Appendix Ii.

* * * * *

Paul Oppenheim has recently published a description of a large collection of Egyptian lamellibranchs; the following is a list of the species of which examples have been collected in the Fayûm (including Rayan and Moêla). Figured species are marked by an asterisk.

*Gryphaea pharaonum, Oppenh Lower Mokattam.

*Ostrea (Gryphaea) Whitehousei, May.-Eym. „

*O. „ Edmondstonei, May-Eym. „

*O. „ histris, May.-Eym. „

*Gryphaea (?) arabica, May.-Eym. „

*O. elegans, Desh. Upper (and intermediate) Mokattam.

*O. Fraasi, May.-Eym. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*O. Stanleyi, May.-Eym. „ „

*O. Cailliaudi, May.-Eym. Upper Mokattam.

*O. ramosa, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.

*O. plicata, Sol. Mokattam Series.

O. paucicostata, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

O. Reili, Fraas. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

O. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym. Upper Mokattam.

O. Sickenbergeri, May.-Eym. „

*O. Hessi, May.-Eym. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*O. qeruniana, May.-Eym. Mokattam Series.

O. gigantica, Sol. Upper (and intermediate) Mokattam.

*O. (Alectryonia) Clot-Beyi, Bell. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*O. ( „ ) Bellardi, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.

O. ( „ ) semipectinata, Schafh. „

*O. ( „ ) Mehemeti, May.-Eym. „

Carolia placunoides, Cantraine Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*Pecten moëlehensis, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.

*P. Cailliaudi, Oppenh. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

Plicatula pyramidarum, Fraas Upper Mokattam.

P. Bellardi, May.-Eym. Mokattam Series.

P. indigena, May.-Eym. „

*P. Schweinfurthi, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

*Spondylus ægyptiacus, Newton Mokattam Series.

*S. Rouaulti, d’Arch. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*S. perhorridus, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

*Vulsella crispata, Fischer Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*V. lignaria, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

*V. moëlehensis, Oppenh. „

*V. chamiformis, May.-Eym. „

*Nucula Mœridis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*Cucullaea dimehensis, Oppenh. „

*Arca subplanicostata, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*A. Tethyis, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.

*A. uniformis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*A. tenuifilosa, Cossm. Mokattam Series.

*Pectunculus juxtadentatus, Cossm. Upper Mokattam.

*P. aegyptiacus, Oppenh. „

*Cardita Viquesneli, d’Arch. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

C. acuticostata, Lk. „ „

*C. mokattamensis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*C. fayumensis, Oppenh. „

*C. fidelis, May.-Eym. „

*C. Mosis, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.

*Crassatella fajumensis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

C. Junkeri, May.-Eym. „

C. puellula, May.-Eym. „

*C. trigonata, Lk. Mokattam Series.

*Lucina pharaonis, Bell. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*L. Rai, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.

*L. polythele, Oppenh. „

*L. calliste, Oppenh. „

*L. gibbosula, Lk. Upper Mokattam.

*L. fajumensis, Oppenh. „

*L. sinuosa, Bell. „

*Diplodonta cycloidea, Bell. Mokattam Series.

*D. inflata, Bell. „

*Lucina (Diplodonta) corpusculum, Oppenh. „

*Cardium desertorum, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*C. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym. „

*Cyrena (Corbicula) Blanckenhorni, Oppenh. „

*Cyprina aegyptiaca, Oppenh. „

* * * * *

INDEX

* * * * *

Abshawai—30-31, 84.

Abu Roash as an island—65.

Acacias—25.

Adaptive radiation of Hyracoidea, &c.—69.

Aegean plateau, Giraffes, &c. of—69.

Aetheria—81.

Africa with Europe or Asia, Connection of—68.

Africa as centre of mammalian radiation—68, 88.

Agamiin—84.

Agassizia gibberulus—52.

Ain Warshat el Melh—20.

Air passages of crocodile skulls, as casts—52.

Akera aff. striatella—51-52.

Alectryonia Clot-Beyi—35, 50-52.

Allen—69.

Alluvial deposits—23, 25-26, 29, 39, 79-81.

Alluvial soil, Composition of—11-12.

Alluvium covering eastern area—25, 30.

Amenemhat I—13, 26, 82, 84.

Ampullina hybrida—51.

Ampullaria—51, 81.

Analyses of water—13, 22.

Analysis of fossil bones—54.

Analysis of ox bone—55.

Ancodus Gorringei—34, 59, 70.

Andrews, Dr. C. W.—10, 34, 52, 59, 68, 71, 80, 87.

Anisaster gibberulus—52.

Anomaluridae—68-69.

Anoplotheres—69.

Antelopes—69.

Aquatic animals—55.

Aquatic hyracoid—69.

Arca—53, 60.

Arca Edwardsi—43.

Arca subplanicostata—90.

Arca tenuifilosa—90.

Arca tethyis—52, 90.

Arca uniformis—90.

Archæoceti—44, 52, 87.

Ard varks—69.

Area of Birket el Qurûn—13.

Area of cultivated land—11.

Area of desert in depression—15.

Area of Fayûm depression—9-11.

Area of Fayûm freshwater lake—80.

Arenaceous deposits—84.

Arenaceous sediments of Nile—81.

Argillaceous sandstone—36, 39, 46.

Argillaceous sands—57.

Armadillos—69.

Arsinœ—13, 83, 87.

Arsinoitherium—10, 54, 59, 62, 68-87.

Arsinoitherium Andrewsii—34, 70.

Arsinoitherium Zitteli—10, 34, 59, 70, 87.

Assuan Reservoir—88.

Astarte—46.

Astrohelia similis—35, 43, 51.

Baboons—69.

Bacchias—83-84.

Baharia Oasis—9, 25, 27, 29, 66, 67.

Bahr Belama—18.

Bahr Yusef—11-12, 17-18, 25-26, 83-84.

Balanus—39, 47.

Ball, Dr. J.—66.

Barbatia—60.

Barriers between Nile lakes—79.

Barron, T.—71.

Barton Clay—58.

Bartonian beds—43, 53-70.

Barytherium—10, 51, 68.

Barytherium grave—35, 51, 70.

Basalt sheet—15, 28, 34, 53, 56-64, 75-76 (derived).

Basins receiving drainage—25, 79.

Bats, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39-40.

Beadnell, H. J. L.—10, 33, 59-60, 65-66, 78, 87.

Beauchamp sands—58.

Beekite—61.

Biahmu—13, 83-84, 87.

Birds, Fossil—70-87.

Birket el Qurûn—11, 12-14, 16, 23-25, 27-28, 30-32, 36, 40-41, 43-47, 49-50, 56, 61, 72-73, 80-81, 83-84, 87-88.

Birket el Qurun Schichten—63.

Birket el Qurûn Series—23, 27, 35, 41-50, 52, 64, 72-74.

Bithynia aff. Boissieri—81.

Blanford—69-70.

Blanckenhorn, Dr. M.—30-31, 34, 39, 45, 58, 60, 64, 66, 71, 81, 87.

Blue Nile fauna—81.

Bone horizons & pits—52, 54, 62, 76.

Borings, Artesian—18.

Borings at Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41.

Borings by molluscs—23, 34, 43, 71-73, 78.

Borings by shells at two levels—72-73.

Borsonia—37.

Boulders in gravel terraces—76.

Brackish-water shells—84.

Brain of archæoceti—52, 87.

Branches wanting on fossil trees—64-65.

British Museum collections—59.

Brown coal—53.

Brown, Sir Hanbury—11, 13, 80, 83, 87.

Bryozoa—36, 52.

Bubalis—80.

Bugti beds (Sind)—70.

Bullen Newton, R.—76.

Cairo—9, 16, 28, 49, 56, 64, 65.

Calcareous beds in lake—12.

Calcareous grits—33, 53, 56-63.

Calcareous sandstone—25, 42-43, 45, 50-51, 59, 72.

Calcite—51, 58-59, 61-62.

Callianassa—36, 58.

Calyptræa trochiformis—43.

Canals—11-12, 18-19, 29, 73.

Canals, Mud brought to lake by—14.

Canis—80.

Cape Rayan—21, 36.

Carbonaceous clays—46.

Carbonaceous matter—42, 51.

Cardita—38-39, 47.

Cardita acuticostata—90.

Cardita aff. carinata—52.

Cardita aff. depressa—52.

Cardita ægyptiaca—46.

Cardita fidelis—90.

Cardita fajumensis—35, 46, 50-52, 90.

Cardita cf. gracilis and depressa—52.

Cardita mokattamensis—90.

Cardita Mosis—90.

Cardita aff. triparticostata—52.

Cardita Viquesneli—35, 45-46, 90.

Cardium—59.

Cardium desertorum—90.

Cardium Schweinfurthi—35, 43-44, 50-51, 90.

Carolia—36-39, 48, 50, 52.

Carolia Beds—33, 48-53, 74 (rolled blocks).

Carolia placunoides—35-36, 38-39, 45-49, 51-52, 73, 89.

Cassidaria—51.

Cassidaria nilotica—51.

Cassidaria aff. nodosa—51.

Casts of crocodilian skull air passages—52.

Casts of shells—39, 44, 51, 59, 63.

Cavernous limestone—37.

Celestine—48.

Cellular weathering of sandstone—46.

Central African character of Fayûm shells—60.

Central Area of Fayûm—24-25.

Centres of independent evolution—69.

Cerithium—39, 46-47, 53, 57-58.

Cerithium crispum—58.

Cerithium fodicatum—37.

Cerithium perditum—58.

Cerithium tiarella—58.

Cetacea—9, 43-44, 47, 49, 87.

Chalcedony—61.

Chalky limestones—40.

Charcoal, Natural—51, 53.

Chelonians—34, 44, 54, 62.

Chert, Tabular—61-62.

Cherty limestones—57, 59, 61.

Chicoreus anguliferus—76.

Claudius Ptolemy—83.

Clavellithes longævus—35, 45-46.

Clays—12, 15, 18, 20, 22-25, 28-30, 33-53, 55-59, 61-62, 74-76, 80, 82.

Clays, Variegated—62.

Clayey marls—37, 53, 62.

Clayey sands—29, 36-37, 42, 58.

Clayey sandstones—36, 50, 57, 62.

Clayey shales—77.

Cleopatra pirothi—81.

Cleopatra pirothi var. unicarinata—81.

Cleopatra bulimoides—81, 84.

Cliffs—12, 14-15, 20-24, 27, 32, 36, 40-41, 45-46, 48-50, 53, 56, 73-74, 84-85.

Climate, Variations in Egyptian—81.

Coal, Thin seam of—53.

Coast-line of old continent—54.

Colossi at Biahmu—84.

Concretions—35-36, 38-40, 42-46, 50, 72.

Concretionary sands—58.

Concretionary sandstones—35, 46, 49, 51, 55-56, 62.

Concretionary weathering—42, 46.

Conglomerate—25, 74-76, 78.

Conical hill near Wadi Muêla—36.

Coniferous fossil trees—63.

Constancy of beds over wide areas—33.

Continental land in Oligocene times—64.

Continuance of Oligocene continental conditions—54.

Cope Whitehouse—16-17.

Coprolites—50-51, 62.

Corals—36-37, 44, 46, 51, 53.

Corbicula Blanckenhorni—90.

Corbicula fluminalis, var. consobrina—81, 84.

Corbula—40.

Corbula aff. pixidicula—35, 39, 43.

Cossmann, M.—45, 58, 87.

Cossmannella ægyptiaca—50.

Cranial casts in limestone—52.

Crassatella fajumensis—90.

Crassatella Junkeri—90.

Crassatella puellula—90.

Crassatella trigonata—90.

Crassatellithes—50.

Creodonts—70.

Crocodiles—9, 34, 51-55, 59, 62, 80.

Crocodilus—59, 70.

Crystals of quartz, calcite &c.—61.

Cucullæa aff. crassatina—52.

Cucullæa dimehensis—89.

Cultivated lands—9, 11-14, 39-42, 73, 83-84.

Currents in Birket el Qurûn—14.

Currents in ancient river—52, 54, 65-66, 71-78, 80.

Current-bedded clays, sands, &c.—51, 56.

Cuvier—69.

Cyprina ægyptiaca—90.

Cyrena Blanckenhorni—90.

Cytherea—46.

Cytherea Newboldi—43.

Dakhla Oasis—29.

Dam at El Lahûn—84.

Dames—9, 43-44, 49, 87.

Damp climate formerly in Egypt—81.

Dashûr, Pyramids of—28.

Dasypodidae—69.

Defile of Wadi Muêla—9, 21.

Delta, Ancient—54, 66-67.

Dentalium—46.

Denudation, Effects of—39, 73, 75, 77, 84.

Deposition of sediments in Eocene times—54.

Depression, Origin of Fayûm—15, 29, 33, 79.

Depression cut out in sedimentary rocks—33.

Depression, Fayûm—9, 11-16, 20, 24, 26-30, 33-36, 39, 53, 61, 64, 67, 71, 75, 77-81, 84-85, 87-88.

Depression, Mogara—71.

Depression, Wadi Rayan &c.—17-19, 21-24.

Depressions of Libyan Desert—16, 29, 67.

Depth of Birket et Qurûn—13.

Der el Beda—64.

Der el Galamûn—21, 36.

Desert conditions—73, 79.

Desert region—11, 14, 16, 26-28.

Deshasleh—17.

Dictyopleurus Haimi—52.

Diluvial deposits—81.

Dimê—13, 31, 45, 50, 72.

Dinotheres—69.

Diodorus Siculus—13, 82.

Dionysias—83-84.

Dip, Importance and nature of—15, 33, 48-49, 55, 57, 64.

Diplodonta corpusculum—90.

Diplodonta cycloidea—90.

Diplodonta inflata—90.

Dip-slopes of central area &c., of Fayûm—24, 25, 27, 50.

Disconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.

Dormice—69.

Downthrow of faults—32, 50.

Drainage basins—11, 13, 23, 25.

Drains—12.

Dreikanter—56.

Druses of calcite—62.

Dugongs—53.

Dunes—17, 21-23, 26-27, 84-85.

Dunes, Slope of—26.

Dunes, Straight-lined character of—26, 85.

Earth-pillars—46.

Earthy limestone—46.

Echinids—36-37, 39.

Echinolampas Crameri—35, 50.

Edentata—69.

Edwa—82-83.

Egyptian irrigation—88.

Elephants, Early—68.

Elephas—80.

El-Gayat, village—20.

Elliot Smith, Dr.—52, 87.

Elwat Hialla—28, 55-56, 75-76.

Emigration of African animals—68.

Eocene sea, Extension of—66.

Eosiren—10, 52.

Eosiren libyca—35, 51, 70.

Eremopezus libycus—34, 70.

Erosion by Nile—79, 80.

Erosion, Superficial—85.

Escarpments—15, 21, 26-28, 31-32, 45, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61, 75-77.

Escarpments determined by fractures—32.

Eschara Duvali—37.

Estuarine conditions of upper beds—53, 55.

Ethiopian faunal region—68-69.

Ethiopian region centre of independent evolution—69-70.

Euhemeria—84.

Euspatangus Blanckenhorni—36.

Euspatangus cairensis—52.

Euspatangus formosus—36.

Evaporation of late Pliocene lake—78-79.

Even-toed ruminants—68.

Exogyra Fraasi—35, 50-52.

Facetted quartz pebbles—56.

False-bedding—50-51, 55-57, 62, 73.

Farafra Oasis—29.

Faulting and folding—16, 29-32, 49-50.

Fault near Qasr el Sagha—32.

Fault, Nile Valley—15.

Fayûm beds shallower water than those of Mokattam—41.

Fayûm, Causes of origin of—15, 29, 33.

Ferruginous bands—51-52, 58.

Ferruginous clays—51.

Ferruginous grits—27, 58, 62, 66-67.

Ferruginous sand—54.

Ferruginous sandstone—46, 50, 52, 57.

Feshn—11.

Fibrous gypsum—52.

Ficula tricarinata—43.

Filhol, M.—69.

Fiord, Nile Valley—78-79.

Fish remains—9, 35, 39-40, 42-44, 46-47, 50-52, 59, 70, 77, 70.

Fish-scales—39-40, 42, 44, 77.

Fish-spines—39, 50.

Fish-teeth—39, 43, 50.

Fish-vertebrae—50.

Flat-topped hills—20.

Flinders, Petrie—13, 87.

Flint implements—61, 82.

Flint pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75-76.

Flint, Tabular—61-62.

Floods—26, 54, 67, 82.

Flood protection—88.

Flood-readings—80.

Floor of depression—39.

Fluviatile conditions of deposition—58.

Fluviatile sands, etc.—60, 66-67.

Fluviomarine conditions of deposition—33.

Fluviomarine Series—9, 27, 34, 53-65, 74-76.

Flying rodents—68-69.

Fold near Qasr el Sagha—32, 49.

Foraminiferal beds—33, 35-39, 41-42, 45-48, 74.

Formation of Fayûm lake—26, 78-80, 82-84.

Fractures determining escarpments—32.

Freshness of Birket el Qurûn—14, 24.

Freshwater conditions of deposition—58.

Freshwater lake before Mœris—79-80.

Freshwater lakes of Nile Valley—79.

Freshwater shells—18, 44, 47, 60, 80-81, 88.

Freshwater shells absent in Wadi Rayan—23.

Fusus—37, 48.

Gar el Gehannem—9, 23, 25, 27, 32, 36-39, 41, 46-47, 50, 52, 61, 67, 73, 80, 85.

Gar el Hamra—27, 67.

Garat el Esh—32, 61, 76, 85.

Garat el Faras—28, 50, 75.

Garat el Gindi—28, 75.

Garstin, Sir W.—18, 87.

Gasteropods—36, 58.

Geniohyus—10.

Geniohyus fayumensis—34, 70.

Geniohyus major—34, 70.

Geniohyus mirus—34, 70.

Geodes—61.

Geological Succession in Wadi Rayan—22.

Geological Magazine—10, 87.

Geology of Fayûm—33, 90.

Geziret el Qorn—31, 40, 43-45, 63.

Gharaq, Bahr el—11, 17.

Gharaq Basin—11, 13, 19-20, 23-26, 31, 36, 85.

Gharaq, Wadi—17.

Ghardag bushes—22.

Ghart el Khanashat—26-27, 85.

Gigantophis—10.

Gigantophis Garstini—35, 51, 70.

Giraffes—69.

Gisortia—37.

Gisortia gigantea—51.

Giza, Pyramids of—28, 63.

Glacial period—69, 81.

Glauconitic clays—36, 39, 50.

Glauconitic marl—39.

Glauconitic sands—37.

Globular concretions—35, 42-46, 72.

Glycimeris pulvinatus—52.

Goat remains—80.

Goniastræa cocchii—43.

Goniaræa elegans—51.

Goniopora—51.

Grass in desert—27.

Gravels—15, 25-27, 32, 34, 40-42, 73-78.

Gravel-capped hills—75.

Gravel terraces—25, 34, 42, 71, 73-80.

Gravelly gypsum—77.

Grenfell, Mr.—83-84, 87.

Grits—27, 33-34, 57-63, 66.

Grooving due to blown sand—85.

Gryphæa arabica—89.

Gryphæa Edmonstonei—89.

Gryphæa histris—89.

Gryphæa pharaonum—89.

Gryphæa Whitehousei—89.

Gauges, Nile—80.

Gypseous clays—33, 35, 37-40, 44-46, 51-52.

Gypseous deposits—71, 75, 77, 79.

Gypseous limestone—50, 52.

Gypseous marls—37-39.

Gypseous plain—20-21.

Gypseous sands—39.

Gypseous shale—42, 48.

Gypsum—18, 20, 36-37, 39, 42, 50-52, 61-62, 77-79.

Gypsum of Paris, Animals in—69.

Hade of fault—32.

Haram el Bahrl, El—36.

Harpoons, Flint—61.

Hawara—11, 13, 26, 87.

Headon Hill beds—58.

Height of Pliocene terraces—76.

Heliastræa acervularia—43.

Heliastræa Ellisi—13.

Heliastræa flattersi—43.

Heluan—16.

Herodotus—13, 82, 84.

High-level lake—83.

Hippopotamus—69, 80.

Historic epoch—81-85.

Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to siliceous bands—41.

Hunt, Mr.—83-84, 87.

Huxley, Prof.—68.

Hydractinia—38.

Hydractinia cornuta—35.

Hydrobia stagnalis—84.

Hyracoidea—69.

Ice periods—69, 81.

Immigration of animals into Africa—68.

Implements, Flint—61.

India, Fauna of—69.

Indo-Malayan faunal region—69.

Invasion of Africa by European animals—69.

Invasion of Europe by African animals—69.

Ironstone—50, 58-59.

Irrigation works, Result of—12, 88.

Isocardia cyprinoides—43.

Jerboas—69.

Joint-planes—36.

Kafr el Ayat—11.

Karanis—84.

Kayser—87.

Kenîsa, El—72.

Kharga Oasis—29.

Knobs along line of fault—32.

Kom Ombo—81.

Korif, Wadi—21.

Lacustrine deposits—12-13, 34, 40, 44, 47, 49, 66-67, 79-80, 82.

Lahûn—11, 26, 39, 84.

Lahûn Pyramid—28, 42.

Lake deposits—67, 79.

Lake in Fayûm—11-14, 78-80.

Lake Mœris—12-13, 18-19, 23-24, 43, 49, 79-80, 82-84, 87-88.

Lake, Nile Valley—78-79.

Lake of the Horns—12.

Lamellibranchs—12, 58-59, 89.

Lamination of arenaceous deposits—66.

Land-animal remains—52-54.

Land-areas, Ancient—65-67, 71.

Lanistes—53, 58, 81.

Lanistes antiquus—51.

Lanistes bartonianus—34, 60.

Lanistes carinatus—60.

Lava Flows—15, 33-34, 53, 56-58, 61-62, 75.

Leakage through ridge of Wadi Rayan—23.

Leda—35, 39.

Lenticular sand-beds—55.

Leptodon—69.

Levels made from Rayan to Nile Valley—17.

Libyan Desert, Area, etc., of—15, 88.

Liernur Bey—17-18, 87.

Liernur, Wadi—17, 19.

Lignite—51, 53.

Ligurian beds—43, 64, 88.

Limb-bones of vertebrates—52.

Limestones—12, 15-16, 20-25, 29, 33-42, 45-53, 56-57, 59-62, 65-66, 73-77.

Limnæa mœris—81.

Limnæa natalensis—81.

Limnæa palustris—81.

Linant de Bellefonds—16, 83, 88.

Linthia—52.

Little Rayan—22.

Littoral deposits—66.

Loam—39.

Lobocarcinus Paulino-Wurtembergicus—36.

Lower Headon Hill beds—58.

Lower Oligocene—53-70.

Lucas, A.—9, 14, 22, 54, 88.

Lucina—36, 39, 45-46, 48, 53, 58.

Lucina calliste—90.

Lucina consobrina—37.

Lucina Defrancei—37.

Lucina fajumensis—90.

Lucina fortisiana—51.

Lucina gibbosula—90.

Lucina globulosa—37.

Lucina pharaonis—35, 43, 45, 51, 90.

Lucina polythele—90.

Lucina pomum—43.

Lucina Rai—90.

Lucina sinuosa—90.

Lucina cf. tabulata—43.

Lulu, Wadi—17.

Lydekker, R.—70.

Macrosolen Hollowaysi—35, 46, 51.

Mactra compressa—43.

Madagascar and Africa, Connection of—68.

Mammalia, Fossil—34-35, 55, 62, 38-70, 80, 87.

Mammillary weathering—57.

Mandibles of vertebrates—52.

Marls—18, 29-30, 33-35, 37, 39-42, 49-50, 53, 55, 61-62, 73-74, 76.

Marls in lake—12.

Marls, Saliferous—19.

Marly clays—29-30, 57, 62.

Marly gypsum—77.

Marly limestones—33, 35, 37-39, 47-48, 62, 77.

Marsh land—26, 40, 82.

Martens, Prof. von.—60, 81, 88.

Masaigega, Wadi—19.

Masaret-Abusia—40.

Mastodons—68-69.

Mayer-Eymar, K.—37, 43, 49, 53, 64, 88.

Mazana—17, 19.

Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41, 82-83.

Mediterranean fauna—81.

Medum—40, 77 (pyramid).

Megalohyrax—10.

Megalohyrax eocænus—34, 59, 70.

Megalohyrax minor—34, 70.

Melania—53, 57-60.

Melania muricata—60.

Melania cf. Nysti—60, 64.

Melania tuberculata—81, 84.

Melanopsis—81.

Melanopsis fauna—81.

Melongena nilotica, var. bicarinata—51.

Menesi Ali, Ezba—17.

Meretrix nitidula—51.

Meretrix parisiensis—51.

Mesalia—51.

Mesalia fasciata—35, 51.

Mesalia oxycrepis—51.

Middle Eocene—9-10, 15, 32-33, 35-53, 54-55, 57-58, 60, 62, 64, 66-67, 70, 80.

Migrations of mammalia—69-70.

Miocene beds suggested—64.

Miocene, Lower—34, 54, 70.

Miocene, Lower, of Orient European in type—70.

Miocene strata, Absence of—34, 71.

Mitra—36.

Mœriophis Schweinfurthi—50, 70.

Mœris (see Lake Mœris).

Mœritherium—10, 52, 59, 68, 70.

Mœritherium gracilis—35, 51, 70.

Mœritherium Lyonsi—34, 35, 51, 59, 70.

Mœritherium trigodon—34-70.

Mogara—34, 54, 71, 85.

Mokattam beds, Lower—35, 89-90.

Mokattam beds, Upper—33, 41, 49, 89-90.

Mokattam beds deeper water than Fayûm beds—41.

Mokattam, Jebel—39, 41, 49.

Monastery in Wadi Muêla—21.

Moncrieff, Sir C. S.—16-17, 87.

Monkeys—69.

Monoclinal fold—16.

Monograph of Fayûm vertebrates—10.

Monotony of desert—26.

Muêla, Wadi—9, 14, 16-17, 20-21, 35-37, 88-89.

Mutela—53, 60.

Mytilus affinis—51.

Natica—46.

Natica crassatina—64.

Natrûn, Wadi—26, 27, 54, 85.

Nautilus—36, 46, 48.

Nawamis—40.

Necrodasypus—69.

Neolithic implements—82, 87.

Neritina nilotica—81, 84.

Nezleh Canal—19.

Nicolia—63.

Nile deposit absent in Wadi Rayan—23.

Nile mud—80-82.

Nile Valley, Connection with—11, 13, 17-18, 79-82.

Nile Valley, History of—79, 87.

Nile waters enter depression—26, 79-80, 82.

Nilometer—80.

Nodular bands—44, 47.

Nodular limestones—48.

Nodules, Calcareous—39, 61.

Nonionina—46.

Northern Desert Region—9, 26-28, 87.

Nucula Mœridis—89.

Nucularia—35, 39.

Nummulites—33, 36, 39, 41, 46-48.

Nummulites Beaumonti—35, 41.

Nummulites curvispira—35-37.

Nummulites Fraasi—35, 41-42.

Nummulites gizehensis—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.

Nummulites gizehensis limestones—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.

Nummulites Schweinfurthi—41.

Nummulites sub-Beaumonti—41.

Nummulitic limestones—36-39, 65.

Oases depressions—67.

Oases, Origin of—29.

Oasis, Parva—83.

Oldest beds in Fayûm—33.

Oligocene beds—34, 53, 70.

Oligocene of Orient European in type—70.

Oliva—46.

Operculina—33, 46, 74.

Operculina discoidea—35, 41-42, 47, 74.

Operculina-Nummulite Beds—35, 41-48, 74.

Oppenheim, Dr. P.—43, 50, 88-89.

Oriental faunal region—69.

Origin of Fayûm, Causes of—15.

Original floor of depression—39.

Osborn, Prof. H. F.—68, 70.

Ostrea—36-39, 42, 44-46, 48-50, 52.

Ostrea Bellardi—89.

Ostrea Caillaudi—89.

Ostrea Clot-Beyi—38, 46, 89.

Ostrea cucullata—41, 71, 77.

Ostrea digitalina—43.

Ostrea Edmonstonei—89.

Ostrea elegans—35, 51, 89.

Ostrea flabellula—51.

Ostrea Fraasi—38-39, 47, 89.

Ostrea gigantea—43.

Ostrea gigantica—89.

Ostrea Gumbeli—37.

Ostrea Hessi—89.

Ostrea aff. heteroclyta—51.

Ostrea histris—89.

Ostrea longirostris—43.

Ostrea Mehemeti—89.

Ostrea paucicostata—89.

Ostrea plicata—43, 89.

Ostrea producta—43.

Ostrea qeruniana—89.

Ostrea ramosa—89.

Ostrea Reili—35, 39, 45-47, 51-52, 89.

Ostrea Schweinfurthi—89.

Ostrea semipectinata—89.

Ostrea Sickenbergeri—89.

Ostrea Stanleyi—89.

Ostrea Whitehousei—89.

Oudardia ovalis—39.

Outlets, Subterranean, to lake—14, 24.

Outliers—21, 28.

Output of water from springs—22.

Oysters—36, 39, 42, 48.

Oyster-beds—36, 50.

Oyster-limestone—52.

Palæogene freshwater shells—60.

Palæogene vertebrate fauna—87.

Palæontographica—43, 63, 88.

Palæomastodon—10, 59, 68.

Palæomastodon Beadnelli—34, 59, 70.

Palæomastodon minor—34, 70.

Palms—21-22.

Paludina—81.

Pangolins—69.

Paper-shales—36, 51.

Paris basin—58.

Parisian beds—18, 35-53.

Pass from Muêla to Rayan—21.

Pebble deposits—18, 30, 39-40, 56, 58, 76, 78.

Pecten—39, 42, 46-47.

Pecten benedictus—71.

Pecten Caillaudi—89.

Pecten corneus—37.

Pecten moëlehensis—37, 52, 59.

Pecten solariolum—52.

Pectunculus—46.

Pectunculus juxtadentatus—90.

Pectunculus ægyptiacus—51, 90.

Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus—35.

Pectunculus pulvinatus—52.

Pelomedusa progaleata—70.

Pelvis of Arsinoitherium—54.

Perforate weathering of sandstone—46.

Permeability of Wadi Rayan—24.

Perennial irrigation in Egypt—88.

Pharaonic province—84.

Philotera—84.

Phiomia—10.

Phiomia serridens—34, 59, 70.

Pinna—39, 47.

Plains—50, 52, 54, 77.

Plain of subaerial denudation—39.

Planorbis Ehrenbergi—84.

Planorbis marginatus var. subangulata—84.

Planorbis subangulata—81.

Plant-remains—42, 50-51, 53, 57.

Plateau bounding Fayûm to north—26.

Plateaux—15, 21, 25, 27-28, 32, 62.

Pleistocene Beds—30, 34, 47, 50, 54, 71, 79-81, 84.

Pleurotoma—37, 43, 46, 53, 58.

Pleurotoma ingens—34, 58.

Plicatula Bellardi—50-51, 89.

Plicatula indigena—89.

Plicatula polymorpha—35, 45-46, 51.

Plicatula pyramidarum—89.

Plicatula Schweinfurthi—89.

Pliny—82.

Pliocene Beds—30, 34, 41-42, 54, 69, 71-78.

Pliocene sea, Invasion of—43, 71, 78.

Pliohyrax—69.

Podocnemis antiqua—37, 70.

Podocnemis Blanckenhorni—70.

Podocnemis Blanckenhorni var. ovata—70.

Podocnemis fajumensis—70.

Podocnemis Stromeri—35, 70.

Podocnemis Stromeri var. major—70.

Pools formed by rainfall—25.

Pools produced by springs—20, 22.

Potamides—53.

Potamides scalaroides—34, 58, 64.

Potamides tiarella—64.

Potamides tristriatus—34.

Prehistoric epoch—81-82.

Prehistoric lake—23, 79-82.

Preservation of fossil remains—55.

Proboscidea—68-69.

Promontories of Birket el Qurûn, Origin of—41.

Propristis Schweinfurthi—35, 51, 70.

Psephophorus eocænus—35, 70.

Pseudodon—58, 60.

Pterodon—10.

Pterodon africanus—34, 59, 70.

Pterodon macrognathus—34, 70.

Pterosphenus—10.

Pterosphenus Schweinfurthi—35, 50-51, 70.

Ptolemaic lake—84.

Ptolemaic period—82.

Ptolemy Philadelphus—84.

Ptolemy the second—84.

Puddingstone of ancient rivers—26, 67.

Pyramid-like building—74.

Pyramid pebbles—56.

Qalamsha, Ezba—23, 25-26, 41-42, 77.

Qasr el Banat—84.

Qasr el Qurûn—84.

Qasr el Sagha—9, 31-32, 43, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61.

Qasr el Sagha Series—27, 32-33, 35, 38, 41, 44-57, 64-66, 75, 77.

Qatrani, Jebel El—28, 55, 61, 75.

Qatrani beds—34, 53-70.

Qerunia—38.

Qerunia cornuta—35, 45-46, 48, 51-52.

Quartz pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75.

Quartz sand—55.

Quartzite—62, 73-75.

Radiation of Mammalia from Africa—69.

Railway to Fayûm—40.

Raised beaches—34, 41.

Ratite bird—87.

Ravine Beds—23, 25, 29-30, 35, 37-42, 46, 77.

Ravines—12, 19, 29, 37, 39-40.

Rayan, Jebel—36-37.

Rayan, Geology of Wadi—22-23.

Rayan, Little—22.

Rayan Series—24, 25, 30, 33, 35-39, 41.

Rayan, Wadi—9, 11, 14-24, 27-28, 31, 85, 87-89.

Rays—70.

Recent Beds—34, 81-85.

Reclamation of Fayûm lake—82-84.

Reconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.

Reeds—20.

Regulator of floods, Fayûm as—82.

Reinach, Von—59, 88.

Reptiles, Fossil—70.

Reservoir at Assuan—88.

Reservoir proposed in Wadi Rayan—16-19.

Retreat of Eocene sea—54, 55, 66.

Rhinoceros bicornis—69.

Ridge separating Nile Valley and Fayûm—25-26, 71, 73-74, 79-80.

Ridge separating Rayan and Gharaq—23.

Rimella rimosa—35, 51.

Ripple-marked sandstone—51.

Rise of Nile bed—80.

River, Ancient—27, 52-55, 66-67, 79.

River-currents—65, 71, 78.

River-sand—55.

Roads in desert—27.

Rocks forming Libyan Desert—15.

Roda—13, 75, 80.

Rodents, Flying—68-69.

Rohlfs’ Expedition—9, 63.

Rolled fossils—73.

Rostellaria—37.

Round-topped hill-ranges—75.

Rubiat—39-42.

Ruins—20-22, 48-50, 52.

Ruminants, Even-toed—68-69.

Rushes—20.

Saghatherium—10.

Saghatherium antiquum—34, 59, 70.

Saghatherium magnum—34, 70.

Saghatherium minus—34, 59, 70.

Salines—20.

Salinity of lake—14.

Salinity of water in Wadi Rayan—24.

Salt—18, 36, 77, 79.

Salt in Wadis Rayan & Muêla—19, 20, 88.

Samos, Island of—69.

Sands—15, 18, 21, 29, 33-34, 40, 42, 47, 50, 53, 55-59, 61-62, 71, 74-76, 80.

Sand accumulations, Wind-blown—12, 20-21, 32, 34, 73, 84-85.

Sand, &c., deposited in Birket el Qurûn—13, 80, 84.

Sandberger Hills—62.

Sandblast action—73.

Sand-rock—44, 50-51, 56-60, 62, 74.

Sands, Variegated—34, 53, 57, 59.

Sandstones—15, 28, 32-36, 38-39, 42-63, 72, 74-77.

Sandstone, Concretionary—35, 38.

Sandstone-grit—56, 58, 62-63.

Sandstones, Mottled—62.

Sandstones, Variegated—76.

Sandy clays—12, 18, 36-37, 42, 44, 46, 50-52, 56-59, 62.

Sandy conglomerate—18.

Sandy limestones—25, 35-36, 38-39, 42, 49-52.

Sandy marl—37, 42, 62.

Sandy shale—42.

Saqâra, Pyramid of—28.

Saws, Flint—61.

Scalenohedra of calcite—51.

Schizaster—36.

Schizaster aff. africanus—52.

Schweinfurth, Dr.—9, 14, 19, 24, 34-37, 43-44, 49, 64, 71-72, 77-80, 88.

Schweinfurth’s Temple—49.

Scoring due to blown sand—85.

Scott Moncrieff, Sir C.—88.

Sculpturing of sandstone—85.

Scutella beds—64.

Second Cataract—81.

Sections, Geological—36-42, 44-47, 50-52, 56, 58-62.

Sediment deposited in Fayûm—26, 54.

Sêla—9, 26, 39-40, 73.

Septaria—46.

Serpula—46.

Sersena—25, 42, 75.

Shales—36, 42, 48.

Shaly Clays—44, 47, 62, 77.

Shaly marl—39-41, 44.

Sharks—39.

Sharks’ teeth—46, 51.

Sheep remains—80.

Shell-borings—72.

Shell-impressions—39-40, 42, 44, 50.

Shelly limestone—38-39, 46, 51-52.

Shelly sands—36.

Shelly sandstone—46, 51.

Sherwin, R. S.—78.

Shore-line, Ancient—77.

Shore-line, Movements of—65.

Shrinkage of Birket el Qurûn—13.

Sidmant el Jebel—17, 34, 71, 77.

Siliceous bands, Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to—41.

Siliceous beds capping hills—61.

Siliceous limestone—37, 41.

Silicified grits—27, 62, 67.

Silicified sandstones—32, 57.

Silicified trees—27, 34, 51, 53, 55-59, 61, 63, 65, 73-75.

Silicified trees, Size of—53, 63.

Silsila—81.

Siluroid fish—35, 51, 70, 80.

Sirenia—51.

Sites, Excavated—84.

Skeleton-carrying currents—53.

Soil, Character of—11-12, 88.

Soil survey—9.

Solarium—51.

Solarium aff. bistriatum—51.

South Africa as centre of evolution—69.

South America, Migrations to—69.

Spatha—53, 58, 60, 81.

Spatha dahomeyensis—60.

Spatha Droueti—60.

Spondylus ægyptiacus—52, 89.

Spondylus perhorridus—89.

Spondylus Ruaulti—89.

Springs in Wadi Muêla—20.

Springs of Wadi Rayan—22.

Stem-weathering in sandstone—56.

Step-faults—31.

Stereogenys Cromeri—35, 51, 70.

Stereogenys libyca—70.

Stereogenys podocnemioides—35, 70.

Stock-work—50.

Stone Age, Neolithic—82.

Strabo—13, 82.

Strata, Classification of—34.

Strike faults—32.

Stromer von Reichenbach, E.—44, 59, 69, 88.

Strontium sulphate pseudomorphs—48.

Subaerial denudation—39.

Sub-fossil fauna of Fayûm—81.

Successive faunal invasions, Theory of—68.

Sulphate of lime—78.

Sulphate of strontium pseudomorphs—48.

Survey collections—59.

Surveying operations—9.

Surveying by Colonel Western—17.

Table-land of cultivated area—11.

Tafla beds—39.

Tamarisk growth—22, 25, 72, 82.

Tamia—12-13, 15, 25, 27-28, 31, 40, 42, 49-50, 55-56, 72, 75.

Tamia lake—40.

Tectonics—16, 29-32.

Tellina—40, 42, 51.

Tellina pellucida—43.

Tellina scalaroides—35.

Tellina tenuistriata—35, 39.

Temperature changes in desert—73.

Temperature effects on pebbles—56.

Temperature of springs in Wadi Rayan—22.

Temple of Qasr el Sagha—49, 56.

Terebellum sopitum—36.

Teredo—39, 47.

Testudo Ammon—10, 34, 59, 70.

Thallassochelys libyca—35, 70.

Theadelphia—84.

Thickness of beds in section—37-29, 42, 45-46, 49-52, 56-60, 65, 76-77.

Thickness of sediments in Fayûm—15.

Thinning of Fluvio-marine series—55.

Tomistoma—70.

Tomistoma africanum—35, 51, 59, 70.

Tongrian beds—13, 64, 88.

Toothed whales—39.

Topography and structural geology—11-28.

Tortoises, Large—10, 53-54, 59, 66, 87.

Trachelochetus bituberculatus—51.

Tropical shells in Fayûm—60.

Tuba, El—40.

Tudicla aff. umbilicaris—51.

Tufaceous gypsum—77.

Turbo Parkinsoni—43.

Turritella—38-39, 44-53.

Turritella angulata—43, 45, 60, 64.

Turritella carinifera—35, 38, 43, 51-52.

Turritella imbricataria—51-52.

Turritella Lessepsi—51.

Turritella parisiana—51.

Turritella pharaonica—34-35, 45, 51-52, 58.

Turritella transitoria—43.

Turritella turris—43.

Turtles—53-55, 59, 60.

Twelfth Dynasty—26, 82.

Twigs preserved in clays—53.

Um el Atl—84.

Unconformable junctions—39-40, 73, 76.

Underground outlets of Birket el Qurûn—14.

Ungulate, Horned—10.

Unio—34, 53, 58-60.

Unio abyssinicus—81.

Unio Bonneaudi—60.

Unio Caillaudi—60.

Unio Homsensis—60.

Unio lithophagus—60.

Unio Nyassænsis—60.

Unio Schweinfurthi—81.

Unio teretiusculus—60.

Upper Eocene—10, 32-34, 53-70, 76.

Upper Mokattam beds—33.

Upper Nile basin—87.

Ur-Nil—66.

Valvata nilotica—80, 84.

Vegetation in water-courses—25.

Velates Schmiedeli—37.

Venus—46.

Venus plicatella—35.

Vermetus—46.

Vertebrae of Mœritherium—52.

Vertebrae of Zeuglodon—45, 47, 50.

Vertebrate fauna, Discovery of—9.

Vertebrates, Extinct—10, 34-35, 43, 49, 51-52, 55, 61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 87.

Voluta—46.

Voluta arabica—35.

Vulsella chamiformis—37, 89.

Vulsella crispata—89.

Vulsella lignaria—89.

Vulsella moëlehensis—89.

Wadi, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39.

Wadi Rayan, Muêla, etc. (see under Rayan, Muêla).

Wadi Rayan series—35-37.

Warshat el Melh—20.

Water analyses—22.

Water-courses—25.

Water-rounded pebbles—56, 72.

Water-supply of Fayûm—11, 88.

Weathering—57.

Wells—21.

Western, Colonel—16-18, 22, 87.

Whales, Frequency of river and shore-frequenting—53.

Whales, Toothed—39.

Whitehouse, Cope—88.

White Nile fauna, Absence of—81.

Widan el Faras—28, 55, 58, 60, 62, 75-76.

Willcocks, Sir William—13-14, 17-19, 80-88.

Wind-shadow—84.

Xiphodonts—29.

Zeuglodon—9, 39, 44, 49, 52, 87-88.

Zeuglodon brachyspondylus—44.

Zeuglodon Isis—35, 44-45, 47, 70.

Zeuglodon macrospondylus—44.

Zeuglodon Osiris—35, 44, 47, 49-51, 70.

Zeuglodon Zitteli—44, 70.

Zeuglodon Valley—41, 46-49, 61, 63, 85.

Zittel, Prof. K.—43, 49, 62, 89.

* * * * *

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE FAYUM DEPRESSION

Survey Dept. Cairo.]

MAP SHOWING PRINCIPAL BONE-BEARING LOCALITIES

Survey Dept. Cairo.]

SECTION FROM THE BIRKET EL QURÛN THROUGH DIMÊ AND QASR EL SAGHA TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI.]

SECTION FROM WADI RAYAN TO THE SUMMIT OF THE ESCARPMENT NORTH OF GAR EL GEHANNEM.]

SECTION OF THE DESERT RIDGE SEPARATING THE NILE VALLEY AND THE FAYÛM.]

SECTION FROM SIDMANT EL JEBEL IN THE NILE VALLEY THROUGH MEDINET EL FAYÛM TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI, NEAR WIDAN EL FARAS.]

MIDDLE EOCENE ESCARPMENT NEAR QASR EL SAGHA.]

FROM GARAT EL ESH TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI.]

Transcriber's note:

pg 4 Changed: "Homotoxial with quarried" to: "Homotaxial"

pg 6 Changed: "M.—Gyseous Deposits" to: "Gypseous"

pg 30 Absent references to footnotes 30 and 31 added after "an accompanying map" and "plateau north of the lake." respectively.

pg 31, footnote 32 Changed: "Bd. XXX I 1902" to: "Bd. XXXII 1902"

pg 34, footnote 34 Changed: "III, Das Miocân,”" to: "III, “Das Miocän,”"

pg 58 Changed: "Potamides tristiatus" to: "tristriatus"

pg 66, footnote 82 Some missing text has been indicated as [Blank].

pg 69, footnote 84 Changed: "für Saügetiere" to: "Säugetiere"

pg 79 Changed: "matter or considerable doubt" to: "of"

pg 80 Changed: "with little resistence" to: "resistance"

pg 87 Changed: "Eocene beds of the Fayûm, Egypi" to: "Egypt"

pg 88 Changed: "Versteinerungen der tertiāren" to: "tertiären"

pg 88 Changed: "für Saugetiere" to: "Säugetiere"

pg 88 Changed: "der Libyschen Wūste" to: "Wüste"

pg 89 Changed: "Nacula Mœridis" to: "Nucula"

pg 91 Changed: "Arca tethyis—52-90." to: "52, 90."

pg 97 Changed: "Muêla, Wadi— [. . .] 21-21," to: "20-21,"

pg 97 Changed: "Mytilus affinus" to: "affinis"

pg 98 Changed: "Perrenial irrigation" to: "Perennial"

pg 98 Changed: "Plonorbis subangulata" to: "Planorbis"

pg 98 Changed: "Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus—" to: "Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus—35."

pg 99 Changed: "Rohlfs’ Expedition—9-63." to: "9, 63."

pg 100 Changed: "Thickness of beds in section—37-29" to: "37-39"

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Typographical errors changing æ for œ and vice versa have been fixed silently.

Placenames commonly spelled with diacritics (Fayûm, Qurûn, Lahûn, etc.) were also accented elsewhere except illustration captions, headers and titles of cited works.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.