Volume Ii

THE EARTH: LAND AND SEA

P. F. COLLIER AND SON NEW YORK

COPYRIGHT 1905

BY P. F. COLLIER & SON

ILLUSTRATIONS

Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park Frontispiece

Fingal’s Cave, Staffa Opposite p. 475

A Forest of the Carboniferous Period ” 523

The Giant’s Causeway, Ireland ” 595

Stag-Horn Coral Reef, Australia ” 643

The Matterhorn ” 691

Forms of Snowflakes ” 739

Forms of Clouds ” 787

Chart of Winds and Tides ” 835

CONTENTS

FORMATION OF THE EARTH. Élisée Reclus 433

CLASSES OF ROCKS. Sir Charles Lyell 439

GEOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGY. Sir J. William Dawson 450

THE SILURIAN BEACH. Louis Agassiz 456

CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD. Louis Figuier 464

THE PALÆONTOLOGICAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS. Hugh Miller 480

EUROPEAN AND ASIATIC DELUGES. Louis Figuier 493

GLACIERS. Louis Agassiz 502

VOLCANIC ACTION. Sir Archibald Geikie 516

THOUGHTS ABOUT KRAKATOA. Sir Robert S. Ball 527

VOLCANOES. Sir Archibald Geikie 536

EARTHQUAKES. William Hughes 559

MOUNTAINS. A. Keith 566

LAKES--FRESH, SALT, AND BITTER. Sir Archibald Geikie 573

UNDERGROUND WATER: SPRINGS, CAVES, RIVERS, AND LAKES. Élisée Reclus 588

RIVERS. A. Keith Johnston 621

SWAMPS AND MARSHES. Élisée Reclus 628

LOWLAND PLAINS. William Hughes 634

THE SMELL OF EARTH. G. Clarke Nuttall 648

DESERTS. Élisée Reclus 654

THE PRIMITIVE OCEAN. G. Hartwig 666

THE FLOOR OF THE OCEAN. John James Wild 676

CORAL FORMATIONS. Charles Darwin 689

MAGNITUDE AND COLOR OF THE SEA. G. Hartwig 707

TIDAL ACTION. Sir Robert S. Ball 713

THE GULF STREAM. Lord Kelvin 727

THE PHOSPHORESCENCE OF THE SEA. G. Hartwig 750

THE SEASHORE. P. Martin Duncan 763

THE OCEAN OF AIR. Agnes Giberne 773

WEATHER. Sir Ralph Abercromby 784

THE ROMANCE OF A RAINDROP. Arthur H. Bell 792

THE RAINBOW. John Tyndall 799

SNOW, HAIL, AND DEW. Alexander Buchan 807

THE AURORA BOREALIS. Richard A. Proctor 813

CLOUDS. D. Wilson Barker 819

WINDS. William Hughes 828

SQUALLS, WHIRLWINDS, AND TORNADOES. Sir Ralph Abercromby 845

THE STORY OF THE UNIVERSE