) kept for the chase by Kúblái, i. 397, ii. 31, 42, 56, 214, 219; skins of striped, i. 405; how hunted with dogs, ii. 126. (See also Tigers.) Lion’s Head Tablets, i. 35, 350, 352n Lire, various Venetian, 66, 71, ii. 591n–592n —— of gold, 73 Lisbon, ii. 391n Lissu, or Lisau tribe, ii. 60n, 90n Litai, ii. 301n Litan, rebellion of, i. 313n, ii. 136, 138n Lithang, ii. 48n, 56n, 67n Little Orphan Rock, ii. 174n Liu Pang, founder of 1st Han dynasty, ii. 32n Liu Pei (Luo Pé), of the Han dynasty, ii. 32n, 38n Livre des Merveilles, 121, ii. 527n Livres of gold, ii. 442 —— Parisis, 90, ii. 590n —— Tournois, i. 83, 86n, ii. 590n Li Yuan-hao, founder of the Hsi Hsia dynasty, Tangut, i. 206n Lo, tribes of S.W. China so-called, ii. 123n, 124n, 129n —— Chinese name of part of Siam, ii. 278n Lob, see Lop Locac, kingdom of, ii. 276, 277n–280n Lockhart, Dr. W., i. 372n, 377n, ii. 8n, 27n, 82n, 124n Lokok, ii. 278n—280n Lolo tribes, ii. 60n—63n, 69n, 70n, 123n Longevity of Brahmins and Jogis, ii. 365, 369n Longfellow, i. 67n Lop, city and lake, i. 194, 196; desert, 196, 197 Lophāburi, ii. 278n Loping, ii. 129n, 130 Lor, see Lúristan Lord, Dr. Percival, i. 160n Löss, brownish-yellow loam, ii. 14n Loups cerviers (lynx), i. 398n Low castes, ii. 349—350n Lowatong River, ii. 130n Loyang, Bridge of, ii. 241n Lubán, ii. 446n, 449n Lubán-Jáwi, ii. 286n Lubán-Shehri, ii. 449n Lubbies, ii. 372n Lucky and unlucky hours and days, ii. 364, 368n Luddur Deo, ii. 362n Luh-ho-ta Pagoda, Hang-chau, ii. 193n, 194n Lukon-Kiao (Hun-ho, Pulisanghin River), ii. 5n, 6n, 8n Lukyn Port, ii. 279n, 280n Lung-yin ii. 224n Lúristan (Lor, Lur), kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 84n; Great and Little, 85n; character of Lurs or people of, 87n Lusignan, John de, i. 42n Lút, Desert of (Dasht-i-Lut), i. 124n, 127, 128n Lu-tzŭ tribe, ii. 82n Lynxes, trained to hunt, i. 397, 398n; in Cuncun, ii. 31

Ma Twan-lin, the Chinese Pliny, i. 100n, 201n Maaden, turquoise mines at, i. 92n Maatum, or Nubia, ii. 431n Ma’bar (Maabar, i.e. Coromandel coast), province of India, ii. 331, 332n, 338; its brother kings, 331, 333n, 335n, 370, 371; pearl fishery, 331, 335n, 337n; etymology, 332n; limits, 333n; obscurity of history, 334n; port visited by Polo, 335n; nakedness of people, king, his jewels, 338–346; his wives, “Trusty Lieges,” treasure, 339, 347n; horses imported, 340; superstitious customs, 340; ox-worship, 341; Govis, ib.; no horses bred, 342, 350n; other customs, 342; mode of arrest for debt, 343, 350n; great heat, 343; regard for omens, 344, 351n; astrology, treatment of boys, 344; birds, girls consecrated to idols, 345, 351n; customs in sleeping, 346, 352n; ships at Madagascar, 412 Macartney’s Map, i. 173n, 292n Macgregor, Sir C., “Journey through Khorasan,” i. 86n, 89n Máchin, city of (Canton), ii. 175n Máchin, Maháchin (Great China), used by Persian writers as synonymous with Manzi, ii. 35n, 144n, 175n Maclagan, Major-General (R.E.), i. 105n, 155n Madagascar (Madeigascar), ii. 411, 413n; confused with Magadoxo, 414n; etymology, 414n; traces of ancient Arab colonisation, 414n Mádái, Madavi, Maudoy, ii. 387n, 388n Madjgars, ii. 491n–492n Madar-Des, Eastern Panjáb, i. 104n Madras, ii. 355n, 403n Madura, ii. 333n, 334n, 335n Maestro, or Great Bear, said to be invisible in Sumatra, ii. 292, 296n Magadha, ii. 356n Magadoxo, confused with Madagascar, ii. 414n Magapatana, near Ceylon, ii. 283n Magi, the three, i. 78–80; legend as told by Mas’udi, 82n; source of fancies about, 82n; names assigned to, 83n Magic, of Udyana, i. 164n; Lamaitic, 301, 314n. (See also Sorcerers.) Magical darkness (dry fog and dust storms), i. 98, 105n Magnet, Mount, ii. 418n Magyars, ii. 491n–492n Mahar Amlak, king of Abyssinia, ii. 436n Mahávan, ii. 426n Mahmúd Kalháti, prince of Hormuz, i. 121n Mahmúd of Ghazni, i. 106n Mahmudiah Canal, ii. 439n Mahomed (Mahommet), his account of Gog and Magog, i. 56n; his Paradise, 140; his alleged prophecy of the Mongols, 265n; his use of mangonels, ii. 164n Mahomed, supposed worship of idols of, i. 189n —— II., uses the old engines of war, ii. 163n, 166n —— Tarabi, 106n —— Tughlak of Delhi, his copper token currency, 429n —— Shah of Malacca, ii. 282n Mahomedan revolts in China, ii. 29n, 74n, 80n —— conversion of Malacca, 282n —— conversion of states in Sumatra, 284, 288n, 294n, 295n, 300n–303n —— butchers in Kashmir, i. 167 —— butchers in Maabar, ii. 342 —— king of Kayal, 374n —— merchants at Kayal, 372n —— settlements on Abyssinian coast, 434n Mahomedans (Saracens), i. 414, 418; in Turcomania, 43; in and near Mausul, 60; their universal hatred of Christians, 68, 72; in Tauris, 75; in Persia, 84; their hypocrisy about wine, 87n; at Yezd, 88; Hormuz, 108; Cobinan, 125; Tonocain, 128; Sapurgan, 149; Taican, 153; Badakhshan, 157; Wakhan, etc., 170; Kashgar, 180; strife with Christians in Samarkand, 183; Yarkand, 187; Khotan, 188; Pein, 191; Charchan, 194; Lop, 196; Tangut, 203; Chingintalas, 212; Kanchau, 219, 263; Sinju, 274; Egrigaia, 281; Tenduc, their half-breed progeny, 284; in northern frontier of China, alleged origin of, 288n; their gibes at Christians, 343; Kúblái’s dislike of, 420, 422n; in Yun-nan, ii. 66, 67n, 74n; in Champa, 268n; in Sumatra, 284, 288n, 294n, 295n, 300n, 303n; troops in Ceylon, 314; pilgrims to Adam’s Peak, 319; honour St. Thomas, 353; in Kesmacoran, 401; in Madagascar, 411; in Abyssinia, 427; in Aden, 428, 438; outrage by, 428 seqq.; at Esher, 442; Dufar, 444; Calatu, 449; Hormuz, 452; Ahmad Sultan one, 467 Mailapúr (Shrine of St. Thomas), ii. 355n Maiman, i. 86n Maistre, the word, ii. 296n Maitreya Buddha, ii. 330n Majapahit, empire of (Java), ii. 275n Majar (Menjar), ii. 491n Major, R. H., on Australia, ii. 280n Makdashan, see Magadoxo Malabar, Melibar, Malibar, Manibar, ii. 389, 390; fleets, 389; products, 389, 390n; imports, Chinese ships in, 390, 391n Malacca, ii. 281n; foundation of, 282n; chronology, 282n Malacca, Straits of, ii. 281n Malaiur, island and city, ii. 280, 281n, 283n, 305–306n Mal-Amir, or Aidhej, i. 85n Malasgird, i. 145n Malay Peninsula, ii. 277n; invasion of Ceylon, 215n; chronicle, 279n, 282n, 287n, 288n, 294n, 300n; language, 286n; origin of many geographical names, 314n Malayo, or Tana Malayu, ii. 281n, 283n Malcolm, Sir John, ii. 351n Maldive Islands, ii. 425n Malé in Burma, ii. 113n Male and Female Islands, ii. 401, 404 seqq.; legend widely diffused, 405n–406n, 415n Malifattan, ii. 333n Malik al Dháhir, king of Samudra, ii. 288n, 294n —— al Mansúr, ii. 288n, 294n —— al Sálih, king of Samudra, ii. 288n, 294n, 295n —— Kafur, ii. 333n Malli, the, i. 93n Malpiero, Gasparo, 4 Malte-Brun, 112, i. 86n, ii. 602n Malwa, ii. 426n, 427n Mamaseni, i. 85n Mamre, tree of, i. 131n, 132n, 135n Mán, barbarians, ii. 60n, 123n, 144n, 228n Man, Col. Henry, ii. 308n, 312n Manchu dynasty, i. 29n Mancopa, ii. 300n, 305n Mandalé in Burma, ii. 329n Mandarin language, ii. 243n Mangalai, third son of Kúblái, 21, i. 361n, ii. 24; his palace, 24, 25, 31n Mangalore, ii. 386n Mangla and Nebila Islands, ii. 405n Mangonels made by Polos for attack of Saianfu, ii. 159; etymology, 164n; account of, 168n; a barbarous lubricant for, 180n Mangu (Mangku, Mongu) Khan, Kúblái’s elder brother, 10, 11, i. 8n, 14n, 61n, 103n, 146n, 210, 227n, ii. 32n, 42, 46n; his death, i. 245n; reign, massacre at his funeral, 246, 250n, 334n Mangu-Temur (Mungultemur), ii. 491, 496, 497n Manjáník (Manjaniki), ii. 164n —— Kumghá, ii. 168n Manjaníkis (Mangonellers), ii. 168n. (See Mangonels.) Manji, see Manzi Manjushri, Bodhisatva, ii. 265n Manphul, Pandit, i. 154n, 156n, 160n, 162n, 163n Mansur Shah, i. 25n Mantzé, Man-tzu, Mantszi, Aborigines, ii. 60n, 64n, 144n Manuel, Comnenus, Emperor, i. 82n Manufactures, Kúblái’s, i. 412, 415n Manuscripts of Polo’s Book, 81 seqq., 90 seqq. ii. 526n–552n Manzi (Facfur), king of, i. 36, ii. 145, 148; his flight, 146; his charity, 147, 207–208; his effeminacy, 147; his death, 148; his palace at Kinsay, 191–192, 206–207. (See Faghfur.) —— (Mangi) province, 3, ii. 10; White City of the Frontier, 33, 34n, 36, 49, 139, 141, 144n, 151, 176; entrance to, 142, 152; conquest of, 145–146, 148, 158, 178; character of the people, 181, 204; its nine kingdoms, 1200 cities and squares, 190, 213; its bamboos, 219; no sheep in, 219; dialects, 236, 243n; called Chin, 264, 265n; ships and merchants in India, 386, 390, 391n —— queen of, surrenders, ii. 146, 150n; her report of Kinsay, 185 Map, constructed on Polo’s data, 109, 110; Hereford, 127; Roger Bacon’s, 132; Marino Sanudo’s, 133; Medicean, 134; Catalan, 135, 136; Fra Mauro’s, 135; Ruysch’s, 135; Mercator’s, 137; Sanson’s, 137 Mapillas, or Moplahs, ii. 372n, 380n Maps, allusions to, in Polo’s book, ii. 245n, 312, 424; early mediæval, 132; of the Arabs, 132; in the palace at Venice, 110 Marabia, Maravia, Maravi, ii. 386n–387n Marah Silu, ii. 294n Mâramangalam, site of Kolkhoi, ii, 373n Marash, i. 23n Maratha, ii. 426n Mardin (Merdin), i. 60, 62n Mare’s milk, see Kumiz Margaritone, i. 22n Marignolli, John, ii. 23n, 144n, 180n, 193n, 194n, 213n, 239n, 321n, 356n, 358n Market days, i. 154n, ii. 106, 107n Markets in Kinsay, ii. 201, 202 —— Squares in Kinsay, ii. 201, 210n, 213n Marks of Silver, i. 83, ii. 394, 591n Marriage customs in Khotan, i. 191, 193n —— customs in Kanchau, i. 220, 223n —— customs of the Tartars, 252—253, 256n —— (posthumous) amongst Tartars, 267, 268n —— laxities of different peoples, i. 191, 193n —— laxities in Thibet, ii. 44, 48n, 53–54, 56n, 66, 76n Mar Sarghis, ii. 157n, 177 Marsden’s edition of Polo, 115 and passim Martin, Dr. Ernest, of French Legation at Pekin, ii. 93n Martini, ii. 5n, 15n, 29n, 32n, 35n, 137n, 211n, 228n, 229n, 237n; his Atlas Sinensis, i. 42n, ii. 69n; his account of Kinsay, ii. 214n and passim Martyrs, Franciscan, ii. 396n Masálak-al-Absár, i. 5n, 86n, ii. 214, 348n Masa’úd, Prince of Hormuz, i. 120n, 121n Mashhad (Meshed), or Varsach River, i. 150n, 155n, 156n, 193n Mashiz, i. 92n Maskat, ii. 451n Mastiff Dogs, Keepers of the, i. 400, 401n Mastiffs of Tibet, see Dogs Mastodon, bogged, ii. 290n Mas’ud II., Ghiath ed-din-Seljuk dynasty, i. 44n Mas’udi, i. 53n, 59n, 62n, 82n, 99n Masulipatam, ii. 363n Matchlocks, manufacture at Kerman, i. 90; at Taianfu, ii. 15n Ma-t’eu (Matu), ii. 139n Mati Dhivaja, see Bashpah Lama Matitánana, ii. 414n Matityna (Martinique), ii. 405n Mätzner, Eduard, ii. 601n Maundevile, Sir John (John a Beard), on lying in water, i. 119n, ii. 604n; Cloths of Tartary, 295n; Trees of the Sun, 130n; Dry Tree, 131n; his Book of Travels, ii. 598n, 605n; English version, 601n; his tomb, 604n Maung Maorong, or Pong, Shan kingdom, ii. 79n, 113n Mauro, Fra, his map, i. 6, 133, ii. 128n Mausul (Mosul), kingdom of, i. 46, 60, 61n, 62n Mauvenu (Malvennez), the phrase, ii. 21n, 473n Mayers, W. F., ii. 150n, 596n Mayhew, A. L., on Couvade, ii. 93n Mázanderán, province, i. 59n Mecchino, Ginger, ii. 381n Medressehs at Sivas, i. 45n Mekhitar, i. 45n Mekong River (Lan-tsang kiang), ii. 88n, 128n, 278n Mekrán, often reckoned part of India, ii. 402n, 403n, 405n Mekranis, i. 106n Melchior, one of the Magi, i. 78, 82n Melibar, see Malabar Melic, the title, ii. 449, 450, 470n Melons, dried, of Shibrgán, i. 149, 150n Menangkabau, ii. 286n, 301n Mendoza, i. 8n Menezes, Duarte, ii. 358n Mengki, envoy to Java, ii. 75n Menjar (Májar?), ii. 490, 491n Menuvair and Grosvair, ii. 483n Merghuz Boirúk Khan, ii. 19n Merkit (Mecrit, Mescript), a Tartar tribe, i. 236n, 269, 271n Meshid (more correctly Mashhad), i. 150n, 155n, 156n, 193n Messengers, Royal Mongol, i. 36n Mexico, ii. 405n Meyer, Paul, Alexandre le Grand, i. 56n Miafaraḳain, i. 68n Miau-tzu, ii. 82n Mien, Amien, Ava (Burma), king of, his battle with Tartars, ii. 98n; City of, 99n, 109; its gold and silver towers, 110; how it was conquered, 110, 111n; communications and war with Mongols, 104; Chinese notices, 104n Mikado, ii. 262 Military engines of the Middle Ages, dissertation on, ii. 161n; two classes, 161n; Trébuchets, 161n, 163n, 164n; Balista, 161n; shot used, carrion, live men, bags of gold, 163n; Mangonel, 163n, 169n; Napoleon’s experiments with heavy shot, 164n, 165n; size and accuracy, 165n; length of range (Sanudo on), 166n; effect of Mangonel on Saracens, 166n; procured by Kúblái for siege of Siang-yang, 167n; Chinese and Persian histories on, 167n–169n; known to Mongols and Chinese, 168n; the Karabugha, or Calabra, 168n; the P’ao, 169n Milk, portable, or curd, i. 262, 265n Milk, rite of sprinkling Mare’s, i. 300, 309n, 411 Million, use of the numeral, 67, ii. 215, 217n Millione, Millioni, nickname for Polo and his book, 6, 54, 119, ii. 217n Millioni, Corte del, 4 Milne, ii. 222n Minao district, i. 110n, 114n Mines and Minerals, see Iron, Silver, etc. Minever, see Menuvair Ming, the Chinese dynasty which ousted the Mongols, A.D. 1368, i. 29n, ii. 15n, 238n; their changes in Peking, i. 342n; their paper-money, 427n; their effeminate customs, ii. 20; expeditions to India, 392n; annals, 413n, 439n, 445n Mingan, Khan’s Master of Hounds, i. 400 Ming-ti, Emperor i. 347n Minján, dialect of, i. 160n Minotto, Professor A. S., 6, ii. 511n Min River (in Fokien), ii. 228n, 230n, 233n, 234n —— River (in Sze-ch’wan), ii. 40n, 70n, 130n Mint, the Khan’s, i. 423 Mintsing-hien, ii. 230n Mious River, ii. 488n Miracle Stories, fish in Lent, i. 52–57n; Mountain moved, 68–73; St. Barsamo’s girdles, 77; Holy Fire, 80; Stone at Samarkand, 185; at St. Thomas’ Shrine, ii. 354, 356n, 358n Mírat, ii. 426n Mire, French for leech, i. 81n Mirkhond, ii. 180n Mirobolans, ii. 388n Misḳál, a weight, i. 353n, ii. 41n, 217n, 592n. (See also Saggio.) Misri, sugar-candy, ii. 230n Missionary Friars, powers conferred on, i. 22, 23n; in China in 14th century, 140, ii. 154n, 237n, 240n —— Martyrs, i. 312n, ii. 396n Moa of New Zealand, ii. 417n, 418n Modhafferians, the, i. 86n Modun Khotan (“Wood-ville”), i. 408n Moghistan, i. 110n Mohammed, son of Yusuf Kelefi, founder of Shíráz, i. 85n Mohammerah, ii. 444n Mohiuddin, i. 24n Mokli, the Jelair, ii. 462n Molayu, ii. 283n Molebar, see Malabar Molephatan, ii. 426n Molière, Pastorale Comique, i. 341n Moluccas, ii. 265n Mombasa, ii. 424n Momein, ii. 57n, 80n, 81n Monasteries of Idolaters (Buddhists), i. 167, 219, 286n, 303, 319n, ii. 171, 174n, 175, 176n, 213n Money, paper, i. 423–425, 426n–430n —— values, i. 426n, ii. 590n–592n Mongol conquests, 9, 10; capture Soldaia, i. 4n; Bolghar, 7n, 8n; treachery and cruelty, 61n, 151n, 265n, ii. 181n; their inroads, i. 105n; Balkh city, 151n; invade Balakhshán, 161n; invasion of Poland and Silesia, ii. 493n Mongon Khan, see Mangu Mongotay (Mangkutai), a Mongol officer, ii. 136, 138n Monkeys, ii. 285, 382, 431; passed off as pygmies, 285, 383n–385n Monks, idolatrous, i. 303. (See Monasteries.) Monnier, Marcel, his visit to Karakorum, i. 230n; on the Ch’êng-tu Suspension Bridge, ii. 41n Monoceros and Maiden, legend of, ii. 285, 291n Monophysitism, i. 61n Monsoons, 23, ii. 264–265 Montecorvino, John, Archbishop of Cambaluc, i. 117n, 287n, 289n, 346n, ii. 180n Monte d’Ely, ii. 386n, 387n Montgomerie, Major T. G. (R.E.) (Indian Survey), on fire at great altitudes, i. 178n; position of Kashgar and Yarkund, 182n Monument at Si-ngan fu, Christian, ii. 27n, 28n Moon, Mountains of the, ii. 415n, 420n, 421n Moore, Light of the Harem, i. 115n Moplahs, see Mapillas Morgan, E. Delmar, i. 176n, 198n, 207n Mortagne, siege of, ii. 165n Morus alba, silk-worm tree, ii. 25n Moscow, Tartar Massacre at, ii. 493n Mosolin, or Muslin (Mosolini), Mo-sze, Arab Mauçili, i. 60, 62n, ii. 363n, 408n Mossos, a tribe, ii. 60n, 63n Mosta’sim Billah, last Abbaside Khalif of Baghdad, story of his avarice and death, i. 63–64, 67n Mostocotto, i. 87n Mosul (Mausul), i. 46, 60, 61n, 62n Motapallé, see Mutfili Motawakkil, Khalif, i. 131n Moule, Bishop G. E., ii. 194n–198n, 209n–213n, 215n Mount, Green, in Palace grounds at Peking, i. 365, 370n, 372n —— St. Thomas, ii. 356n, 358n —— D’Ely, see Monte d’Ely Mountain, Old Man of the, see Old Man of the —— Miracle of the, i. 68–73 —— Road in Shensi, extraordinary, ii. 32n Mourning customs, at Hormuz, i. 109; in Tangut, 204; at Kinsay, ii. 191 Mozambique Channel, ii. 415n Muang, term applied in Shan countries (Laos and W. Yunnan) to fortified towns, as:— Muang-Chi, ii. 67n Muang, or Maung Maorong, ii. 79n, 113n Muang Shung, ii. 120n Muang Yong, ii. 57n, 117n, 128n Muláhidah (Mulehet, Alamút, Chinese Mulahi), epithet of Ismaelites, i. 139, 141n, 142n, 146n Mulberry Trees, i. 423, ii. 13, 24 Mul-Java, ii. 349n Müller, F. W. K., ii. 89n Müller, Professor Max, i. 65n; on Couvade, ii. 93n; on stories of Buddha and St. Josafat, 323n, 325n, 326n, 328n Multan, ii. 426n Múnál pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus), described by Ælian, i. 280n Mung (Nicaea), i. 104n Mungasht, hill fort, stronghold of the Atabegs, i. 85n Mungul, name applied to Tartars, i. 285. (See Mongol.) Mungul-Temur and Mongo-Temur, see Mangu-Temur Murad Beg, of Kunduz, i. 156n, 161n, 163n Murghab River, i. 172n, 175n Murray, Dr. J. A. H., on Couvade, ii. 93n —— Hugh, ii. 133n, 141n, 175n, 208n, 212n, 486n Murus Ussu (Brius, Upper Kiang), ii. 67n Mus, Merdin (Mush, Mardin), i. 60, 62n Musk, animal (Moschus), i. 275, 279n, 364, ii. 34, 35n, 45, 54 —— earliest mention of and use in medicine, i. 279n Muslin, see Mosolin Mutfili (Motapallé for Telingana), ii. 359, 362n, 403n, 424; its diamonds, 360–361, 362n; identified, 362n Muza, ii. 408n Mynibar, ii. 426n Mysore, ii. 427n Mystic number, see Numbers

Nac, Nasich, Naques (Nakh), a kind of brocade, i. 63, 65n, 285, 295n Nachetti, silk stuff interwoven with gold, i. 65n Nakhut, gold brocade, i. 65n Nakkára (Naccara, Nacaires), the great kettledrum signalling action, i. 338, 339n–341n, ii. 461 Nákshatra, ii. 368n Nalanda, i. 306n Nan-Chao, formerly Ai-Lao, Shan dynasty in Yun-nan, ii. 73n, 79n Nancouri, ii. 308n Nanghin (Ngan-king), ii. 154, 157, 171n Nangiass, Mongol name of Manzi, ii. 144n Nankau, archway in Pass of, with polyglot inscription, i. 28n Nanking, not named by Polo, ii. 158n Nanwuli, ii. 301n Naobanján, i. 85n Naoshirwan, i. 53n Naphtha in the Caucasian country, i. 46, 49 —— Fire used in war by the Karaunahs, i. 101n Napier, Sir C., i. 147n Napoleon III., his researches and experiments on mediæval engines of war, ii. 164n, 165n Narikela-Dvipa, ii. 307n Narin-Kaleh, fortress, i. 53n Narkandam, volcanic island, ii. 312n Narsinga, King of, ii. 347n Narwhal tusk, mediæval Unicorn’s Horn, ii. 291n Nasich, see Nac Nasruddin (Nescradin), officer in the Mongol Service, ii. 101, 104n, 111n, 114n Nassir-uddin, Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi, 12 Natigay, Tartar idol, i. 257, 258n, 456, ii. 479 Nava-Khanda, or Nine Divisions of Ancient India, i. 104n Navapa (Lop?), i. 197n Naversa (ancient Anazarbus), in Cilicia, under Taurus, i. 58n Nayan, Kúblái’s kinsman, his revolt, i. 333, 334n; Kúblái marches against, 335; routed in battle, 337; put to death by Kúblái, 343 Nearchus at Hormuz, i. 114n Nebila and Mangla islands, ii. 405n Nebuchadnezzar, i. 52n Necklaces, precious, ii. 338, 346n Necuveran, see Nicobar Negapatam, Chinese Pagoda at, ii. 336n Negroes described, ii. 422 Negropont, i. 18, 19n, 36 Nellore, ii. 333n Nemej, Niemicz (“Dumb”), applied to Germans by Slavs, ii. 493n Nerghi, Plain of, ii. 499 Neri (pigs), ii. 210n Nescradin, see Nasruddin Nesnás (a goblin), i. 202n Nestorian Christians, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n; Tauris, 75, 77n; Kashgar, 182; Samarkand, 182, 186n; Yarkand, 187; Tangut, 203, 207n; Kamul, 211n; Chingintalas, 212; Sukchur, 217; Kampichu, Kan-chau, 219; their diffusion in Asia, 237n; among the Mongols, 241, 243n; Erguiul and Sinju, 274; Egrigaia, 281; Tenduc, 284, 285, 287n; China, 291n; Yachi, or Yun-nan fu, ii. 66, 74n; Cacanfu, 132; Yang-chau, 154n; one in Polo’s suite, 159; churches at Chinghianfu, 177; church at Kinsay, 192; at St. Thomas, 358n; Patriarch of, 377n, 407; Metropolitan, 377n, 409n Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, i. 61n Nevergún Pass, i. 112n New Year Festival at Kúblái’s Court, i. 390 Neza Tash Pass, i. 172n Ngan-king (Nanghin), ii. 154, 157, 171n Ngan-ning-ho River, ii. 69n Ngantung, Mongol general, ii. 462n Ngo-ning, or Ho-nhi, ii. 120n, 121n Nia (ancient Ni-jang), in Khotan, i. 195n Nias Island, ii. 298n Nibong Palm, ii. 305n Nicaea of Alexander, i. 105n Nicholson, Edward B., ii. 604n Nicobar (Necuveran) Islands, ii. 306, 307n, 315n; etymology and people, 308n Nicolas of Pistoia, ii. 356n Nicolas, Christian name of Ahmad Sultan, ii. 468n —— Friar, of Vicenza, i. 22 Nicolas IV., Pope, ii. 474n Nieuhoff, ii. 139n, 141n Nigudar (Nogodar), Mongol princes, i. 98, 102n Nigudarian bands, i. 98, 102n, 121n, 164n Nilawár (Nellore), ii. 333n Nile, sources of, ii. 415n, 438, 439n Nileshwaram, ii. 388n Nímchah Musulmán, “Half-and-Halfs,” i. 155n Nine, auspicious number among Tartars, i. 390, 392n Nine Provinces (India), i. 104n; (China), ii. 190, 199n Ning-hsia, or hia (Egrigaia), i. 282n, ii. 23n Ningpo, ii. 224n Ning-yuan fu, ii. 69n, 70n Niriz, steel mines of, i. 86n, 92n Nirvana, figures of Buddha in, i. 221n Nishapúr, i. 150n Niuché (Yuché), Chinese name for the Churchés or race of Kin Empire, 12, i. 28n, 231n Noah’s Ark in Armenia, i. 46, 49n Nobles of Venice, 14; Polo’s claim to be one, ib. Nochdarizari, mountains north of Kabul, i. 102n Nogai Khan, ii. 496; his intrigues and wars, 496–497; his history, 497n; wars with Toctai, 498 Nogodar (Nigudar), King of the Caraonas, story of, i. 98 Nomad tribes of Persia, i. 87n Nomogan (Numughan), Kúblái’s son, i. 361n, ii. 460, 462n None, Nona, Nuna, title given to younger brothers or subordinate princes, i. 171, 173n North, regions of the Far, ii. 479 North Star, see Pole-Star Note Book, Polo’s, ii. 193n Novgorod, ii. 489n Nubia, St. Thomas in, ii. 355; alleged use of elephants in, 434n Nukdaris, tribe west of Kabul, i. 102n Nuksán Pass, i. 165n Numbers, mystic or auspicious, ii. 108n, 347n; Nine, i. 390, 392n; one hundred and eight, ii. 347n Nuna, see None Nusi-Ibrahim, ii. 414n Nutmegs, ii. 272, 309n Nyuché, or Churché, race of Kin Emperors, see Niuché.

Oak of Hebron, see Terebinth Oaracta (Kishm, or Brakht), i. 115n Obedience of Ismaelites, extraordinary, i. 144n Obi River, ii. 481n, 484n Observatory at Peking, i. 378n, 449n Ocean Sea, i. 107, 270, ii. 3, 22, 36, 56, 146, 153, 189, 237n, 251, 487; other seas, parts of, 265 Ocoloro Island, ii. 406n Odoric, Friar, 117, i. 49n, 59n, 76n, 81n, 89n, 110n, 117n, 202n, 288n, 314n, 370n, 375n, 384n, 385n, 426n, 437n, 441n, ii. 237n, 599n, 602n, 604n; on Kinsay, 212n; on Fuchau, 232n; Zayton, 237n; Java, 263n, 275n; Champa, 271n; Sumatra, 294n, 297n; on sago tree, 304n; on products of Ceylon, 315n; St. Thomas’s, 358n; Pepper Forest, 377n; brazil-wood, 380n; Thána, 396n Oger, the Dane, i. 131n Ogotai Khan, see Okkodai Oil from the Holy Sepulchre, i. 14, 19, 26; fountain of (Naphtha) at Baku, 46, 49n; whale, 108, 117n —— head (Capidoglio, or Sperm whale), ii. 411, 414n —— walnut and Sesamé, i. 158, 162n Oirad, or Uirad (Horiad), a great Tartar tribe, i. 300, 308n Okkodai Khan, third son of Chinghiz, 10, i. 65n, 206n, 227n, 228n, 236n, 247n, 437n Olak, Illuk, Aulak, see Lac Old Man of the Mountain (Aloadin), 124, 127, i. 139–146; his envoys to St. Lewis, 47n; account of, 139; how he trained his Assassins, 142; the Syrian, 144; his subordinate chiefs, 143, 145n; his end, 145; modern representative, 147n Oljaitu Khan, his correspondence with European princes, i. 14n, 36n, 362n; his tomb, ii. 478n Oman, ii. 348n, 452n Omens, much regarded in Maabar, ii. 344, 351n; by the Brahmans, 364, 368n, 369n Onan Kerule, near Baikal, i. 236n Ondanique (fine kind of steel), Andaine, Andanicum, Hundwáníy, i. 90, 93n, 125n; in Kerman, 90; Chingintalas, 212, 215n Oppert, Dr. Gustavus, Book on Prester John, Der Presbyter Johannes in Sage and Geschichte, i. 231n–233n, 235n, 236n, 245n, 288n Orang Gugu, ii. 301n Orang Malayu River, ii. 281n Or Batuz, i. 388n Orbelian, John, identified by Bruun with Prester John, i. 233n–235n Ordos, the Mongols of, i. 249n Organa (Jerún), Persian Gerún, i. 115n Oriental phrases in Polo’s dictation, 84 Orissa, ii. 426n Orkhon River, i. 227n Orléans, defence of, ii. 165n —— Isle d’, 277n Orloks, or Marshals of the Mongol Host, i. 263, ii. 462n Oroech, ii. 487, 489n Oron, Mongol for a region or realm, i. 104n Orphani, strange customs of the, ii. 298n Osci, the word, ii. 350n Ostriches, ii. 431, 437n Ostyaks, ii. 484n Otto, Bishop of Freisingen, i. 233n, 234n Oulatay (Uladai), Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n Ovis Poli, see Sheep Oweke, see Ucaca Owen, Professor, ii. 417n Owen, Rev. Gray, on the Lolos, ii. 69n Owo, Mongol for Musk, i. 279n Oxen, humped, in Kerman, i. 97, 99n; wild, shaggy (Yaks), 274, 277n —— wild (Beyamini), in East Tibet, ii. 50; Burma, 111, 114n; in Bengal, 115, 116n; Anin, 119; worshipped, 341, 365, 370n; figures of, worn, 365, 370n Oxenham, Atlas, i. 433n, ii. 12n, 14n, 67n, 157n Oxydracae, the, i. 93n Oxyrhynchus, ii. 434n Oxus Valley and River, i. 152n, 161n, 172n, 173n, ii. 594n Ozene, ii. 397n

Pacamuria (Baccanor), ii. 386n Pacauta! (an invocation), ii. 338, 346n Pacem, see Pasei Paddle-wheel barges, ii. 211n Paderin, Mr., visits Karákorum, i. 228n Pádishah Khátún of Kerman, i. 91n Padma Sambhava, i. 164n Pagán (in Burma), ii. 100n, 107n, 109n, 113n, 114n; ruins at, 13; empire of, ii. 279n —— Old (Tagaung), ii. 107n, 113n Pagaroyang, inscriptions from, ii. 286n Paggi Islands, ii. 298n Pagodas, Burmese, ii. 110, 114n; alleged Chinese in India, 336n–337n, 391n Pahang, ii. 279n Paï, or Peyih tribe, ii. 60n, 120n Paipurth (Baiburt), i. 46, 49n Pai-yen-ching, ii. 58n Paizah, or Golden Tablet of Honour, i. 352n, 353n —— and Yarligh, i. 322n, 352n Pakwiha, China ware, ii. 243n Pala, a bird, ii. 351n Palace of Khan at Chagannor, i. 296; at Chandu (Shangtu), 298; of cane, 299; at Langtin, 306; Cambaluc, 362; on Green Mount, 370; at Kenjanfu (Si-ngan fu), ii. 24, 29n; of the Empire of Manzi at Kinsay, 191, 192, 206, 212n; in Chipangu, paved and roofed with gold, 253, 256n, 275n Palembang, ii. 281n, 283n Paliolle, Or de, for gold dust, ii. 52n Palladius, the Archimandrite, i. 187n, 198n, 215n, 225n, 227n, 248n, 251n, 256n, 270n, 276n, 279n, 282n, 287n, 288n, 291n, 304n, 306n, 308n, 310n, 319n, 327n, 334n, 336n, 344n–347n, 358n, 389n, 397n, 402n, 407n, 408n, 430n, 456n, 461n, ii. 178n Palm (Measure), ii. 592n Palm Wine, see Wine of Palm Pamier (Pamir), Plain of, i. 171; its wild sheep, 171, 176n; great height, 174n; pasture, etc., 174n, 175n; described by Hiuen Tsang, Wood, Goës, Abdul Mejid, Colonel Gordon and others, 174n–176n; Dr. M. A. Stein on, ii. 593n–594n; Lord Curzon on number of, 594n Pan-Asiatic usages, i. 324n, 326n, ii. 359n Pandarani, or Fandaraina, ii. 386n, 391n Pandit Manphul, i. 162n, 163n, 173n, 154n–156n, 160n, 161n, 422n, 438n Pandrethan in Kashmir, Buddhist temple at, i. 167 Pandyan kings, ii. 333n–335n, 373n–374n Panja River, or Upper Oxus, i. 170, 172n–174n Panjáb, i. 104n Panjkora, i. 104n Panjshir, i. 162n, 165n, ii. 488n Pantaleon, coins of, i. 163n Panthé, or Mahomedan Kingdom in Yun-nan, ii. 80n Panya (or Pengya), in Burma, ii. 113n Pao-ki h’ien, ii. 32n, 34n Paonano Pao, i. 173n, ii. 593n Papé, Papesifu, ii. 117n, 128n Paper-money (Chao), Kúblái’s made from bark, i. 423–425, 426n–430n; modern, 428n. (See also Currency.) Papien River, ii. 128n Paquier, Professor, i. 172n, 183n Paradise, Apples of, i. 97, 99n —— in legend of the Cross, 136n —— of Persia, 114n —— of the Old Man of the Mountain, i. 140, 142; destroyed, 145 —— Rivers of, 9n Parákráma Bahu I., ii. 334n Paramisura, founder of Malacca, ii. 282n Parapomisadae, ii. 402n Parasol, i. 354n Paravas, ii. 372n Parez, Pariz, turquoise mines of, i. 92n —— falcons of, 96n Pariahs (Paraiyar), ii. 228n; etymology of, ii. 349n Parker, E. H., i. 263n, 291n, 312n, 345n, 360n, 381n, 433n, ii. 60n, 74n, 88n, 104n, 148n, 151n, 169n, 207n; on Pasei, 296n Parlák, or Perlak, see Ferlec —— Tanjong, ii. 287n Parliament, Tartar, ii. 495 Parpa iron mines, i. 93n Parrot, Professor, first to ascend Mount Ararat, i. 49n Parrots, ii. 376, 431 Partridges, i. 88; black, 99n; Jirufti, 111n; great (Chakors), 296, 297n; in mew, 298n. (See also Francolin.) Parwana, a traitor eaten by the Tartars, i. 312n Paryán silver mines, i. 162n Pascal of Vittoria, Friar, i. 9n Pasei, Pacem (Basma), a kingdom of Sumatra, ii. 284–285, 288n–289n, 292, 296n, 305n —— Bay of, 296n —— History of, 288n–289n Pasha-Afroz, i. 165n Pasha and Pashagar tribes, i. 165n Pashai, i. 164; what region intended, 164, 165n —— Dir, i. 98, 104n Passo (or Pace), Venetian, ii. 280, 281n, 592n Patarins, heretics, 108, i. 303, 321n, ii. 342n Patera, debased Greek, from Badakhshan, i. 159, 160n Patlam, ii. 337n Patra, or Alms-dish of Buddha, ii. 320, 328n; miraculous properties, 330n; Holy Grail of Buddhism, 330n Patriarchs of Eastern Christians, i. 60, 61n, ii. 407, 409n. (See also Catholicos and Nestorian.) Patteik-Kará, ii. 99n, 100n Patterns, beast and bird, on silk, etc., i. 66n, 90, 95, 96n, 398n, ii. 424n Patu, see Batu Paukin (Pao-ying), ii. 152 Pauthier, G., remarks on text of Polo, 92 seqq., et passim Paved roads in China, ii. 189, 198n —— streets of Kinsay, ii. 189 Payan, see Bayan Payangadi, ii. 387n Pa-yi writing, specimen of, ii. 65n Peaches, yellow and white (apricots), ii. 202, 210 Peacocks at St. Thomas’s, ii. 355; special kind in Coilum, ii. 376 Pearls, i. 60, 107, 350, 387, 390, 394, 424, ii. 338, 373n; in Caindu, 53, 56n, 231, 235; rose-coloured in Chipangu, 254, 257n; fishery of, 331, 332, 337n, 344, 372n; pearls and precious stones of kingdom of Maabar, 338, 364, 368n Pears, enormous, ii. 202, 210n Pedir, ii. 289n Pedro, Prince of Portugal, 110, 135 Pegu and Bengal confounded, ii. 99n, 115n, 128n Pei-chau (Piju), ii. 141 Pein (Pim), province, i. 191, 192n; site of, ii. 595n Peking, white pagoda at, ii. 347n. (See Cambaluc.) Pelly, Col. Sir Lewis, British Resident at Bushire, i. 85n, 86n, 110n, 114n, 117n Pema-ching, ii. 35n Pemberton, Captain R., ii. 79n Pentam (Bintang), ii. 280n, 284 Pepper, daily consumption of, at Kinsay, ii. 204; change in Chinese use of, 210n; great importation at Zayton, duty on, 235, 242n; white and black, 264, 272; in Coilum, 375; Eli and Cananore, 385, 388n; Melibar, 389; Guzerat, 393, 394n; trade in, to Alexandria, 235, 389, 438 Pepper Country, ii. 377n Peregrine falcons, i. 269, ii. 487 Perla (Ferlec), ii. 287n Persia, extent of name to Bokhara, i. 10n; spoken of, 75, 78; three Magi of 78; its eight kingdoms, 83 Persia and India, boundary of, ii. 402n Persian applied to language of foreigners at Mongol Court, i. 380n, ii. 5n Persian Gulf (Sea of India?), i. 63, 64n Pesháwar, ii. 330n Peter, Tartar slave of Marco Polo’s, 72 Pharaoh’s rats (Gerboa), i. 252, 254n, ii. 480, 517n Phayre, Major-General Sir Arthur, ii. 100n, 105n, 113n, 114n Pheasants, large and long tailed, i. 275, ii. 22, 153; Reeves’s, i. 280n Pheng (the Rukh), ii. 421n Philip the Fair, i. 14n, 87n Philip III. and IV. of France, i. 87n Philippine Islands, ii. 265n, 266n Phillips, G., ii. 220n–222n, 224n, 228n, 230n, 232n, 233n, 238n, 239n, 240n–241n, 278n, 279n, 296n, 297n, 308n, 314n, 315n, 596n Phipps, Captain, ii. 373n Phra Râma, Siamese kings so-called, ii. 278n Phungan, Phungan-lu (Fungul?), ii. 127n, 129n Physician, a virtuous, i. 461n Physicians, ii. 203, 376 Pianfu (P’ing-yang fu), ii. 13, 16n, 25n Piccoli, ii. 66, 74n Pichalok, ii. 279n Pievtsov, General, i. 188n; expedition, 200n Pigeon posts, i. 438n Pig-shells, ii. 85 Piju (Pei-chau), ii. 141 Pilgrimage, to Adam’s Sepulchre in Ceylon, ii. 319; to Shrine of St. Thomas, 353 “Pillar Road,” ii. 32n Pima (Pim), i. 191, 192n Pinati, king of Kaulam, ii. 380n Pine woods in Mongolian desert, i. 224 —— in South China, ii. 251n P’ing-chang, Fanchán, or second class Minister, i. 432n P’ing-yang fu (Pianfu), ii. 13, 16n, 25n Pinna-Cael (Punnei-Káyal), ii. 372n Pipino, Friar Francesco, 66, 81, 95, 103, i. 19n, 22n, 23n, 144n, 156n, 395n, ii. 120n, 517n Pirabandi or Bir Pandi (Vira Pandi), ii. 333n–335n Pirada, ii. 305n Pirates of Malabar, ii. 389–390n; Guzerat 392; Tana, 395; Somnath, 400n; Socotra, 407, 410n Piratical customs at Eli, ii. 385, 390n Pistachioes, i. 97, 114n, 125n, 153, 155n Plane, Oriental or Chínár, i. 127, 128n, 131n, 135n, 138n Plano Carpini, 15, passim Pog, or Fiag River, i. 54n Poison, antidote to, ii. 79 Poisoning guests, custom of, ii. 84n Poisonous pasturage, i. 217, 218n Poison wind, i. 108, 120n Poland, Mongol invasion of, ii. 493n Pole, or Jackdaw on Polo’s scutcheon, 7 Pole-star, invisible in Java the Less, ii. 284, 292; visible again in India, 382, 389, 392, 397 Police, of Cambaluc, i. 414; Kinsay, 187, 188 Politeness of Chinese, i. 457, 462n Polo, Andrea, grandfather of Marco, 8, 14, 26 —— Antonio, illegitimate son of Elder Marco, 26 —— Bellela, second daughter, 69, 71; died before 1333, 76, ii. 506n —— Donata, wife of Traveller, 69, 71; sale of property to her husband, 30, ii. 507, 512; death between 1333–1336, 76; before Council, 77; may have been Loredano, 69, 77, ii. 510n, 512n, 518n, 520n —— or Bragadino, Fantina, eldest daughter of Traveller, 69, 71, 76, ii. 506n, 513n —— Felice, a cousin, 25, 64 —— Fiordelisa, wife of last, 25, 65 Polo, Fiordelisa, daughter of Maffeo the Younger, 17, 64 —— Maffeo, brother of Nicolo, 14, 15, 64; in Kan-chau, i. 220; time of death between 1309 and 1318, 66 —— Maffeo, brother of Traveller, 15, 16; probabilities as to birth, 17, 18, 25; will of, 26, ii. 510n; abstract from, 64–66 —— Marco, the elder son of Andrea, Uncle of the Traveller, 14; his will, 17, 25, 26, i. 4, ii. 510n —— Marco, the Traveller, veracity, perplexities in his biography, 1; Ramusio’s notices, extracts from, 2 seqq.; recognition of his names of places, paralleled with Columbus, 3, 105; nicknamed Millioni, 6, 67; story of his capture at Curzola, 6; writes his book in prison at Genoa, 6; release and marriage, 7; arms, 7; claim to nobility, 14; supposed autograph, ib.; his birth, circumstances of, 15; is taken to East, 18; employed by Kúblái, mentioned in Chinese Records, 21, see i. 420; mission to Yun-nan, 21; governor of Yang-chau, 22; employed at Kan-chau, Kara Korum, Champa and Indian Seas, 22; returns home, 23–24; mentioned in his Uncle Marco’s will, 25; commands a galley at Curzola, 46; taken prisoner and carried to Genoa, 48; his imprisonment there, 52; dictates his book to Rusticiano, 52; release and return to Venice, 52; evidence as to story of capture, 53–55; dying vindication of his book, 54; executor to his brother Maffeo, 64; record of exemption from municipal penalty, 66; gives copy of book to T. de Cepoy, 68; marriage and daughters, 69; lawsuit with Paulo Girardo, proceeding regarding house property, 70; illness and last will, 70–74; probable date of death, 74; place of burial, 74; professed portraits of, 75–76; alleged wealth, 77; estimate of him and of his book, 104 seqq.; true claims to glory, 106; faint indications of personality, 107; rare indications of humour, 108; absence of scientific notions, 109; geographical data in book, 109; his acquisition of languages, ignorance of Chinese, deficiencies in Chinese notices, 110; historical notices, 111; allusions to Alexander, 113; incredulity about his stories, 115; contemporary recognition, 116 seqq.; by T. de Cepoy, Friar Pipino, 118; J. d’Acqui, Giov. Villani, and P. d’Abano, 119; notice by John of Ypres, 121; borrowings in poem of Bauduin de Sebourc, 121 seqq.; Chaucer and, 128; influence on geography, obstacles to its effect, 129; character of mediæval cosmography, 130; Roger Bacon as geographer, 131; Arab maps, 132; Marino Sanudo’s map, 133; Medicean, 134; Carta Catalana largely based on Polo’s, 134; increased appreciation of Polo’s book, 135; confusions of nomenclature, 136; introduction of block-printing into Europe and Polo, 138–141; dictates his narrative, i. 2; found at Venice, 18; his age, 19n, 22, 26; noticed and employed by Kúblái, 27; grows in favour, many missions, 30, 31; returns from one to India, 32; escapes from the Karaunas, 99, 106n; hears of breed of Bucephalus, 158; recovers from illness in hill climate, 159; hears from Zulficar about Salamander, 213; at Kan-chau, 220; brings home hair of yak, 274; and head and feet of musk deer, 275; witnesses events connected with Ahmad’s death, 420, 422n; noticed in Chinese annals, 422n; whether he had to do with Persian scheme of paper currency in 1294, 428n; sent by Khan into Western provinces, ii. 3; governor of Yang-chau, 154; probable extent of his authority, 157n; aids in constructing engines for siege of Siang-yang, 159 seqq.; difficulties as to this statement, 167n seqq.; on number of vessels on Great Kiang, 170; ignorant of Chinese, 183; on greatness of Kinsay, 185; his notes, 193n; sent to inspect amount of revenue from Kinsay, 216; his great experience, 236; never in islands of Sea of Chin, 265; in kingdom of Chamba, 268, 271n; historical anecdotes, 270n; detained five months in Sumatra, stockade party against wild people, 292; brings Brazil seed to Venice, 299; partakes of tree-flour (sago), 300; takes some to Venice, 305n; in six kingdoms of Sumatra, 300; witnesses arrest for debt in Maabar, 343; his erroneous view of Arabian coast, 110, ii. 452n; Indian geography, 403n; his unequalled travels, 501; Venetian documents about him, 510n–521n —— Marco, called Marcolino, son of Nicolo the Younger, 65, 77, 78, ii. 510n —— Marco, last male survivor, 8, 78, 79, ii. 510n —— Marco, others of this name, 66, 79, 80, ii. 508n, 509n —— Maroca, sister of Nicolo the Younger, 15, 25, i. 4n —— or Delfino, Moreta, youngest daughter, 69, 71, 76, ii. 506n, 513n Polo, Nicolo and Maffeo, sons of Andrea, their first journey, 15 seqq.; cross Black Sea to Soldaia, i. 2; visit Volga country, etc., 4; go to Bokhara, 9; join envoys to Khan’s Court, 10; Kúblái’s reception of, 11; sent back as envoys to Pope, 13; receive a Golden Tablet, 15; reach Ayas, 16; Acre, 17; Venice, 18; find young Marco there, ib. —— Nicolo, Maffeo and Marco, proceed to Acre, i. 19; set out for East, recalled from Ayas, 20; set out again with Pope’s letters, etc., 22; reach Kúblái’s Court, 25; are welcomed, 26; see on their journey outward, 19; their alleged service in capture of Siang-yang, 22, ii. 158, 159; Khan refuses them permission to return home, i. 32; allowed to go with ambassadors, 33; receive Golden Tablets, 34; on return see also 23, 24; story of their arrival at Venice, 4; scheme to assert their identity, 5 —— Nicolo, his alleged second marriage and sons, 7, 15; probable truth as to time of, 17; his illegitimate sons, 25; approximate time of his death, 64; his tomb, 7, 74 —— Nicolo the Younger, cousin of traveller, 15, 25, 65, i. 4n —— Stefano and Giovannino, illegitimate brothers of Traveller, 25, 30, 65 —— (?), or Trevisano(?), Fiordelisa, perhaps second wife of Nicolo Polo the Elder, and mother of Maffeo the Younger, 17, 25, 27 —— or Trevisano, Maria, last survivor of the family, 8, 78, 79; doubts as to her kindred, 79, ii. 510n —— Family, its duration and end, according to Ramusio, 7–8; origin, 13; last notices of, 76 seqq. (For relationship of different Polos, see table, ii. 506n.) —— Family, branch of S. Geremia, 14, 66, ii. 507n–509n Po-lut (Pa-lut), incense, ii. 304n Polygamy, i. 220, 252, 276, ii. 371; supposed effect on population, i. 437n–438n, ii. 268, 339 Pomilo (Pamir), i. 174n Pompholyx, i. 126n Ponent, or West, term applied by Polo to Kipchak, the Mongol Khanate of the Volga, see Kipchak Pong (Mediæval Shan State), ii. 79n, 113n Poods, Russian, i. 162n Popinjays, i. 107 Population, vast, of Cathay, i. 437n–438n Porcelain manufacture, ii. 235, 242n; fragments found at Kayál, 373n; Chinese, 595n —— shells, see Cowries Porcupines, i. 154, 156n Pork, mention of, omitted, ii. 210n Postín, sheep-skin coat, i. 153, 155n Posts, post-houses and runners, i. 433 et seqq., 438n; in Siberia, ii. 480 Po-sz’ (Persia), ii. 437n Potala at L’hasa, i. 319n Pottinger, i. 94n, 96n Poultry, kind of, in Coilum, ii. 376; in Abyssinia (guinea-fowl?), 431, 437n Pound, sterling, 71, ii. 591n Pourpre, or Purpura, i. 66n, 389n P’o-yang Lake, ii. 243n Pozdneiev, Professor, i. 228n Precious stones or gems, 5, i. 75, 76n, 107, 350, 390, 394, 424, ii. 202, 231, 235, 236, 254, 264, 313, 315n, 338, 361, 362n; how discovered by pirates, 392 Prester John (Unc Can, Aung or Ung Khan), i. 27n, 239; Tartar tribute to, 226; account of, 231n–237n; marriage relations with Chinghiz, 239; insults Chinghiz’ envoys, 239; “these be no soldiers,” 240; marches to meet Chinghiz, 241; real site of battle with Chinghiz, 242; his real fate, ib.; slain in battle, 244; his lineage in Tenduc, 284, 288n; and the Golden King, ii. 17–22 Prices of horses, see Horses Printing, imaginary connection of Polo’s name with introduction of 139 seqq. Private names supposed, i. 361n Prjevalsky, Colonel N. M., i. 198n, 206n, 216n, 249n, 276n, 277n, ii. 23n, 29n, 61n Probation of Jogis, ii. 366; parallel, 370n Prophecy regarding Bayan, ii. 145, 149n Proques, the word, ii. 370n Prostitutes, at Cambaluc, i. 414; Kinsay, ii. 202–203 Provinces, thirty-four of Kúblái’s Empire, i. 430 Pseudo-Callisthenes, 113, i. 56n, 57n Ptolemies’ trained African elephants, ii. 434n Ptolemy, 2, 129, 131, i. 24n, 88n, 91n; Sarmatic Gates, i. 53n P’u-chau fu, ii. 25n, 26n Pu-ch’eng, ii. 224n Puer and Esmok, ii. 57n, 117n Pukan Mien-Wang, ii. 113n Pulad Chingsang, ii. 218n Pulisanghin, River and Bridge, 111, 136, ii. 3–4, 5n Pulo Bras, ii. 307n Pulo Condore (Sondur and Condur), ii. 276, 277n Pulo Gommes (Gauenispola), ii. 307n Pulo Nankai, or Nási, ii. 307n Pulo Wé, Wai, or Wey, ii. 307 Punnei-Káyal, ii. 372n Puránas, the, i. 58n Purpura, see Pourpre Putchok, ii. 397n Putu-ho, “Grape R.,” ii. 16n Pygmies, factitious(?), ii. 285

Qal’ah Asgher, hot springs at, i. 122n Qara Arslán Beg, king of Kermán, i. 92n Quails in India, ii. 345 Queen of Mutfili, ii. 360 Quicksilver and sulphur potion, ii. 365, 369n —— as regarded by alchemists, 369n Quills of the Ruc, see Ruc Quilon, Kaulam, etc., see Coilum Qumādin (Camadi), i. 113n

Rabelais, i. 100n Rabbanta, a Nestorian monk, i. 243n Radloff, Dr. W., i. 28n; map, 229n, 230n Ráin, i. 113n Rainald, of Dassel, Archbishop, i. 82n Rain-makers, see Conjurers Rainy season, ii. 343, 351n Rajkot leather-work, ii. 395 Rakka, Rákshasas, ii. 298n, 308n, 312n Rama Kamheng, king, ii. 278n Rameshwaram, ii. 335n Ramnad, ii. 335n Rampart of Gog and Magog, i. 57n, 292n Ramusio, Giov. Battista, passim; his biographical notices of Polo, 2 et seqq., 52; his edition of Polo, 96–101, ii. 208n, 212n, 374n Ráná Paramitá’s Woman Country, ii. 405n Ranking, John, i. 339n Raonano-Rao, i. 173n, ii. 593n Rapson, E. J., ii. 595n Ras Haili, ii. 386n —— Kumhări, ii. 383n Rashíduddín, alias Fazl-ulla Rashid, Persian statesman and historian of the Mongols, 121; frequently quoted in the Notes. Ravenala tree (Urania speciosa), ii. 421n, 597n Raw meat eaten, ii. 66, 76n, 85 Rawlinson, Sir H., i. 58n, 82n, 85n, 87n, 114n, 115n, 152n, 166n, 192n, 195n Reclus, Asie russe, i. 54n; on Caspian Sea fisheries, 59n Red gold and red Tangas, ii. 349n Re Dor, ii. 19n Red Sea, trade from India to Egypt by, ii. 438; described in some texts as a river, 439n; possible origin of mistake 93 Red sect of Lamas, i. 315n, 319n Refraction, abnormal, ii. 419n Reg Ruwán, of Kabul, i. 202n —— of Seistán, i. 202n Reindeer ridden, i. 269, 271n Religion, indifference of Chinghizide Princes to, i. 14n, 349n, ii. 477n; occasional power of among Chinese, i. 460n seqq. Remission of taxation by Kúblái, i. 439 Rennell, Major James, ii. 402n Reobarles (Rúdbár, etc.), i. 97, 109, 111n, 114n Revenue of Kinsay, ii. 189, 190, 215 et seqq. Rhinoceros (Unicorn), in Sumatra, ii. 285, 290n; habits, 290n; four Asiatic species, 289n —— Tichorinus, ii. 419n Rhins, Dutreuil de, i. 190n, 192n, 276n Rhubarb, Rheum palmatum, i. 217, 218n, 279n, ii. 181, 183n Riant, Comte, ii. 593n Ricci, Matteo, i. 347n, 451n, 454n Rice, ii. 33, 56, 85, 115, 117, 123, 174, 202, 292, 300, 313, 342, 354, 360, 401, 404, 423, 431 Rice-wine, i. 441n; at Yachi, ii. 66 —— trade on Grand Canal, ii. 174 Richard II., i. 42n Richthofen, Baron F. von, i. 106n, 198n, 218n, 295n, ii. 14n–16n, 19n, 23n, 26n, 27n, 29n, 32n, 34n, 35n, 38n, 40n, 42n, 45n, 48n, 57n, 60n, 67n, 80n; on Fungul, 129n; on Tanpiju, 220n Right and Left, ministers of the, i. 432n Rio Marabia, ii. 387n Rishis (Eremites) of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n “River of China,” ii. 222n, 243n Roads radiating from Cambaluc, i. 433 Robbers in Persia, i. 84, 87n, 98, 99, 101n Robbers’ River, i. 114n Robes distributed by Kúblái, i. 387, 388n, 394 Roborovsky, Lieutenant, i. 188n Rochefort, “faire la couvade,” ii. 94n Rockets, i. 342n Rockhill (Rubruck and Diary of a Journey), i. 5n, 8n, 9n, 277n, 279n, 282n, 283n, 294n, 295n, 306n, 308n–310n, 312n, 319n, 321n, 324n, 325n, 353n, 354n, 384n, 385n, 389n, 393n, 429n, 437n, ii. 491n; on the titles Khan, Khatun, etc., 10; on horn horse-shoes, i. 177n; earliest mention of name Mongol in Oriental works, 294n; Mongol storm-dispellers, 310n; charge of cannibalism against Tibetans, 312n; on Bönbo Lamas, 325n; Tablets (hu), 354n; mechanical contrivances at E. Court, 385n; Mongol etiquette, 393n; Chinese leather-money, 429n; Mongol post-stations, 437n; pocket-spitoons, 462n; from Peking to Si-ngan fu, ii. 5n; descent of Yellow River, 23n; road between T’ung-kwan and Si-ngan fu, 27n; two famous Uigur Nestorians, 28n; on the word Salar, 29n; on the Hui-hui sects, 30n; on the Alans, 180n; on branch of Volga Bulgars, 489n Rofia palm (sagus ruffia), ii. 597n Roiaus dereusse(?), ii. 395n Rome, the Sudarium at, i. 213 Rondes, ingenious but futile explanation of, i. 410n Rook, in Chess, ii. 419n Rori-Bakkar, Sepoy name for Upper Sind, i. 86n Rosaries, Hindu, ii. 338, 347n Rostof and Susdal, Andrew, Grand Duke of, i. 7n Roth, H. Ling, on couvade, ii. 596n Rouble, ii. 488n Roxana, daughter of Darius, wife of Alexander, i. 151, 152n, 157 Roze de l’Açur, i. 370n Rubies, Balas, 5, i. 157, 161n; of Ceylon, ii. 313, 315n; of Adam’s Peak, 316n Rubruquis, or Rubruc, Friar William de, 15, 104, 132, i. 57n, 65n, 227n, 230n, 239n, 242n, 253n, 264n, 278n, 308n, 309n, 354n, 384n, 385n, 389n, 426n, 437n Ruby mines in Badakhshan, i. 161n Ruc (Rukh), or Gryphon, bird called, described, ii. 412–413; its feathers and quills, 413, 420n, 596n–598n; wide diffusion and various forms of fable, 415n; eggs of the Aepyornis, 416n; Fra Mauro’s story, 417n; genus of that bird, condor, 417n, 420n; discovery of bones of Harpagornis in New Zealand, 418n; Sindbad, Rabbi Benjamin, romance of Duke Ernest, 418n; Ibn Batuta’s sight of Ruc, 419n; rook in chess, 419n; various notices of, 420n–421n Rúdbár-i-Laṣṣ, Robbers’ River, i. 114n —— (Reobarles), district and River, i. 97, 109, 111n, 114n Rudder, single, noted by Polo as peculiar, i. 108; double, used in Mediterranean, 117n Rúdkhánah-i-Duzdi (Robbers’ River), i. 114n Rúdkhánah-i-Shor (Salt River), i. 111n Rudra Deva, King of Telingana, ii. 362n Rudrama Devi, Queen of Telingana, ii. 362n Rukh, Shah, i. 86n, 191n, 211n, 218n, 392n, 396n Ruknuddin, Mahmud, Prince of Hormuz, i. 120n —— Masa’úd, i. 120n —— Khurshah, son of Alaodin, Prince of the Ismaelites, i. 146n Rúm, i. 44n Runiz, i. 86n Ruomedam-Ahomet, King of Hormuz, i. 110, 121n Rupen, Bagratid, founder of Armenian State in Cilicia, i. 42n Rupert, Prince, ii. 486n Rüppell’s Table of Abyssinian kings, ii. 435n Russia (Rosia), annexes Georgia, i. 53n, ii. 486; great cold, Arab accounts of, 487; silver mines, 488n; subject to Tartars, 489n; conquered by Batu, 489n —— leather, i. 6n, 394, 395n; clothes of, 295n Russians, trusty lieges of king, ii. 348n Rusták, i. 173n Rusticiano of Pisa, introduces himself in prologue, i. 1, 141n, 263n; writes down Polo’s book, 52, 55 seqq., 84, 112; extracts and character of his compilation, 61 seqq., 143; his real name, 61; his other writings, 89 Ruysch’s map, 135

Saadi, i. 85n Saba (Sava, Savah), city of the Magi, i. 78, 80, 81n Sabaste, see Sivas Sable, its costliness, i. 405, 409n–410n, ii. 479, 481, 484, 486n, 487 Sabreddin, ii. 437n Sabzawur, i. 150n Sachiu (Sha-chau), i. 203, 206n Sacrifices of people of Tangut, i. 204 —— human, i. 208n, ii. 303n Sadd-i-Iskandar, rampart of Alexander, i. 53n, 54n, 57n Saffron, fruit-serving purposes of, ii. 225, 226n Sagacity of sledge-dogs, ii. 483n Sagamon Borcan, see Sakya Muni Buddha Sagatu, general of Kúblái’s, ii. 267, 270n Saggio (⅙ oz.), i. 350, 353n, ii. 54, 57n, 76, 215, 216, 217n, 339, 347n, 592n Sago, ii. 300, 304n, 305n Saianfu, see Siang-yang-fu Saif Arad, king of Abyssinia, ii. 437n Saifuddin Nazrat, ruler of Hormuz, i. 120n Saimur (Chaul), ii. 367n Sain Khan (or Batu), ii. 490, 491 St. Anno of Cologne, i. 130n St. Barlaam and St. Josafat, story of a Buddhist christianised, ii. 323n seqq. St. Barsauma (Barsamo, Brassamus), and monastery of, i. 77 St. Blasius (Blaise), Church at Sivas, i. 43, 45n St. Brandon, ii. 312n St. Buddha! ii. 325n seqq. St. Epiphanius, ii. 362n St. George, Church of, in Sivas, i. 45n; at Quilon, ii. 377n St. Helena, i. 58n St. James’ Shrine, Gallicia, ii. 319 St. John the Baptist, Church of, in Samarkand, i. 185 —— Major Oliver, i. 57n, 92n, 96n, 105n, 112n, 114n, 120n St. Leonard’s Convent in Georgia, and the fish miracle, i. 52, 58n St. Lewis, i. 27n, 47n, 67n, 87n; his campaign on the Nile, ii. 165n, 593n St. Martin, Vivien de, Map, i. 164n, 192n St. Mary’s Island, Madagascar, ii. 414n St. Matthew, Monastery near Mosul, i. 61n St. Matthew’s Gospel, story of the Magi, i. 82n St. Nina, i. 58n St. Sabba’s at Acre, 42 St. Thomas, the Apostle, ii. 321n, 323n, 325n; his shrine in India, 341, 353, 355n; his murderers, and their hereditary curse, 350n; reverenced by Saracens and heathen, 353; miracles in India, 354, 356n; story of his death, 355, 357n; tradition of his preaching in India, 356n; translation of remains to Edessa, 357n; King Gondopharus of legend a real king, 357n; Roman Martyrology, 357n; the localities, 358n; alleged discovery of reliques, 358n seqq.; the Cross, 358n; church ascribed to, 378n; in Abyssinia, 427 St. Thomas’s Isle, ii. 403n —— Mounts, ii. 358n Saker falcons, i. 158, 162n, 223, ii. 50 Sakta doctrines, i. 323n Sakya Muni (Sagamon Borcan) Buddha, i. 164n, 324n, 348n, ii. 265n, 308n; death of, i. 170n; recumbent figures of, 219, 221n; story of, ii. 316 seqq.; his footmark on Adam’s Peak, 321n; Alms dish, Holy Grail, 328n–330n; tooth relique, 319–320, 330n Salamander, the, i. 213, 216n Salar (Ho-chau), ii. 29n Salem, dragoman, explores Rampart of Gog, i. 57n Salghur, Atabegs of Fars, i. 85n, 121n Sálih, Malik, son of Badruddín Lúlú, i. 61n Salsette Island, ii. 325n, 396n Salt, H., his version of Abyssinian chronology, ii. 435n —— rock, in Badakhshan, i. 153, 154n; used for currency, ii. 45, 54, 57n; extracted from deep wells, 58n, 66, 76n; in Carajan province, 66, 76n; manufactured in Eastern China, 133; manufacture, revenue and traffic in, 152, 153, 155n, 215, 216, 217n; trade on the Kiang, 171; junks employed therein, 174n —— stream, i. 124n Salwen River, or Lu-Kiang, i. 323n Samagar, ii. 471, 474n Samána, ii. 427n Samara, kingdom of, see Sumatra Samarkand (Samarcan), i. 57n, 62n, ii. 458, 462; story of a miracle at, i. 183, 186n; colony near Peking from, 291n Sampson, Theos., on grapes in China, ii. 16n Sámsúnji Báshi, i. 401n Samudra, see Sumatra Samuel, his alleged tomb at Sávah, i. 81n San Giovanni Grisostomo, parish in Venice where the Ca’ Polo was, 4, 26, 53, 70, 71, 76; theatre, 28 San Lorenzo, Venice, burial place of Marco and his father, 7, 71, 74 Sandu, see Chandu Sanf, see Champa Sangín, Sangkan River, ii. 5n, 6n Sanglich, dialect of, i. 160n Sang-Miau, tribe of Kwei-chau, ii. 82n Sangon, the Title (Tsiang-kiun), ii. 136, 138n Sanitary effects of Mountain air, i. 158 Sanjar, sovereigns of Persia, i. 233n Sankin Hoto, Dalai, i. 215n Sanuto of Torcelli, Marino, 118, i. 17n, 23n, 24n, 42n, 59n, 67n, 77n, 144n; his World Map, 133; on long range, ii. 166n Sappan wood, see Brazil Sapta-Shaila, ii. 386n Sapurgan (Sabúrḳán, Shabúrḳán, Shibrgán), i. 149, 150n Saputa, Sçue, peculiar use of, i. 437n Saracanco (Saraichik), on the Yaik, i. 6n Saracens, see Mahomedans Sarai (Sara), capital of Kipchak, i. 4; city and its remains, 5n; perhaps occupied successive sites, 6n —— Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n, ii. 494 Sáras, crane (grus Antigone), i. 297n Saratov, i. 9n Sarbizan Pass, i. 113n Sardines, ii. 444n Sárdú Pass, i. 113n Sarghalan River, i. 156n Sărha, Port of Sumatra, ii. 294n Sarhadd River, i. 175n Sar-i-kol, Lakes, i. 163n, 172n Sarsati, ii. 427n Sartak, the Great Khan’s ambassador to Hulákú, i. 10n, 14n Sassanian dynasty, i. 61n Sati, see Suttee Satin, probable origin of word, ii. 241n Saum, Sommo, silver ingots used in Kipchak, ii. 488n; apparently the original rouble, 488n Sauromatae, ii. 466n Sávah (Saba), i. 78, 80, 81n Savast (Siwas), i. 43, 44n Scanderoon, Gulf of, i. 16n Scasem, i. 156n Scherani, bandits, i. 101n Schiltberger, Hans, i. 131n Schindler, General Houtum-, i. 89n, 96n, 99n, 100n, 105n, 106n, 112n–115n, 122n, 126n, 308n, 310n, 314n Schlegel, Dr. G., i. 342n, 437n, 441n, ii. 281n, 596n Schmidt, Professor I. J., i. 201n, 294n Schönborn, Carl, ii. 601n Schuyler, Eugene, i. 54n Scidmore, Miss E., on the Tide, ii. 209n Scotra, see Socotra Sea of Chin, ii. 264, 265, 266n, 270n —— England, ii. 265 —— Ghel, or Ghelan, i. 52 —— India, i. 35, 63, 108, 166, ii. 265, 424 —— Rochelle, ii. 265 —— Sarain, i. 59, ii. 494 Seal, Imperial, i. 366, 424 Sebaste, see Sivas Sebourc, Bauduin de, see Bauduin de Sebourc Sees of Latin Church, i. 186n, ii. 237n, 377n —— Nestorian Church, i. 91n, 183n, 186n, 207n, 211n Sefavíehs, the, i. 90n Seilan, see Ceylon Self-decapitation, ii. 349n Selitrennoyé Gorodok (Saltpetre Town), i. 5n, 6n Seljukian dynasty, i. 44n —— Turks, i. 91n Selles, chevaux à deux, the phrase, ii. 440n Semal tree, ii. 394n Semedo, ii. 211n Semenat, see Somnath Sempad, Prince, High Constable of Armenia, i. 186n, 352n Sendal, a silk texture, ii. 10n, 37, 132, 182, 390, 464 Sendaus, generally Taffetas, ii. 10n Sendemain, king of Seilan, ii. 313 Seneca, Epistles, i. 14n Senecherim, king of Armenia, i. 45n Seni, Verzino, ii. 380n Senshing, i. 332n Sensin, ascetics, devotees living on bran, i. 303, 321n–327n Sentemur, ii. 98 Sepulchre of Adam, see Adam’s Sepulchre —— of our Lord, i. 19; oil from, 14, 19, 26 Serano, Juan de, ii. 295n Serazi (Shíráz), kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 85n Serendib, ii. 314n Seres, Sinae, 12; their tree wool, ii. 137n; ancient character of the, 211n Serpents, great, i.e. alligators, ii. 76 seqq., 81n, 360 Sertorius, ii. 348n Sesamé, i. 158, 162n, ii. 431 Sesnes, mediæval form of cygnes, cigni, i. 297n Seta Ghella, seta Leggi (Ghellé), silk, i. 59n Seth’s mission to Paradise, i. 136n Sevan Lake, i. 58n Seven Arts, the, i. 13, 14n Severtsof, shoots the Ovis Poli, i. 175n, 177n; on the name Bolor, 179n Seyyed Barghash, Sultan of Zanzibar, ii. 420n Shabánkára, or Shawánkára (Soncara), i. 83, 85n–86n Shabar, son of Kaidu, ii. 459n Sha-chau (Sachin), “Sand-district,” i. 203, 206n Shadow, augury from length of, ii. 364 Sháh Abbás, i. 310n; his Court, 385n —— Jahan, i. 168n Shahr-i-Babek, turquoise mine at, i. 92n Shahr-i-Nao (Siam), ii. 279n Shahr Mandi, or Pandi, ii. 333n Shah Werdy, last of the Kurshid dynasty, i. 85n Shaibani Khan, ii. 481n Shaikh-ul-Jibal, i. 142n, 144n, 145n Shaikhs (Esheks), in Madagascar, ii. 411, 413n Shakespeare, on relation of gold to silver, ii. 95n Sháliát, ii. 440n Shamanism, i. 257n, 315n, 324n, 325n, ii. 97n. (See also Devil-Dancing.) Shampath, ancestor of Georgian kings, i. 52n Shamsuddin Shamatrani, ii. 303n Shamuthera, see Sumatra Shan (Laotian, or Thai), ii. 74n, 90n, 96n, 113n, 278n —— race and country, ii. 117n, 128n —— dynasty in Yun-nan, ii. 73n, 79n —— ponies, ii. 82n —— state of Pong, see Pong Shanars of Tinnevelly, ii. 97n; their devil-worship, 359n Shang-hai, ii. 238n Shangking-Fungking, i. 345n Shangtu, Shangdu (Chandu), i. 25n; Kúblái’s City and Summer Palace, 298, 304n; Dr. Bushell’s description of, 304n; Kúblái’s annual visit to, 308n, 410 Shangtu Keibung, i. 306n, 308n Shan-hai-kwan, i. 407n Shankárah, Shabankára (Soncara), i. 83, 85n, 86n Shan-si, ii. 12n, 14n, 15n, 23n, 25n, 32n, 135n, 143n, 167n Shan-tung, ii. 137n, 141n, 143n; silk in, 136, 137n; pears from, 210n Shao-hing-fu, ii. 220n–222n Shao-ling, pariah caste of, ii. 228n Sharakhs, i. 149n Shara-ul-buks (Forest of box on the Black Sea), i. 57n Sharks and shark charmers, ii. 332–337n Shauls, or Shúls, the, i. 85n, 87n Shawánkára (Soncara), i. 83, 85n, 86n Shaw, R. B., i. 169n, 178n, 195n, 276n, 315n, ii. 16n Shawls of Kerman, i. 96n Sheep, fat-tailed in Kerman, i. 97, 100n —— four-horned at Shehr, ii. 443, 494n —— large Indian, ii. 361 —— none in Manzi, ii. 219 —— of Pamir (Ovis Poli), i. 171, 176n —— wild, of Badakhshan (Kachkar, Ovis Vignei), i. 158, 162n —— with trucks behind, 100n —— Zanghibar, ii. 422, 424n Sheep’s head given to horses, ii. 351n Shehr, or Shihr, see Esher Shehrizor (Kerkuk), i. 62n Shenrabs, i. 324n Shen-si, ii. 23n, 25n, 26n, 31n, 32n, 167n, 237n Shentseu tribe, ii. 120n Sheuping, ii. 120n Shewá, cool plateau of, i. 163n Shibrgán (Sapurgan), i. 149, 150n Shieng, Sheng, or Sing, the Supreme Board of Administration, i. 431, 432n, ii. 154, 157n Shien-sien, Shin-sien, i. 322n Shighnan (Syghinan), ruby mines, i. 157, 161n, 172n Shijarat Malayu, or Malay Chronicle, ii. 287n, 288n, 294n, 296n, 300n, 302n Shikárgáh, applied to animal pattern textures, Benares brocades, i. 66n Shing-king, or Mukden, i. 345n Ships, of the Great Khan, ii. 142; of India at Fuju, 231; of Manzi described, 249–251; mediæval, accounts of, 252n–253n; in Japan, 264; in Java Seas, 274n; at Eli, 386 Shíráz (Cerazi), i. 83, 85n Shireghi, ii. 462n Shirha, ii. 436n Shirwan, ii. 495n Shi-tsung, Emperor, i. 310n Shoa, ii. 434n, 436n Shob’aengs of Nicobar, ii. 308n Shodja ed-din Kurshid, Kurd, i. 85n Shor-Rud (Salt River), i. 124n Shot of Military Engines, ii. 159, 163n, 164n–168n Shpilevsky, i. 8n Shúlistán (Suolstan), i. 83, 85n Shúls or Shauls, people of Persia, i. 83n, 85n Shut up nations, legend of the, 114, 136, i. 57n Shwéli River, ii. 107n Siam, ii. 277n–280n; king of, 278n Siang-yang-fu (Saianfu), Kúblái’s siege of, Polo’s aid in taking, 22, 112, ii. 158, 159; difficulties in Polo’s account, 167n; not removed by Pauthier, notice by Wassáf, Chinese account, Rashiduddin’s, 168n; treasure buried, 169n Siberia, ii. 479–481n Sibree, on rofia palm, ii. 597n Sick men put to death and eaten by their friends, ii. 293, 298n Siclatoun, kind of texture, i. 283n Siddhárta, ii. 322n Sidi Ali, i. 152n, 165n, 277n, ii. 5n, 402n, 444n, 453n Sien, Sien-Lo, Sien-Lo-Kok (Siam, Lo-cac), ii. 277n–280n Sifan, ii. 60n, 61n, 70n Sigatay, see Chagatai Sighelm, envoy from King Alfred to India, ii. 357n Si Hia, language of Tangut, i. 29n Si-hu, Lake of Kinsay or Hang-chau, ii. 186, 196n, 205n–207n, 211n, 214n Sijistán, i. 102n Siju (Suthsian), ii. 141 Sikintinju (Kien-chow), i. 343, 345n Silesia, Mongol invasion of, ii. 493n Silk, called Ghellé (of Gilan), i. 52; manufacture at Yezd, 88n; at Taianfu, ii. 13; in Shan-si and Shen-si, 22, 23n; in Kenjanfu, 24; Cuncun, 31; Sindafu, 42n; Kwei-chau, 126, 128n; Tasinfu, 136, 137n; Piju, 141; Pao-ying-Hien, 152; Nanghin, 157; Chinhiang-fu, 176; Chinginju, 178; Suju, 181n; Vughin, 182; Kinsay, 187, 198n, 216; Ghiuju, 219 —— cotton tree, ii. 394n —— duty on, ii. 216 —— and gold stuffs, i. 41, 60, 63, 75, 107, 257, 285, 383, 387, 415, ii. 10, 24, 132, 152, 157, 176, 181, 206, 238n, 390, 411 —— stuffs and goods, Turcomania, i. 43; Georgia, 50; Baghdad, 63; Yezd, 88; Kerman, 90; Tenduc province, 285; Cambaluc, 415; Juju, ii. 10; Sindafu, 37; Cacanfu, 132; Chinangli, 135; Suju, 181; Vughin, 182; Kinsay, 187; in animal patterns, 63, 90; with Cheetas, i. 398n; of Kelinfu, ii. 225; with giraffes, 424n Silk, tent ropes, i. 405; bed furniture, 434 —— trade at Cambaluc, i. 415; at Kinsay, ii. 187 —— worms, ii. 13, 24 Silver chairs, i. 351, 355n —— imported into Malabar, ii. 390; Cambay, 398 —— Island, ii. 174n —— mines at Baiburt, i. 46; Gumish-Khánah, 49n; in Badakhshan, 157; in N. Shansi, 285, 295n; Yun-nan, ii. 95n; Russian, 487, 488n —— plate in Chinese taverns, ii. 187, 196n Simon, Metropolitan of Fars, ii. 377n —— Magus, i. 314n Simúm, effects of, i. 109, 120n Simurgh, ii. 415n, 419n Sinbad, his story of the diamonds, ii. 362n; of the Rukh, 418n Sind (Sindhu-Sauvira), 12, i. 104n, 105n Sindábúr (Goa), ii. 390n, 440n Sindachu (Siuen-hwa fu), i. 285, 295n Sindafu (Chengtu-fu), ii. 36, 38n, 127, 128n Sindhu-Sauvira (Sindh-Ságor), i. 104n Si-ngan fu (Kenjanfu), ii. 24n, 25n, 29n, 34n; Christian inscription at, 27n, 29n Singapore, Singhapura, i. 37n, ii. 279n, 281n, 305n Singkel, ii. 300n Singphos, ii. 82n, 90n Sings, ii. 238n Singtur, Mongol Prince, ii. 111n Singuyli (Cranganor), ii. 426n Sinhopala (Accambale), king of Chamba, ii. 267 Sinju (Si-ning fu), i. 274, 276n —— (Ichin-hien), ii. 170 Sinju-matu, ii. 137, 138 Sínkalán, Sín-ul-Sín, Mahá-chin, or Canton, i. 294n, ii. 175n, 243n, 252n Sinope, i. 45n Síráf (Kish, or Kais?), i. 65n Sir-i-Chashma, i. 58n Sirikol, Lake and River, i. 174n, 176n, 182n Sírján or Shirján, i. 92n, 122n Sis, i. 42n Sístán, i. 61n Sitting in air, i. 315n, 316n Siu-chau, ii. 129n–131n Siuen-hwa-fu, see Sindachu Siva, ii. 321n, 334n Sivas, Siwas, Sebaste, Sevasd (Savast), i. 43, 44n, 45n Siwastán, ii. 427n Siwi, gigantic cotton in, ii. 394n Sixtus V., Pope, ii. 326n Siya-gosh, or lynx, i. 399n Siyurgutmish, i. 91n Sladen, Major, ii. 82n, 90n, 95n, 107n, 198n Slaves in Bengal, ii. 115 Sledges, dog-, ii. 480, 481n–483n Sleeping-mats, leather, ii. 394, 395n Sluices of Grand Canal, ii. 175n Smith, G., Bishop of Hongkong, i. 347n Smith (R.E.), Major R. M., i. 89n, 96n, 99n, 106n, 111n–114n Sneezing, omen from, ii. 364n Socotra (Scotra), island of, ii. 404, 406, 408n; history of, 408n–410n; Christian Archbishop, 406; aloes of, 409n Soer (Suhar), ii. 340, 348n Sofala, trade to China from, ii. 400n Sogoman Borcan, see Sakya Muni Sol, Arbre, see Arbre Soldaia, Soldachia, Sodaya (the Oriental Sudák), 15, 26, i. 2, 3n, 4 Soldan, a Melic, ii. 470, 472 Soldurii, trusty lieges of Celtic kings, ii. 348n Soli, Solli (Chola, or Tanjore), kingdom of, ii. 335n, 364, 368n, 403n Solomon, house of, in Abyssinia, ii. 434n Soltania, Archbishop of, ii. 213n. (See Sultaniah.) Somnath (Semenat), ii. 398, 400n; gates of, 399, 400n–401n Sonagar-pattanam, ii. 372n Soncara (Shawankára), i. 83, 85n Sonder Bandi Davar, see Sundara Pandi Sondur and Condur (Pulo Condore Group), ii. 276, 277n Sorcerers, sorceries of Pashai (Udyana), i, 164; Kashmir, 166, 168n, 301, ii. 593n; Lamas and Tibetans, ib., 314n–318n —— Dagroian, ii. 293, 298n; Socotra, 407, 410n. (See also Conjurers.) Sornau (Shahr-i-Nau), Siam, ii. 279n Sotiates, tribe of Aquitania, ii. 348n Soucat, ii. 277 Southey, St Romuald, ii. 84n Spaan, Ispahan, i. 85n Sposk, district, i. 7n Spezerie, i. 43n Spice, Spicery, i. 41, 60, 107, 205, 302, 382, 441, ii. 49, 56, 66, 115, 116, 123, 202, 216, 234, 264, 272, 284, 389, 390n, 423, 438, 450 Spice wood, i. 405, 409n Spices in China, duty on, ii. 216 Spikenard, ii. 115, 272, 284, 287n, 390 Spinello Aretini, fresco by, i. 118n Spirit drawings and spiritual flowers, i. 460n Spirits haunting deserts, i. 197, 209n, 274 Spiritualism in China, i. 325n Spitoons, pocket, i. 458, 462n Spodium (Spodos), i. 125, 126n Sport and game, i. 41, 88, 91, 149, 151, 153, 158, 160, 171, 223, 252, 260, 275, 285, 296, 299, 397, 400–406, 411; in Shan-si, ii. 22; Cachanfu, 24; Cuncun, 31; Acbalec Manzi, 34; Tibet, 50; Caindu, 56; Zardandan, 85; Mien, 111; Linju, 140; Cagu, 153; Nanghin, 157; Saianfu, 158; Ching-hiang-fu, 176; Chinginju, 178; Changan, 182; Kinsay, 201, 207, 219; Fuju, 225, 226, 234; Lambri, 299; Maabar, 345; Comari, 382; Eli, 386 Springolds, ii. 161n Springs, hot, i. 110, 122n Sprinkling of drink, a Tartar rite, i. 300, 308n Squares at Kinsay, ii. 201, 209n Sri-Thammarat, ii. 278n Sri-Vaikuntham, ii. 374n Sse River, ii. 139n Stack, E., visits Kuh Banán, i. 126n Star Chart, ii. 314n Star of Bethlehem, traditions about, i. 82n Steamers on Yangtse-kiang, ii. 173n Steel mines at Kermán, i. 90, 92n; in Chingintalas, 212; Indian, 93n, 94n; Asiatic view of, 94n Stefani, Signor, i. 7, ii. 507n Stein, Dr. M. A., on Sorcery in Kashmir, ii. 593n; on Paonano Pao, 593n; on Pamirs, 593n–594n; on site of Pein, 595n Stiens of Cambodia, ii. 82n, 97n Stirrups, short and long, ii. 78, 82n Stitched vessels, i. 108, 117n Stockade erected by Polo’s party in Sumatra, ii. 292 Stone, miracle of the, at Samarkand, i. 185, 187n —— the green, i. 187n —— towers in Chinese cities, ii. 189 —— umbrella column, ii. 212n Stones giving invulnerability, ii. 259, 263n Suákin, ii. 439n Submersion of part of Ceylon, ii. 313, 314n Subterraneous irrigation, i. 89n, 123, 124n Suburbs of Cambaluc, i. 412 Subutai, Mongol general, i. 8n, ii. 168n Su-chau (Suju), ii. 179, 181, 199n; plan of, 183n, 184n Suchnan River, i. 172n Sudarium, the Holy, i. 213 Súddhodhana, ii. 322n Sugar, Bengal, ii. 115; manufactured, 215, 231; art of refining, 226, 230n; of Egypt and China, 231 Suh-chau (Sukchur), i. 217, 218n, 282n Suicides before an idol, ii. 340, 349n Sukchur, province Sukkothai, i. 217 Sukkothai, ii. 278n, 279n Suḳlát, broadcloth, i. 283n Sukum Kala’, i. 57n Suleiman, Sultan, i. 17n, 44n, ii. 74n, 80n Sulphur and quicksilver, potion of longevity, ii. 365, 369n Sultaniah, Monument at, ii. 478n. (See Soltania.) Sultan Shah, of Badakhshan, i. 163n Sumatra (Java the Less), 23, 120, i. 34, ii. 288n, 300n–301n; described, its kingdoms, 284, 286n, 287n; circuit, 284, 286n Sumatra, Samudra, city and kingdom of (Samara for Samatra), ii. 292, 306n; legend of origin, 294n; Ibn Batuta there, 294n; its position, 295n; latest mention of, 296n; wine-pots, 297n Sumbawa, ii. 287n Summers, Professor, ii. 277n Sumutala, Sumuntala, see Sumatra Sun and moon, trees of the, i. 130n Sundara Pandi Devar (Sondar Bandi Davar), king in Ma’bar, ii. 331; his death, 333n; Dr. Caldwell’s views about, 333n, 334n Sundar Fúlát (Pulo Condore Group), ii. 277n Sung, a native dynasty reigning in S. China till Kúblái’s conquest, 12, i. 38n, ii. 135, 151n, 194n; their paper-money, effeminacy, 20n, 150n, 207, 208, 211n; cremation, 135n; Kúblái’s war against, 148n, 149n; end of them, 167n, 168n Sunnis and Shias, i. 160n Suolstan (Shulistan), a kingdom in Persia, i. 83, 85n Superstitions in Tangut, the devoted sheep or ram (Tengri Tockho), i. 204, 207n; the dead man’s door, 205, 209n; as to chance shots, 439; in Carajan, ii. 79, 82n, 84n; devil-dancing, 86; property of the dead, 111; Sumatran, 293, 298n; Malabar, 339 seqq.; as to omens, 343–344, 364–365 Sur-Raja, ii. 374n Survival, instances of, ii. 93n Sushun, Regent of China, execution of (1861), i. 428n Su-tásh, the Jadek, i. 193n Suttees in S. India, ii. 341, 349n; of men, 340 Svastika, sacred symbol of the Bonpos, i. 324n Swans, wild, at Chagan-Nor, i. 296 Swat, i. 178n —— River, i. 164n Swi-fu, ii. 131n Sword blades of India, i. 93n, 96n Syghinan, see Shighnan Sykes, Major P. Molesworth, i. 102n, 106n, 113n, 114n, 119n, 124n, 126n, 127n, 128n Sylen (Ceylon), ii. 426n Symbolical messages, Scythian and Tartar, ii. 497n–498n Syrian Christians, ii. 377n seqq., 433n Syrrhaptes Pallasii, see Barguerlac Szechényi, Count, i. 207n Sze-ch’wan (Ch’eng-tu), ii. 32n, 34n, 35n, 37n, 40n, 42n, 45n, 46n, 48n, 58n, 60n, 69n, 128n, 131n, 134n; aborigines, 60n

Tabashir, ii. 263n, 396n Tabbas, i. 124n Table of the Great Khan, i. 381 Tables, how disposed at Mongol feasts, i. 384n Tablet, Emperor’s, adored with incense, i. 391, 393n Tablets of Authority, Golden (Páizah), presented by Khan to Polos, i. 15, 16, 34, 35; lion’s head and gerfalcon, 35, 351; bestowed on distinguished captains, inscription, 350, 351n–354n; cat’s head, 356n; granted to governors of different rank, 431 —— worshipped by Cathayans, i. 456, 458n Tabriz (Tauris), i. 17n, 74, 76n Tachindo, see Ta-t’sien-lu Tacitus, Claustra Caspiorum, Pass of Derbend, i. 53n Tactics, Tartar, i. 262, 265n, ii. 460 Tacuin, i. 447, 448n Tadinfu, ii. 136 Taeping Insurrection and Devastations, ii. 154n, 158n, 173n, 176n, 177n, 179n, 184n, 196n, 222n Taeping, or Taiping, Sovereigns’ effeminate customs, ii. 20n Taffetas, ii. 10n Taft, near Yezd, turquoise at, i. 92n Tafurs, i. 313n Tagachar, ii. 471, 474n Tagaung, ii. 107n, 111n, 113n Tagharma Pass, i. 172n, ii. 594n Tághdúngbásh River, i. 175n Taianfu (T’ai-yuan-fu), king of N. China, ii. 12, 14n, 15n Taiani, ii. 432n Taican, see Talikan Taichau (Tigu), ii. 154n T’aiching-Kwan, ii. 26n Taidu, Daitu, Tatu, Kúblái’s new city of Cambaluc, i. 305n, 306n, 374, 375n Taikung, see Tagaung Tailed men, in Sumatra, ii. 299, 301n; elsewhere, 301n–302n; English, 302n Tailors, none in Maabar, ii. 338 Taimúni tribe, i. 100n Taiting-fu (Tadinfu), or Yenchau, ii. 137n Taitong-fu, see Tathung Tai-tsu, Emperor, i. 428n T’ai Tsung, Emperor, ii. 15n, 28n Taiyang Khan (Great King), king of the Naimans, ii. 20n Tajiks of Badakhshan, great topers, i. 153, 155n Takfúr, ii. 148n Takhtapul, i. 152n Táki-uddin, Abdu-r Rahmán, ii. 333n Takla-Makan, i. 190n Talains, ii. 74n Talas River, ii. 459n Tali, gold mines, ii. 81n Talifu (Carajan), ii. 67n, 76n, 79n, 80n, 105n, 107n, 111n Talikan, Thaikan (Taican), i. 153, 154n, 163n Tallies, record by, ii. 86, 96n Tamarind, pirates’ use of, ii. 392, 394n Tamerlan, i. 8n Tana (Azov), 9, 43, 72, i. 4n, 6n, 19n —— near Bombay, kingdom of, ii. 395, 396n, 403n, 426n, 440n Tana-Maiambu, ii. 396n Tana-Malayu, ii. 281n, 283n Tánasi cloth, ii. 396n Tanduc, see Tenduc T’ang dynasty, ii. 28n, 194n, 278n Tangnu Oola, branch of Altai, i. 215n Tangut province, Chinese Si Hia, or Ho Si, i. 29n, 203, 214n, 217, 219, 220n, 223, 224n, 245n, 274, 276n, 281; five invasions of, 281n Tangutan, term applied to Tibetan speaking people round the Koko-nor, i. 206n Tanjore, ii. 334n, 335n; Suttee at, 349n; Pagoda at, 352n; fertility of, 368n Tánkíz Khan, applied to Chinghiz, i. 247n Tanpiju (Shaohing?), ii. 218 Tantras, Tantrika, Tantrists, i. 315n, 323n, 326n Tao-lin, a Buddhist monk, i. 165n Tao-sze (Taossé), sect, i. 321n–325n; female idols of the, 303, 327n Ta-pa-Shan range, ii. 34n, 35n Taprobana, mistakes about, ii. 295n Tarakai, ii. 475n Tarantula, ii. 346, 364 Tarcasci, i. 366n Tarem, or Tárum, i. 86n, 122n Tares of the parable, i. 122n Taríkh-i-Rashídí, i. 194n Tarmabala, Kúblái’s grandson, i. 361n Tarok, Burmese name for Chinese, ii. 113n Tarok Man and Tarok Myo, ii. 113n Tartar language, i. 12; on Tartar, its correct form, 12n; misuse by Ramusio, 458n Tartars, i. 1, 4, 5, 10, 13, 50, 90, 97, 99, 110n, 121n, 151; different characters used by, 28n; identified with Gog and Magog, 57n; ladies, 76n; their first city, 226; original country, tributary to Prester John, ib.; revolt and migration, 227; earliest mention of the word, 230n; make Chinghiz their king, 238; his successors, 245; their customs and religion, 249n, 251, 256; houses, 252, 253n; waggons, 252, 254n; chastity of their women, 252, 256n; polygamy, etc., 252, 256n; their gods and idols, 256; their drink (Kumiz), 257, 259n; cloths, 257, 295n; arms, horses, and war customs, 260–263; military organization, 261, 263n; sustenance on rapid marches, 261; blood-sucking, 261, 264n; portable curd, 262, 265n; tactics in war, 262, 265n; degeneracy, 263, 266n; administration of justice, 266; laws against theft, 266, 268n; posthumous marriage, 267, 268n; the cudgel, 266, 267n; Rubruquis’ account of, 236n; Joinville’s, 237n; custom before a fight, 337; want of charity to the poor, 445; conquerors of China, history of, ii. 20; excellence in archery, 102; objection to meddling with things pertaining to the dead, 111; admiration of the Polo mangonels, 160; employment of military engines, 168n; their cruelties, 180n; arrows, 460; marriage customs, i. 33n, 252–253, ii. 467 —— in the Far North, ii. 479 —— of the Levant, see Levant —— of the Ponent, see Ponent Tartary cloths, i. 257, 295n Tarungares, tribe, ii. 298n Tásh Kurgán, i. 172n, ii. 594n Tataríya coins, i. 12n Tathung, or Taitongfu, i. 245n, 286n, 289n Ta-t’sien-lu, or Tachindo, Tartsédo, ii. 45n, 48n, 49n, 52n, 60n, 67n, 70n Ta Tsing River, ii. 137n, 143n Tattooing, ii. 84, 90n, 117, 119n, 131n, 235, 242n, 297n; artists in, 235, 242n Tatu (Taichu), i. 374 —— River, ii. 61n Tauris, see Tabriz Taurizi, Torissi, i. 74, 75n Tawálisi, ii. 465n Taxes, see Customs, Duties Tchakiri Mondou (Modun), i. 404, 408n Tchekmen, thick coarse cotton stuff, i. 190n Tea-houses at Kingszé, ii. 196n Tea trees in E. Tibet, ii. 59n Tebet, see Tibet Tedaldo, see Theobald Teeth, custom of casing in gold, ii. 84, 88n–91n —— of Adam or of Buddha, ii. 319, 329n–330n —— conservation of, by Brahmans, ii. 365 Tegana, ii. 471 Teghele, Atabeg of Lúr, i. 85n Teimur (Temur), Kúblái’s grandson and successor, i. 360, ii. 149, 459n Tekla, Hamainot, ii. 356 Tekrit, i. 61n Telingana, see Tilinga Telo Samawe, ii. 295n Tembul (Betel), chewing, ii. 371, 374n Temkan, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n Temple, connection of Cilician Armenia with Order of, i. 24n —— Master of the, i. 23, 24n Temple’s account of the Condor, ii. 417n Temujin, see Chinghiz Tenduc, or Tanduc, plain of, i. 240, 241; province of, 284, 286n Tengri, Supreme deity of Tartars, i. 257n–258n Tennasserim, ii. 279n; (Tanasari), 314n Tents, the Khan’s, i. 404, 409n Terebinth, i. 125n; of Mamre, 132n, 135n Terlán, goshawk, i. 57n Teroa Mountains, ii. 420n Terra Australis, ii. 274n Te-Tsung, Emperor, ii. 28n Thai, Great and Little, ii. 287n; race, 278n Thaigin, ii. 25n, 26n Thai-yuanfu (Taianfu), ii. 12, 14n–17n Thard-wahsh, see Patterns, Beast and Bird Theft, Tartar punishment of, i. 266, 268n Theistic worship, i. 456, 458n Thelasar, ii. 431n Theobald, or Tedaldo of Piacenza, i. 17, 20, 21n, ii. 593n; chosen Pope as Gregory X., i. 20; sends friars with the Polos and presents, 22, 23n Theodorus, king of Abyssinia, ii. 436n Theodosius the Great, i. 49n Theophilus, Emperor of Constantinople, i. 385n —— missionary, ii. 409n Thévenot, Travels, i. 81n Thian Shan, i. 175n, 177n, 191n Thianté-Kiun, i. 286n Thin l’Evêque, siege of, ii. 163n, 165n Thinae of Ptolemy, ii. 27n Tholoman, see Coloman Thomas, Edward, i. 87n, ii. 115n, 164n —— of Mancasola, Bishop of Samarcand, i. 186n Thread, Brahmanical, ii. 363 Three kingdoms (San-Kwé), ii. 38n Threshold, a great offence to step on the, i. 383, 385n Thurán Shah’s History of Hormuz, i. 120n Tibet (Tebet) province, ii. 42, 49; boundary of, 49, 52n; its acquisition by Mongols, 46n; organisation under Kúblái, 46n; dogs of, 45, 49, 52n Tibetan language and character, i. 29n; origin of the Yue-chi, 174n Tibetans, i. 165n; superstitions of, 208n, 209n; and Kashmiris (Tebet and Keshimur), sorceries of, 301, 315n; accused of cannibalism, 301, 312n Tides in Hang-chau estuary, ii. 150n, 208n Tierce, half tierce, etc., hours of, ii. 364, 368n Tiflis, i. 49n, 57n, 58n Tigado, Castle of, i. 148n Tigers (called lions by Polo), ii. 225, 231n, 411; trained to the chase, i. 397, 399n; in Cuncun, ii. 31; in Caindu, 56; Kwei-chau, 127n. (See also Lions.) Tigris River (Volga), i. 5, 9n; at Baghdad, 63, 64n Tigúdar (Acomat Soldan), ii. 468n Tiju, ii. 153, 154n Tiles, enamelled, i. 364, 370n Tilinga, Telingana, Tiling, Telenc, ii. 362n, 427n Tiling, ii. 427n Timur of Toumen, chief of the Nikoudrians, i. 102n Timur the Great, i. 5n, 9n, 45n, 49n, 52n, 61n, 86n, 152n, 155n, 187n, ii. 166n Timurids, the, i. 85n Ting, 10 taels of silver = tael of gold, i. 427n, ii. 217n, 218n Tinju, ii. 153, 154n Tinnevelly, ii. 359n, 373n, 403n Tithe on clothing material, i. 445 Tithing men, Chinese (Pao-kia), ii. 200n Titus, Emperor, i. 66n Tjajya, see Choiach Toba race, i. 205n Toctai, king, see Toktai Tod, Colonel James, i. 104n, 114n, 169n, 183n Toddy, see Wine of Palm Togan, ii. 471, 474n Toghrul I., i. 49n —— Shah of Kermán, i. 113n Toghon Temur, last Mongol Emperor, i. 228n; his wail, 305n Togrul Wang Khan, see Prester John Toka Tumir, i. 8n Tokat, i. 45n Toktai Khan (Toctai, Lord of the Ponent), 72, ii. 487, 491, 496; wars with Noghai, 499; his symbolic message, 497n, 498n Tolan-nur (Dolonnúr), i. 26n Toleto, John de, Cardinal Bishop of Portus, i. 21n Tolobuga, ii. 496, 497n Toman (Tuman, etc.), Mongol word for 10,000, i. 261, 263n, ii. 192, 200n, 217n, 218n, 462n Tongking, Tungking, ii. 119n, 120n, 128n, 131n Tooth-relique of Buddha, ii. 319–320; history of, 329n–330n Torchi, Dorjé, Kúblái’s first-born, i. 361n Tornesel, i. 423, 426n Torro River, i. 345n Torshok, ii. 489n Torture by constriction in raw hide, i. 262n Toscaul, tosḳáúl (toscaol), watchman, i. 403, 407n Tournefort, on cold at Erzrum, i. 49n Tower and Bell Alarm at Peking, i. 375, 378n; at Kinsay, ii. 189 Toyan (Tathung?), i. 286n Trade at Layas, i. 41; by Baghdad, 63; at Tauris, 75; at Cambaluc, 415; in Shan-si, ii. 22; on the Great Kiang, 36, 170; at Chinangli, 135; at Sinju Matu, 138; Kinsay, 187, 190, 202, 216; Fu-chau 231; Zayton 234; Java, 272; Malaiur, 280; Cail, 370; Coilum, 375; Melibar, 389; Tana, 395; Cambaet, 398; Kesmacoran, 401; Socotra, 407 —— of India with Hormuz, i. 107; with Egypt by Aden, ii. 438, 439n; with Esher, 442; with Dofar, 444; with Calatu, 450 Trades in Manzi, alleged to be hereditary, ii. 186, 196n Tramontaine, ii. 296n Transmigration, i. 456, ii. 213n, 318–319 Traps for fur animals, ii. 481, 483n Travancore, ii. 383n, 403n; Rajas of, 380n Treasure of Maabar kings, ii. 340, 348n–349n Trebizond, 43, i. 19n, 36, 46; Emperors of, and their tails, ii. 302n Trebuchets, ii. 159, 160n, 161n Trees, of the Sun and Moon, i. 129n, 130n; superstitions about, 131n–135n; by the highways, 440; camphor, ii. 234, 237n; producing wine, 292, 297n, 300, 313; producing flour (sago), 300, 304n–305n Tregetoures, i. 386n Trench, Archbishop, i. 201n, ii. 82n Trevisano, Azzo, 8, 17, 25, 65 —— Marc’Antonio, Doge, 8, 78 Trincomalee, ii. 337n Tringano, ii. 279n Trinkat, ii. 308n ‘Trusty lieges,’ devoted comrades of king of Maabar, ii. 339, 347n T’sang-chau, ii. 133n, 137n T’siang-kiun (‘General’), ii. 138n, 261n Ts’ien-T’ang River, ii. 194n, 198n, 208n, 214n, 220n–222n; bore in, 150n, 208n T’si-nan-fu (Chinangli), ii. 137n, 138n T’sing-chau, ii. 138n T’sing-ling range, ii. 35n T’si-ning-chau, ii. 137n, 139n Tsin-tsun, ii. 229n Tsiuan-chau, T’swanchau, see Zayton Tsongkhapa, Tibetan Reformer, i. 315n Ts’uan-chou, see Zayton Tsukuzi in Japan, ii. 260n Tsung-ngan-hien, ii. 224n Tsushima, Island, ii. 260n Tuan, Prince, chief of the Boxers, i. 282n Tuc, tuk, tugh, commanders of 100,000, horse-tail or yak-tail standard, i. 261, 263n Tudai, Ahmad Khan’s wife, ii. 471n Tudai-Mangku (Totamangu or Totamangul), ii. 491, 492n, 496, 497n, 499 Tu-fan, ancient name of Tibet, ii. 46n Tughan, Tukan, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n, ii. 270n Tughlak Shah, of Delhi (a Karaunah), i. 101n Tuktugai Khan, i. 9n Tu-ku-hun, i. 193n Tuli, or Tulin, fourth son of Chinghiz, ii. 32n Tuman, see Toman Tumba, Angelo di, 25; Marco di, 65 Tún, city of E. Persia, i. 86n, 124n Tung-’an in Fokien, ii. 243n Tungani, or Converts, Mahomedans in N. China and Chinese Turkestan, i. 291n Tung-chau (Tinju), ii. 154n Tung-hwang-hien, ancient Shachau, i. 206n Tung-kwan, fortress of the Kin sovereigns, ii. 14n, 25n, 27n Tung-lo (Kumiz), i. 259n Tunguses, i. 271n Tunny fish, i. 108, 416n, ii. 442 Tun-o-kain (Tunocain), kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 86n, 127, 128n, 138n, 145n Turbit (radex Turpethi), ii. 389, 391n Turcomania (Anatolian Turkey), i. 43 Turgaut, day-watch, i. 381n Turkey, Great (Turkestan), i. 191, ii. 286n, 452, 457, 458, 462, 477 Turkistan chiefs send mission to kings of India, ii. 370n Turkmans and Turks, distinction between, i. 44n, 101n; horses, 43, 44n Turks, ancient mention of, i. 56; friend of Polo’s, 213; and Mongols, 294n Turmeric, ii. 226n Turner, Lieutenant Samuel, describes Yak of Tartary, i. 277n Turquans, Turkish horses, i. 43 Turquoises in Kermán, i. 90, 92n; in Caindu, ii. 53 Turtle doves, i. 97, 99n Turumpak, Hormuz, i. 111n Tutia (Tutty), preparation of, i. 125, 126n, ii. 398 Tuticorin, ii. 372n Tu T’song, Sung Emperor of China, ii. 150n, 211n Tver, ii. 489n Twelve, a favourite round number, ii. 426n —— Barons over Khan’s Administration, i. 430, ii. 154 Twigs or arrows, divination by, i. 241, 242n Tyuman, ii. 481n Tyunju, porcelain manufacture, ii. 235, 242n Tylor, Dr. E. B., on Couvade, ii. 93n, 94n Tzarev, i. 6n Tzaritzyn, i. 6n, 57n

Ucaca (Ukak, Ukek, Uwek), i. 5, 8n, 9n; Ukák of Ibn Batuta, a different place, ii. 488n Uch-baligh, 134 Uch-Multán, i. 86n Udoe country, ii. 42, 598n Udong, ii. 279n Udyána, i. 164n Ughuz, legend of, ii. 485n Uighúr character, parent of present Mongol writing, i. 14n, 28n, 160n, 353n Uighúrs, the, i. 76n, 214n, 227n, ii. 179n, 462n Uiraca, i. 282n Uirad, see Oirad Ujjain, legend of, ii. 349n; (Ozene), 397n, 426n Ukak, ii. 488n. (See Ucaca.) Ulatai (Oulatay), Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n, ii. 471, 474n Ulakhai, i. 282n Ulan Muren (Red River), i. 250n Ulugh Bagh, on Badakhshan border, i. 154n —— Mohammed, i. 8n Ulús, the, i. 10n U-man and Pe-man (Black and White Barbarians), ii. 73n Umbrellas, i. 351, 354n, 355n Unc Can (Aung Khan), see Prester John Ung (Ungkút), Tartar tribe, i. 285, 294n Ungrat (Kungurat), Tartar tribe, i. 357, 358n Unicorn (Rhinoceros), in Burma, ii. 107; Sumatra, 285, 289, 299; legend of Virgin and, 285, 290n; horns of, 291n Unken, City, ii. 226, 229n, 230n, 233n Unlucky hours, ii. 364 U-nya-Mwezi superstition, i. 130n Urduja, Princess, ii. 465n Uriangkadai, ii. 46n Uriangkut (Tunguses), i. 271n Urianhai, the, i. 271n Urumtsi, i. 201n, 214n Urzú, i. 122n Uspenskoye (called also Bolgarskoye), i. 7n Uttungadeva, king of Java, ii. 275n Uwek, see Ucaca Uzbeg Khan of Sarai, i. 4n, 6n, 352n Uzbegs of Kunduz, i. 156n, 163n Uzun Tati, coins, Chinese porcelain from, ii. 595n

Vair, the fur and animal, i. 257, ii. 479, 483n, 484n, 486n, 487 —— as an epithet of eyes, 124 Valaghir district, i. 54n Vámbéry, Prof. Hermann, i. 10n, 28n, 54n, 57n, 170n, 214n, 237n, 401n, ii. 465 Vanchu (Wangchu), conspires with Chenchu against Ahmad, i. 417–419, 422n Van Lake, i. 57n Varaegian, Varangian, ii. 490n Varaha Mihira, astronomer, i. 104n Vardoj River, i. 156n, 172n Varini, ii. 490n Varsach, or Mashhad River, i. 155n, 156n Vasmulo, i. 292n Vateria Indica, ii. 396n Veil of the Temple, πέπλος βαβυλώνιος, i. 66 Vellalars, ii. 372n Venádan, title of king of Kaulam, ii. 380n Venetians, factory at Soldaia, i. 4n; expelled from Constantinople, 19n Venice, 2, 15, 16, i. 2, 18, 19, 36, 41; return of Polos to, 4, 24, 54, i. 36; its exaltation after Latin conquest of Constantinople, 9; its nobles, 14; Polo’s mansion at, 23 seqq.; galleys, 32 seqq.; archives at, 70 seqq.; articles brought from East by Marco to, i. 274, ii. 299, 305n Ventilators at Hormuz, ii. 452, 453n Verlinden, Belgian missionary, i. 249n Verniques, i. 382, 384n Verzino Colombino, ii. 380n. (See also Brazil.) Vessels, war, i. 34, 37n; stitched of Kermán (πλοιάρια ῥαπτά), i. 108, 117n, ii. 415n; on the Kiang, 170, 171, 173n. (See also Ships.) Vial, Paul, French missionary, ii. 63n Vijayanagar, 362n Vikramajit, legend of, ii. 349n Vikrampúr, ii. 99n Villard de Honnecourt, Album of, ii. 164n Vincent of Beauvais, ii. 325n Vincenzo, P., ii. 410n Vineyards, in Taican, i. 153; Kashgar, 181; Khotan, 188; in N. China, ii. 10, 11n, 13, 15n Vinson, Prof., on Couvade, ii. 91n Virgin of Cape Comorin, ii. 382n Visconti, Tedaldo, or Tebaldo, see Theobald of Piacenza Vissering, on Chinese Currency, i. 428n, 429n Vochan (Unchan, Yungchan), ii. 84, 86, 89n; battle there, 98, 101, 104n–106n Vogels, J., ii. 601n, 602n Vokhan, see Wakhán Volga, called Tigris, i. 5, 7n, 9n, ii. 485n, 488n Vos, Belgian Missionary, i. 249n Vughin, ii. 182 Vuju in Kiangnan, ii. 182 —— in Che-kiang, ii. 219

Wadoe tribe, ii. 420n Wakf, i. 67n Wakhán (Vokhan), dialect, i. 162n, 171, 173n —— Mountains, i. 162n, 175n Wakhjīr Pass, i. 175n, ii. 594n Wakhijrui Pass, see Wakhjīr Pass Wakhsh, branch of the Oxus, ii. 5n Wakhtang II. king of Georgia, i. 53n Walashjird, i. 106n Wallachs, ii. 489n, 491n Wall of Alexander (or Caucasian), i. 50, 53n —— of Gog and Magog (i.e. China), 111, i. 285, 292n Walnut-oil, i. 158, 162n Wami River, ii. 420n Wang, Chinese silk, i. 237n, 361n, ii. 113n Wang, king of Djungar, i. 250n Wangchu, see Vanchu Wapila, i. 54n Warangol Ku, ii. 362n Warangs, ii. 490n Warner, Dr., ii. 604n War vessels, Chinese, i. 34, 37n Wassáf, the historian, i. 68n; his character of the Karaunahs, 101n; notices of Hormuz, 120n, 121n; eulogy of Kúblái, 332n; story of Kúblái, 440n; his style, ii. 150n; account of taking of Siang-yang, 150n, 167n; of Kinsay, 213n; Maabar, 333n; horse trade to India, 348n; treatment of them there, 351n; extract from his history, 495n Water, bitter, i. 110, 122n, 194 —— custom of lying in, i. 108, 119n; consecration by Lamas, 309n —— Clock, i. 378n Wathek, Khalif, i. 57n Wa-tzŭ, Lolo slaves, ii. 63n Weather-conjuring, i. 301, 309n–311n Wei dynasty, i. 205n, ii. 437n Weights and measures, ii. 590n–592n Wei-ning, ii. 130n Wei River in Shen-si, ii. 27n, 29n, 35n —— in Shan-tung, ii. 139n Wen River, ii. 139n Wen-chow, ii. 239n Westermarck, Human Marriage, ii. 48n, 93n Whale oil, including spermaceti, i. 108, 117n, ii. 407, 408n Whales, ii. 249; in Socotra, 407; Madagascar, 411, 414n; species of Indian Ocean, 408n; sperm (Capdoille), 411, 414n Wheaten bread not eaten, i. 438n; at Yachi, ii. 66, 74n White bears, ii. 479 —— bone, Chinese for Lolos, ii. 63n —— camels, i. 281 —— City, meaning of term among Tartars, i. 297n, ii. 14n —— City, of Manzi frontier, ii. 34n —— Devils, ii. 355, 359n —— Feast at Kúblái’s City, i. 390, 392n —— Horde, ii. 481n —— horses and mares, i. 300, 390; offered to Khan, 308n Whittington and his cat in Persia, i. 65n Wild asses and oxen, see Asses and Oxen William of Tripoli, Friar, i. 22; his writings, 23n, 24n Williams, Dr. S. W., on the Chinese year, i. 388n; on elephants at Peking, 392n Williamson, Rev. A., i. 135n, 217n, ii. 8n, 11n, 12n, 15n, 16n, 137n Wilson, General Sir C., i. 45n Wind, poison (Simúm), i. 108, 120n; monsoons, ii. 264–265 Wine, of the vine, Persians lax in abstaining from, i. 84, 87n, 96n —— boiled, i. 84, 87n, 153n, 155n —— of ancient Kapisa, i. 155n; Khotan, 188; at Taianfu, ii. 13, 16n; imported at Kinsay, 202 —— rice (Samshu or darásún), i. 441; and of wheat, ii. 56, 59n; at Yachi, 66, 85; spices, etc., in Caindu, 56; Kien-ch’ang, 59n, 85; Cangigu, 117; Coloman 123; Kinsay, 202, 204, 216 —— Palm (toddy), ii. 292, 297n, 376 —— from sugar, ii. 376, 442 —— date, i. 107, 115n, ii. 292, 297n, 442 —— (unspecified), at Khan’s table, i. 382; not used in Ma’bar, ii. 342; nor by Brahmans, 363 “Winter” used for “rainy season,” ii. 391n Wo-fo-sze, “Monastery of the lying Buddha,” i. 221n Wolves in Pamir, i. 171, 176n Women, Island of, ii. 405n–406n Women, of Kerman, their embroidery, i. 90; mourners, 109; of Khorasan, their beauty, 128; of Badakhshan, 160; Kashmir, 166; Khotan, 191; Kamul, fair and wanton, 210; Tartar good and loyal, 252; Erguiul, pretty creatures, 276; of the town, 414, ii. 202; of Tibet, evil customs, 44; Caindu, 53; Carajan, 66; Zardandan, couvade, 85; Anin, 116; Kinsay, charming, 186; respectful treatment of, 204; Kelinfu, beautiful, 225; Zanghibar, frightful, 423 Wonders performed by the Bacsi, i. 314 et seqq. Wood, Lieutenant John, Indian Navy, 20, i. 156n; his elucidations of Polo in Oxus regions, i. 174n Wood-oil, ii. 251n, 252n Wool, Salamander’s, i. 213, 216n Worship of Mahomet (supposed), i. 188, 189n —— of fire, 303; Tartar, 256, 257; Chinese, 456 —— of first object seen in the day, ii. 284, 288n Worshipping the tablets, i. 391, 392n Wu-chau (Vuju), ii. 222n Wukiang-hien (Vughin), ii. 184n Wüsus, or Wesses, people of Russia, ii. 486n Wu-ti, Emperor, ii. 437n Wylie, Alexander, 76, i. 2n, 8n, 322n, 377n, 451n, 454n, ii. 19n, 28n, 38n, 169n, 184n, 194n, 209n, 212n

Xanadu, i. 305n Xavier, at Socotra, ii. 409n Xerxes, i. 135n

Ya-chau, ii. 45n, 48n, 70n Yachi (Yun-nan-fu), city, ii. 66, 67n, 72n, 74n, 80n, 111n Yadah, Jadagari, Jadah-tásh, science and stone of weather-conjurer, i. 309n Yaik River, i. 6n Yájúj, and Májúj, see Gog and Magog Yak (dong), i. 274, 277n; their tails carried to Venice, 274; used in India for military decorations, ii. 355, 359n Ya’kúb Beg of Kasghar, i. 189n Yakuts, i. 309n, 446n, ii. 484n Yalung River, ii. 67n, 69n, 72n Yam, or Yamb (a post-stage or post-house), i. 433, 437n, ii. 213n Yamgán, i. 162n Yang-chau (Yanju), city, i. 29n, 432n, ii. 154n, 173n; Marco’s government there, 22, ii. 154, 157n Yarbeg of Badakhshan, i. 156n Yarkand (Yarcan), i. 187 Yarligh and P’aizah, i. 322n, 352n Yasdi (Yezd), i. 88 —— silk tissue, i. 88 Yashm, jade, i. 193n Yasodhara, bride of Sakya Sinha, ii. 323n Yavanas, ii. 372n Yazdashír, i. 92n Ydifu, i. 285, 295n Year, Chinese, i. 388; Mongol and Chinese cycle, 447, 454n Yelimala, see Monté d’Ely Yeliu Chutsai, statesman and astronomer, ii. 17n Yellow, or orthodox Lamas, i. 315n, 324n Yemen, ii. 432n, 433n, 440n, 441n, 445n. (See also Aden.) Yeng-chau (in Shan-tung), ii. 137n, 139n —— (in Che-kiang), ii. 222n Yen-king (Old Peking), i. 375n, 376n Yen-Ping, ii. 230n Yenshan, ii. 224n Yesubuka, ii. 474n Yesudar, ii. 459 Yesugai, father of Chinghiz, i. 237n Yetsina (Etzina), i. 223 Yezd (Yasdi), i. 88; silk fabrics of, ii. 11 Yiu-ki River, ii. 230n Yoritomo, descendants of, ii. 262n Yonting Ho River, ii. 6n Yotkàn, village, i. 190n Youth, Island of, ii. 381n Yrac, province, i. 74 Ysemain of Hiulie, western engineer, ii. 167n Yu, see Jade Yuan Ho, i. 29n Yu-chow, gold and silver mines, i. 295n Yue-chi, i. 174n Yuen, Mongol Imperial dynasty, so styled, i. 29n, 377n Yuen-hao, kingdom of Tangut, i. 282n Yuen ming-yuen, palace, i. 307n Yuen shi, History of Mongol Dynasty in China, i. 115n, 248n, 295n, ii. 95n Yugria, or Yughra, in the Far North, ii. 483n, 485n, 493n Yuh-shan, ii. 222n, 224n Yule, Sir Henry, ii. 602n; on Ravenala, 597n; on Maundeville, 604n Yun-Hien, a Buddhist Abbot, i. 304n Yung-chang fu (Shen-si), i. 276n —— (Yun-nan, Vochan), ii. 84, 89n, 104n, 105n, 107n–109n Yung Lo, Emperor, ii. 596n Yun-nan (Carajan), province, ii. 40n, 45n, 56n, 57n, 59n–62n, 64, 67n, 72n, 80n, 81n, 82n, 90n, 95n, 104n, 107n, 115n, 120n, 124n, 127n–129n; conquerors of, 46n, 80n; Mahomedans, 74n Yun-nan-fu city, see Yachi Yurungkásh (white Jade) River, i. 193n Yusuf Kekfi, i. 85n Yuthia, Ayuthia (Ayodhya), mediæval capital of Siam, 13, ii. 278n, 279n Yvo of Narbonne, i. 12n

Zabedj, ii. 283n Zaila, ii. 413n, 435n, 436n Zaitúníah, probable origin of satin, ii. 241n Zampa, see Champa Zanghibar (Zangibar, Zanjibar, Zanzibar), ii. 405n, 412, 422, 424n; currents off, 415n; Ivory trade, 423, 424n; its blacks, women, 423, 424n Zanton (Shantung?), 3 Zanzale, James, or Jacob Baradaeus, Bishop of Edessa, i. 61n Zapharan, monastery near Baghdad, i. 61n Zardandan, or “Gold Teeth,” a people of W. Yun-nan, ii. 84, 98; identity doubtful, 88n; characteristic customs, 90n Zarncke, Fr., i. 139n Zayton, Zaitún, Zeiton, Cayton (T’swan-chau, Chwan-chau, or Chinchew of modern charts), the great mediæval port of China, ii. 175n, 231, 232n–233n, 234, 237n–243n; Khan’s revenue from, 235; porcelain, 235, 242n; language, 236n, 243n–244n; etymology, 237n; mediæval notices, 237 seqq.; identity, 239n, 240n; Chinchew, a name misapplied, 239n; Christian churches at, 240n, 241n; ships of, 264 Zayton, Andrew, Bishop of, ii. 237n Zebák Valley, i. 165n Zebu, humped oxen, i. 99n Zedoary, ii. 388n Zenghi, i. 61n Zerms (Jerms), ii. 439n Zerumbet, ii. 388n Zettani, ii. 241n Zhafar, see Dhafar Zic (Circassia), ii. 490, 492n Zikas, ii. 228n, 309n, 311n Zimmé, see Kiang-mai Zinc, i. 126n Zinj, Zinjis, ii. 424n, 426n Zobeidah, the lady, i. 156n Zorza, see Chorcha Zu-’lḳarnain (Zulcarniain), “the Two Horned,” an epithet of Alexander, i. 56n, 157, 160n Zurficar (Zúrpica, Zulficar), a Turkish friend of Marco Polo’s, i. 213

Transcriber’s Notes:

- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (italics). - Text enclosed by equals is in blackletter (=blackletter=). - Text enclosed by ‘|’ is emphasized normal font within an italicized paragraph (|emphasized|). - Blank pages have been removed. - Redundant half-title pages have been removed. - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - Names spelling, hyphenation, and diacritics are highly variable, some were standardized when there seemed to be a clear choice. - There are 3 types of footnotes: - Normal, marked as ‘’ and moved after the notes. - Footnotes of footnotes, marked as ‘’ and moved after the normal footnotes. - “Notes”, marked as ‘{1}, located and numbered as they are in the book. - Page and relative size information has been removed from illustrations. - Index has been copied from volume II.