CHAPTER XLIV.. The Struggle for Freedom.

THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM.

The temper and conduct of Parliament satisfied Mr. Gibbs and his associates that they must turn again to the people and achieve success through their instruction, enlightenment and fears. At this juncture, however, the labours of Mr. Gibbs terminated. He had married Miss Griffiths (for many years secretary of the Ladies’ Sanitary Association), and had gone with her on a tour through the United Kingdom, holding meetings and discussing the evidence and report of the House of Commons Committee. His last public appearance was at Cork; proceeding thence to Dublin, he died there after a short illness on 1st December, 1871.

The removal of Mr. Gibbs was a severe discouragement; but a good cause may always be trusted to evolve its own prophets. Mrs. Gibbs, as became a wise woman, felt that she could not better honour her husband than by consecrating herself to his work. She formed the Mother’s Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League; and until her own death, 10th November, 1878, devoted her training, experience and intelligence to awakening an interest in those divine laws of life of which a practice like vaccination is a deliberate negation.

In 1872 Mr. John Pickering, of Leeds, in conjunction with Mr. Henry Pitman, started the The Anti-Vaccinator fortnightly, and continued it for a year. To maintain such a journal is far from easy. As Napoleon III. observed to Cobden, “There are a good many free-traders in France, but you must remember that the people are not organised, whilst the trades which prey upon the people are organised and are always alert.” To overthrow the trade in vaccination, established, endowed and enforced, is to encounter the enmity and opposition of the organised profession at whose instigation and for whose advantage vaccination was established, endowed and enforced; and to effect the overthrow, it is necessary to raise up a countervailing force among a public apathetic, ignorant, and credulous as to medical mysteries. The overthrow might be thought hopeless were it not for the leverage afforded by the compulsory law. Every parent who has wisdom and love enough to refuse to have his child vaccinated, is enabled to bear his testimony in court, to have it certified by fine or imprisonment, and to have his triumph published for encouragement and repetition. There is no preaching like such practice, for which the evil law itself provides opportunity.

Mr. Pickering was fined over and over again, and in his Anti-Vaccinator he proved abundantly that he had reason and science without end for his steadfast resistance to the legalised superstition. In 1876 he was enabled to strike a blow for the truth not likely to be forgotten, especially in Yorkshire. The statistics of the Leeds Smallpox Hospital had been published after the fashion of similar concoctions--an insignificant mortality among the vaccinated being set against a prodigious mortality among the unvaccinated. The statistics were denounced as fictitious, and proof of the accusation being demanded, Mr. Pickering produced the proof. The requisite inquiry was tedious and difficult; and because tedious and difficult it was presumed it would never be attempted, and that impunity was assured. The exposure demonstrated afresh how little dependence is to be placed on the collocation of figures by those whose pride and interest are committed to a foregone conclusion.

The severity of the compulsory law is subject to frequent abatement in its administration by poor law guardians. They appoint and pay vaccination officers, and it is for them to consider and, to sanction repeated prosecutions. Hence a majority, or an energetic minority of guardians adverse to vaccination may do much to frustrate its public administration. What is practicable in this way was shown by the Keighley guardians in 1876. They declined to prosecute; they disregarded the admonitions of the Local Government Board; and they refused to obey a mandamus issued from the Queen’s Bench. They were thereon arrested for contempt of court, and committed to York Castle, from which they were released after nominal submission. They were re-elected by the ratepayers, and did as before, but more discreetly.

There is a proverb about taking a horse to the water and trying to make him drink, which applies to legislation when equally disliked by those expected to enforce it and by those on whom it is to be enforced. Under such conditions the compulsory act is of no effect in Keighley: those who like may be vaccinated, and those who do not, need not. The majority are unvaccinated and nowhere is smallpox less feared. In several towns where public sentiment is similarly enlightened, something of the same freedom is enjoyed. In many parishes it is the rule to disallow repeated prosecutions: the vaccination officer fulfils his commission in prosecuting once, and then his hand is stayed. In some parishes those who are known to be opposed to vaccination are passed over on the tacit understanding that they keep quiet as to their indulgence; a course of procedure extremely injurious to the good cause, damping enthusiasm and suppressing that conflict and agitation by which it prospers. In other parishes no quarter is allowed: the law is worked with rigour. Prosecution follows prosecution until either fury exhausts itself, or the nonconformist is driven elsewhere.

Such persistent prosecution often becomes a public scandal. To a parent with adequate means, the fines and costs are trivial, and are amply repaid by the satisfaction of setting guardians and justices at defiance, and publishing far and wide his contempt for the vaccine superstition. On the other hand, a parent in humble circumstances is often put to cruel straits between his love and duty to his child and the comfort of conformity.

In the difficulty thus created by the law, the Local Government Board is frequently appealed to for advice; and in 1876 the Board, at that time under the presidency of Mr. Sclater-Booth, addressed a letter of counsel to the Evesham guardians, which, translated from official circumlocution, came to this--Prosecute until you are satisfied your antagonist cannot be overcome: then consider whether you had not better desist; for he may obtain sympathy, and the law and the rite alike suffer discredit in public estimation. In Cowper’s words, “Safe policy, but hateful.” This Evesham letter has become a standard document, and is regularly posted by the Board to guardians in perplexity as to the extent of vengeance they should execute. Such is the variety of valour taught from Whitehall--“Fight until you discover you are not likely to prevail; and take care to leave off before you make yourselves hateful or ridiculous.” Law was never, perhaps, reduced to baser terms.

Several attempts have been made to modify the law as recommended by the Vaccination Committee of 1871 and approved by the House of Commons. Mr. Pease (now Sir Joseph) introduced a bill with that purpose in 1872 and 1878, limiting the penalty in any case to 20s., but without success. In 1880 the Gladstone administration, fresh from the country, and flushed with good intentions, brought forward a similar bill, but dropped it in abject fright in consequence of the clamour of the medical trade unions, who fancied their vested interest in vaccination endangered. Nevertheless, those responsible for the law at the Local Government Board avow their disapprobation of repeated prosecutions, and regret that Parliament does not appear to be of a like mind, reckless of the fact that Parliament is rarely unwilling to consent to an administrative change when those in authority state the reasons for it, and insist on the necessity of giving them effect.

Mr. Forster, when moving for the Committee of 1871 in the House of Commons, spoke as if no member was prepared to dispute the efficacy of vaccination against smallpox; and, though the assumption was excessive, it was not far from correct. Even Mr. Candlish only objected to the injustice of compulsion. Since then considerable progress has been made. Mr. P. A. Taylor, who shared the position of Mr. Candlish, subsequently examined the history and evidences of vaccination for himself, with the inevitable result: he discovered that he had been imposed upon, and having made sure, straightway began to make known his discovery to others. Mr. C. H. Hopwood, equally enlightened, moved Parliament for various statistical returns which exhibited the influence of enforced vaccination, in authentic form and on a national scale, as a factor of death and a communicator and aggravator of other maladies. In conjunction, Mr. Taylor and Mr. Hopwood have raised the standard of resistance to vaccination in the House of Commons; and what Mr. Forster in 1871 set forth as indisputable, is now openly and unanswerably disputed; for those who have come to the defence, like Sir Lyon Playfair and Sir Charles Dilke, have been convicted of unquestionable mis-statements which could only pass muster as addressed to uncritical credulity.

Parliament is the creature of public opinion, and to arouse and inform that opinion and to bring it to fruit in legislation, it is necessary to agitate and to organise. Consequent on the death of Mr. R. B. Gibbs in 1871, the League, of which he was leader, underwent a course of vicissitude until, in 1876, it was revived under the presidency of Mr. William Hume-Rothery, with the National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination Reporter for its organ, edited by Mrs. Hume-Rothery. The energy and ability which Mr. and Mrs. Hume-Rothery have brought to their arduous enterprise have been unwearied and conspicuous--their self-consecration has been unreserved. Sometimes they have been charged with vehemence and intolerance, but when we consider the craft with which they are confronted on one side, and the credulity on the other, the misery and mortality resulting from the cruel practice, and the monstrous oppression exercised on those who resist the despicable superstition, it is not easy to be calm, or to adjust invective to a scruple. “Thou shouldst not speak so strongly, John,” said a Friend to her husband, when denouncing some iniquity. “Ah! Jane,” he replied, “thou knowest not what I keep back.”

It is frequently said that anti-vaccinators are fanatical, which may be more or less true; but if in quest of fanaticism, where shall we find it so ruthless, so untruthful, or so mercenary as among vaccinators? Take for example, Jenner, or Ring, or Seaton, or Marson, or Simon. The fury of anti-vaccinators stands excused by the strongest reason that can justify or ennoble fury. If a father has a child injured or killed by vaccination, and is threatened (as is often the case) with a second attack on his family life, with what temper may he be expected to regard the law? When Macduff’s children were slaughtered, it was only in Macbeth’s blood that he could ease his soul, and with Macduff goes the sympathy of every human heart. So it is with those bereaved by vaccination; only for them there is no personal Macbeth to receive his deserts, but a bodiless law.

It is not difficult to philosophise over other people’s wrongs, or advise forbearance where there is no sense of hurt; but fury and indignation constitute the natural reaction against outrage and injustice, and where feeble or absent denote defective moral sensibility. Nevertheless, fury and indignation are poorly spent if allowed to exhaust themselves in vituperation. Their proper use is to give vigour to action, and, invested in prudence, to achieve swift and sure redemption. Wise is the advice--

“Prune thou thy words, the thoughts control That o’er thee swell and throng: They will condense within thy soul, And change to purpose strong.”

The National League holds an annual conference in some convenient centre, to which representatives from affiliated societies are appointed. Many of these societies co-operate for the defence of their members under prosecution; they organise public meetings and discussions; provide lectures; distribute tracts; bring to light vaccination disasters; frustrate the attempts of medical men to get up smallpox panics; and, in short, to do all in their power to turn confidence aside from a magical, misleading and mischievous prescription to trust in the common conditions of health, as verified by science and continual experience.

It is needless to say that these societies excite much annoyance and evoke much bad language from the practitioners whose craft they discredit and despoil. Thus, for example, the British Medical Association, in a petition addressed to Government in 1879, protesting against any relaxation of the compulsory law, and signed by several thousand members of the profession, gave voice to the trade grievance--

The outcry against Compulsory Vaccination is mainly due to certain interested persons [interested in what?] who, by the dissemination of inflammatory literature and distorted statements, stir up opposition to Vaccination on the part of ignorant and thoughtless people.

Here what is wished to be taken for true is set forth as fact. Whatever the opponents of vaccination may be, they are neither ignorant or thoughtless, nor do they influence the ignorant and thoughtless. On the contrary, it is their exact acquaintance with the history and theories, the inutility and dangers of the multiform rite, designated vaccination, which renders them such dangerous and disagreeable antagonists. Further be it said, compulsory acquaintance with vaccination has been for thousands an introduction to vigorous intellectual life. It has demonstrated the fallibility of authority, and how it is possible for what is accounted established beyond dispute to be false to the core. Certain it is that ere long vaccination will be ranked among the crassest of human follies, and what force that exposure will lend to scepticism in conflict with other forms of conventional opinion, may be left to the consideration of the judicious reader.

The London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination was formed in 1880 with objects thus defined--

1.--The Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination.

2.--The Diffusion of Knowledge concerning Vaccination.

3.--The Maintenance of an Office in London for the Publication of Literature relating to Vaccination, and as a Centre of Action and Information.

An office was opened in Victoria Street, Westminster, with Mr. William Young, as secretary, and The Vaccination Inquirer, established by Mr. William Tebb in 1879, was adopted as the organ of the Society. The executive committee, liberally assisted by the Countess de Noailles, Mr. P. A. Taylor, Mr. Tebb, and others, have been enabled to make many and visible marks on public opinion, which by all means possible they are ever intent to repeat. Mr. J. G. Talbot, M.P. for Oxford University, took early opportunity to stigmatise the London Society as a Murder League, and Dr. Barrow, president of the British Medical Association in 1881, as “a Disgrace to Humanity”--these and similar amenities being taken as badges of honour and tokens of success. The London Society has also actively co-operated in successive International Anti-Vaccination Congresses--at Paris in 1880, at Cologne in 1881, and at Berne in 1883.

Of late years the literature of anti-vaccination has been steadily increasing in volume, variety and power. A notable effort to bring the question within range of common apprehension was the publication in 1876 of Our Medicine Men, by Mr. H. Strickland Constable. Apart from vaccination, Our Medicine Men is a pleasant book, full of anecdote, good humour, shrewdness and excellent philosophy, not likely to be forgotten by those who make its acquaintance.

A series of Vaccination Tracts, fourteen in number, was commenced by Mr. Wm. Young in 1877 and completed by Dr. Garth Wilkinson in 1879. Fuseli, reproaching his contemporaries for their indifference to Flaxman, said, “You English, you see with your ears”; and Fuseli’s observation recurs as we think of the limited repute of Dr. Wilkinson; not that any more than Flaxman he is unknown, but because he is so inadequately known, probably because he is so frequently at variance with the fashionable science of the day, nor has paid court to its fashionable professors. Nevertheless, those who have sense and courage to recognise what is admirable without direction find in these Tracts not only vaccination made an end of, but thoughts new and deep, with felicities of diction and cadence that every connoisseur in words must appreciate and revert to with delight. However wide our acquaintance with English literature, a variety of singular affluence and originality remains until Dr. Garth Wilkinson has been discovered.

It is a mistake to suppose that all medical men believe in vaccination in one or any of its varieties. Those who use their eyes and are not bewitched by prescription or self-interest, recognise the failure and disasters of the practice, but may not care to set themselves at open variance with their profession. Many privately confess their vanishing or vanished faith in the rite, adding, perhaps, that its dangers are exaggerated, and that it does little harm with due precaution, whilst affording a comfortable sense of security to its recipients. Others go further, and wish the discredit of compulsion were removed from the practice, when they would leave it to their patients to decide for themselves to vaccinate or not to vaccinate, they disowning responsibility. A nobler few decline to hold any terms of compromise with the imposture, and among these Mr. Enoch Robinson is conspicuous. He has lectured and debated against vaccination, and by his temperate and competent advocacy has made converts of the most unwilling and prejudiced. Moved by a popular compilation in defence of vaccination, he published a reply to it in 1880, entitled, Can Disease protect Health?--a polemic cogent and perspicuous, and ingenuous as its opposite was the reverse. As illustrative of the character of the medical press, it may be mentioned that advertisements of Mr. Robinson’s pamphlet were declined by The Lancet and The British Medical Journal, it being their rule to exclude announcements injurious to the interests involved in vaccination--surely in such quarters a superfluous precaution. Some people appear to fancy that intolerance is a peculium of theologians; but they would find abundant cause for a different opinion if familiar with the medical world.

It is said that inasmuch as the rising generation of medical men are more roundly educated than their predecessors, they are likely to deal with vaccination in a more scientific and independent spirit. The experience of Dr. W. J. Collins at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital lends reason to the anticipation. Study and observation confirmed Dr. Collins in his father’s practical judgment, which he has re-stated firmly and temperately on proper occasions; supporting it with the wide and open evidence at his command. He has been heard with patience and favour, nor has he encountered any but honourable opposition; proving how much depends on the manner in which a man fights his battle, and how much is conceded to courage with courtesy. Dr. Collins has argued, “Ought Vaccination to be enforced?” before the Abernethian Society; he has met Dr. W. B. Carpenter in public debate; he has discussed the Vaccination Disaster at Norwich in 1882; he has answered Sir Lyon Playfair; and he has brought the doctrine of evolution to bear on the generation of disease. If sometimes we refer to the medical profession with severity, the recollection of members like Dr. Collins operates as a check. Still we must be just. Professions, like kindred trade unions, are controlled by their interests, and there never was church, or community, or corporation which surrendered any source of gain, save by external compulsion. Public vaccination in England represents a medical endowment of £100,000 annually, which the profession, true to the law of its being, cannot renounce voluntarily; and there is no sense in shutting our eyes to that certainty. Of course, it would be absurd to charge medical men individually with defending vaccination because of the gain attached thereto: nothing of the kind is intended: but as Hobbes observed of mankind in the gross, “Even the axioms of geometry would be disputed if their interests were peculiarly affected by them.”

When, therefore, it is said that vaccination is a medical question which may be left to medical men to settle, the answer is--“Nay: vaccination is paid for out of the public pocket, and whatever the evidence adverse to its usefulness, it will be upheld as beneficial by those who profit by it. If those who pay do not object, those who are paid never will. In face of common experience, we hold it cannot be otherwise.”

There are fashions in medicine as in millinery: they are started; they flourish; they pass away; but the permanence of any medical fashion might be secured if fortified by endowment. Venesection was once in vogue; now it is scarcely known; but if in its heyday a law had been passed for its performance at the public expense, a ring of official venesectors would have been created to justify the practice against all gainsayers; to deny or explain away every disaster and fatality; and at all hazards preserve its credit from reproach; whilst it would cost something like a constitutional struggle for the nation to escape from the imposition. It is thus with vaccination. Left to itself, it would, like venesection, have dropped into disuse; but it acquired permanence from the initial error--the endowment of the National Vaccine Establishment in 1808.

The enforcement of vaccination supplies a yet stronger reason for public interference. A church endowed by the State might be endured by Dissenters, but if submission to any of its offices were made compulsory, endurance would give place to active resistance. Such is the case with vaccination. As it is endowed and enforced, it is hopeless to try to reserve it from general discussion and denunciation. Since citizens are liable to fine and imprisonment who withhold their children from the lancet, it becomes their duty to satisfy themselves as to the character of the operation for which they are taxed, and with which their families are menaced; and should their convictions be adverse to its utility and safety, they cannot do their fellow-citizens better service than by bearing the testimony of open resistance.

Thus vaccination is translated to politics and made every man’s business; whilst the interest created by its endowment and enforcement deprives its medical advocates of judicial authority in the controversy. It would be as reasonable to expect slaveholders to denounce slavery, or protected manufacturers to advocate free trade as for those whose professional prestige and advantage are involved in the practice to speak the truth about vaccination. Let us be reasonable. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? We should not require of average human nature the virtue of its rarer forms. Like all monopolies, vaccination endowed and enforced, is defended with unanimity from within, and must be attacked and overthrown from without--nevertheless be it said with some assistance from within, and that assistance most efficient.

It is therefore no cause for surprise that a large share in the agitation against compulsory vaccination has fallen to laymen. Mr. George S. Gibbs (cousin of John Gibbs and brother of R. B. Gibbs) has for thirty years maintained a criticism, chiefly statistical, of the official defences of vaccination, characterised throughout by an accuracy which has never been impugned.

Mr. H. D. Dudgeon has been described as “a veritable and venerable apostle of health.” With a consummate knowledge of hygiene, and a profound faith in its power to overcome zymotic disease, he has set forth its principles with such lucidity and persistency that he has gone far to educate Leicester in setting at naught the vaccine superstition. To the standard assertion of the vaccinators, that sanitation is good against all febrile affections, except smallpox, for which there is no preventive save vaccination (the sovereign variety being conveniently undefined) he has been an opponent merciless as truth. Regret is frequently expressed that the abundant information and admirable sense which pervade Mr. Dudgeon’s writing have been confined to newspapers and occasional pamphlets, but it is probable his teaching has been all the more fruitful because adapted to immediate circumstances. The word spoken in due season how good it is!

The name of Mr. Alexander Wheeler of Darlington is familiar wherever vaccination is brought under discussion. Mr. Wheeler’s interest in the subject was first excited, he writes, by Mr. G. S. Gibbs, “whose scepticism as to its virtue seemed to me absurd”--

Mr. Gibbs inquired whether I had examined the question, and when I confessed that I had not, he asked if I would read Baron’s Life of Dr. Jenner. Nothing loath, I accepted the loan of the volumes. Doubts began to trouble me with the first volume, and the second quite upset my confidence in Vaccination as a positive preventive of Smallpox. I then set to work to ascertain with what care I could, whether there was any truth in the assertion that Vaccination diminished Smallpox or modified its virulence. The process of determination was not rapid, but long before I had formed a definite opinion, I was satisfied that Compulsory Vaccination was indefensible; and my first efforts were directed to the protection of my own children from the infliction. Unsatisfied as to what Vaccination was, or what the Vaccinator effected, I clearly saw that the State had no right to enforce a practice by no means harmless, nor preventive of Smallpox, nor easy to explain the use of.

As lecturer, debater and newspaper controversialist, Mr. Wheeler has acquired well-earned distinction. Knowing far more of vaccination, its history, varieties, consequences, and statistics than his adversaries, they are usually overthrown with a dexterity realised as horrible and astonishing. Like savages with bows and arrows, they come forth in the innocence of faith to encounter arms of precision. In 1878 Mr. Wheeler held a debate with Dr. George Wyld, an enthusiastic advocate of the cowpox discarded by Jenner as impotent against smallpox. Sir Thomas Chambers presided, and the question discussed being, “Is Vaccination worthy of National Support?” How rash and how futile was Dr. Wyld’s championship is recorded in the report of the debate.

Mr. William Tebb is another well-known name in connection with the movement against vaccination. For a time dubious, his attention was quickened and his course decided by the summons of the St. Pancras guardians to have his daughter, Beatrice, vaccinated. His refusal was followed by prosecution after prosecution in the Marylebone police-court, until at last the guardians gave up the contest as hopeless. It was a bad day for vaccination when the compulsory law was applied to Mr. Tebb. As with many others, persecution made of him an inflexible and active antagonist. His tongue, his pen, and his purse, coupled with untiring industry and eminent executive ability, have been devoted to the exposure and overthrow of the conjoint superstition and tyranny. Mr. Tebb is a fine exemplification of Sir T. Fowell Buxton’s opinion, “Vigour, energy, resolution, firmness of purpose--these carry the day. Is there one whom difficulties dishearten, who bends to the storm? He will do little. Is there one who will conquer? That kind of man never fails:” adding, “The longer I live, the more I am certain that the great difference between men, between the feeble and the powerful, is energy--invincible determination, a purpose once fixed, and then death or victory. That quality will do anything that can he done in this world.”

Mr. P. A. Taylor’s speeches in the House of Commons have been widely read, but his Letter to Dr. W. B. Carpenter has been, perhaps, the most effective contribution to the good cause. Dr. Carpenter had volunteered for the defence of vaccination, and had challenged Mr. Taylor; and being of a credulous and uncritical habit of mind, he collected and recited the various legends and factitious statistics that form the body of vaccination, with additions from his private resources; thus constituting himself an objective of attack, and providing Mr. Taylor with an excellent opportunity. Mr. Taylor accepted the challenge: he captured and destroyed Dr. Carpenter’s positions seriatim, leaving him routed and helpless. The Letter has had an immense circulation, and its influence on public opinion is manifesting itself in a thousand ways. Neither Dr. Carpenter nor any vaccinator has ventured to reply to Mr. Taylor; the fact being that no reply is possible. Any one who attentively reads Mr. Taylor’s Letter cannot fail to perceive that the practice represented by Dr. Carpenter is rooted in illusion and imposture. Silence under the circumstances may therefore pass for discretion: silence on Dr. Carpenter’s part possesses a significance it would be difficult to misinterpret. Indeed, none know better than those responsible for vaccination as a medical interest, that the less it is brought under discussion the more likely it is to endure. Quieta non movere is their motto; and officious champions like Dr. Carpenter have little thanks for their restlessness.

Correspondence in newspapers is a well-recognised means for the diffusion of new ideas, and in the use of this means the opponents of vaccination have acquired no little distinction. There is an increasing number throughout the country who not only know their own case, but the case of their adversaries better than do their adversaries themselves; and if an editor has grace enough to maintain a fair field and show no favour, the issue is invariably satisfactory. Two able correspondents, who have gone hence, are especially worthy of mention--Andrew Leighton and William Gibson Ward. Mr. Leighton was a Liverpool merchant, who, having become interested in the vaccination question, made its discussion the occupation of his leisure. With a clear and logical mind, patient, sagacious, and tolerant, prejudice itself could scarcely withstand his sweet reasonableness. Almost to the day of his death, 14th January, 1877, he was engaged in newspaper controversy, each letter bearing witness to his admirable temper and persuasive power. Mr. Ward of Perriston Towers was a man of wide reading and perfervid character, who wrote and talked after the manner of Cobbett, whom in many respects he resembled. Having discovered the truth as concerned vaccination, he applied himself vigorously and successfully to its diffusion. He sustained his prosecution as a parent with the joy of one who delights in battle; and, indeed, as it was said, a periodical prosecution would have suited him exactly, providing him with occasion for a rousing speech in court and a discussion with the bench, to be duly reported in the Herefordshire newspapers. Mr. Ward died 18th October, 1882. Latterly he had access to The Times, and followed up a series of letters on subjects he had made his own with one on which he argued, that smallpox was neither an unmixed evil, nor a cause of extra mortality.

To enter into a closer enumeration of those engaged in the movement against vaccination would be invidious and bound to imperfection. Still it would be grateful to refer to the various services of veterans like Sir Jervoise Clarke Jervoise, Mr. Thomas Baker, Dr. Edward Haughton, Mr. T. B. Brett of St. Leonards, Mr. Edmund Proctor of Newcastle, Mr. John Lucas of Gateshead, Mr. R. A. Milner of Keighley, Mr. W. F. Fox of Dewsbury, Dr. E. J. Crow of Ripon, Mr. Francis Davis, jun., of Enniscorthy, Mr. Wm. Thurlow of Sudbury, Mr. Wm. Adair of Maryport, Mr. Charles Gillett of Banbury, Dr. T. L. Nichols, Mr. James Burns, and Mr. Amos Booth of Leicester. These and others have borne the odium of despised truth, and live to see it steadily acquiring favour and force, whilst the delusion to which it is opposed is entering the region of scepticism preparatory to dispersion and contempt.

All means are good against evil, but deeds are more than words; and talk against vaccination counts far less than resistance to its infliction. The more who are withheld from the rite, the more live to prove its inutility; and the more the law designed to enforce is set at defiance, the surer and sooner will be its overthrow. Nevertheless, let us not forget what this warfare costs, nor how we are indebted to the men and women, brave, tender, and true, by whom it is endured. As a rule, the rich are exempt: the contest is with the poor. As Mrs. Jacob Bright says--

I object to Compulsory Vaccination because it is an outrageous piece of class legislation. No one in easy circumstances, no one possessing the luxury of a family doctor, need have his child vaccinated. He has only to tell his family doctor that he objects to Vaccination, and the matter is at an end. Did ever any one hear of a family doctor who threatened to prosecute the head of a family for nonconformity in this respect? I think not. But the family doctor of the poor is the parish doctor. He is quite independent of his patient, and being paid by other people to vaccinate them, he not only vaccinates them in many cases against their will, but he does it when he likes, and with what virus he likes, irrespective of the feelings or opinions they may entertain.

I was riding some time ago in Sherwood Forest, and stopped to ask for a glass of water at a cottage, where a poor woman was standing with her fat little baby in her arms. I said, “You’ve got a pretty boy there. Has he been vaccinated?” The mother’s face, which was glowing with pride at praise of her boy, suddenly fell, and she said, “No, madam, he hasn’t, but he’ll have to be. We’ve lost one through it,” she added, with tears in her eyes. She is one of a great number of poor people who, rightly or wrongly, believe that Vaccination is dangerous, and yet are not able to resist the pressure put upon them to vaccinate; they are too poor, and in most cases have not the spirit to resist.

I say that it is disgraceful to fine and imprison people for forming an independent opinion on a medical question; and it is particularly disgraceful that my poor neighbour should be thus persecuted when I am free, absolutely free, to please myself whether my children shall be vaccinated. It is not possible that this thing can continue.

The contest, be it repeated, is with the poor. “There is no getting over the fact,” says Dr. John Scott of Manchester, “that vaccination is hated among the working class, in Lancashire, at least.” Vaccination is hated, and rightly hated, and the law is set to overcome that hatred. Multitudes submit because they either know not how, or dread to do otherwise; but an honourable and increasing number prefer the better part--holding by what they recognise for right, resolved to obey God rather than man. It has been said, “The days of martyrdom, like those of miracles, have ceased”; but have they? The record of humble English folk, who, during the past thirty years, have withstood the infamous Vaccination Acts, bears witness to the contrary. Martyrdom and heroism are rarely recognised by those who occasion or dislike their manifestation: it is sympathy that opens the eyes to their appearance. Unknown or despised, these medical nonconformists have stood true to their faith in the order of nature against doctor-craft, and have counted nothing dear to them if so be they could preserve their children and conscience from outrage. They have been prosecuted with all the malice and pertinacity of petty authority--of Justice Shallow and Bumble; have been insulted from the judgment seat; have been fined to the uttermost farthing and loaded with uttermost costs, and this repeatedly; have had their goods and furniture distrained, and their homes broken up; have been sent to jail with hard labour, and subjected to every indignity and cruelty of the prison-house; have been hunted from parish to parish, and in despair driven to exile. And these have been Englishmen, the law English, and the time our own! The Master of the Rolls recently observed, “What is contrary to the feelings of every honest man cannot be the law of England--or, if it be, the sooner it ceases to be law the better.” It would be unfair to charge the injustice of the Vaccination Acts to the English people. To most of them their character and operation are unknown. The chief sufferers are hidden under the hatches of poverty, and are unable to make the land resound with their wrongs. Those, too, who essay to speak for them are confronted with that obdurate dulness with which the early Free-Traders had to contend when restriction was thought to be as good for commerce as cowpox is thought to be good for health in stopping smallpox. Mr. Bright, in praising the speeches of Mr. Villiers at Birmingham, 29th January, 1884, remarked--

I mention their publication to revive the strange and painful fact that during the years when those speeches--so convincing, so absolutely unanswerable, were spoken in the House of Commons, they were addressed, as it were, to men morally stone deaf. The arguments were not answered, the facts adduced were not disproved, the appalling suffering of the people was not denied.

A similar deafness to the oppression of compulsory vaccination prevails, though there are signs of awakening. Still it is not for those who suffer to wait on politicians. The words are trite, but true as trite--

“Know ye not, Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow?”

Many are discovering that in union is strength. Combinations for mutual protection and insurance against penalties are multiplying. Resist and Organise is their watchword: organise, study the law, find out its weak places, make the most of them, harass its administrators, vote only for guardians who are opposed to compulsion; and, in short, do whatever is possible to frustrate the pernicious legislation.

Sometimes it is asked, “Why not obey the law and agitate for its repeal?” but the suggestion is designed for stultification. Suppose the Society of Friends had consented to take oaths until the law was adjusted to their consciences, would they not have been swearing to this day? Suppose some dissenters had not refused to pay church rates, when would church rates have been abolished? Suppose the Irish had submitted to English rule until convinced by reason of the wickedness and folly of their domination, how long would they have had to wait for the redress of their wrongs? Such questions might be run over pages, but to what purpose? All know (unless submerged in cant) that those who would have must take; and that no man’s rights can be entrusted to another’s good-will, be the trustee ever so just. Vaccination is a medical monopoly established, endowed, and enforced--a tyranny to be overthrown. Those who profit by it will never consent to its surrender, whatever the evidence of its inutility and mischief: it would be against experience to expect otherwise: and they will never be so valiant in defence of their monopoly, and so profuse in the assertion of its overwhelming advantages, as when its dissolution is imminent. The wise understand these things. There is, therefore, but one way in which to get rid of the incubus, and that way is outright resistance. Already such resistance has proved successful in several parts of the country. The law has been reduced to abeyance, and similar resistance will be rewarded with similar results. Moreover, further legislation in favour of vaccination has been checked. Parliament will pass no more Vaccination Acts. The plague thus far is stayed: the worst possible has been seen: the business is to clear away what remains.

* * * * *

It is sometimes said that vaccination is unnatural, and the saying is disregarded as unscientific or absurd. But is it unscientific? and is it absurd? Men deserve an order in Nature, and when they perceive that any procedure is at variance with that order, they instinctively condemn it as unnatural, though possibly they may be unable to give a philosophic account of their aversion.

We unite in the assertion that vaccination is unnatural, and when we are asked, Why? we answer, Because it is an operation which violates the order maintained in the formation of the blood. If we follow food into the stomach and attend to the processes of digestion, rejection, and assimilation--the infinite care, in short, with which blood is made, we shall start back with dislike, and even horror, from a practice which sets at naught all this care; which attacks the blood directly, and attacks it to poison it. Hence it is that vaccination is stigmatised as unnatural, being a process which not only reverses the course of Nature in blood-making, but doubly unnatural, as violating that course and poisoning its product.

To re-affirm and illustrate our meaning, we take the following piece of physiological poetry, poetic yet scientifically accurate, from Dr. Garth Wilkinson--

In the human body, whatever enters the blood, be it even the most bland food, the juice of the grape or the pomegranate, or the fine flour of wheat, be it oil, wine, or fig, is broken up first, and then led inwards through long avenues of introduction. The most innocent food goes in most easily and first. The police and surveillance for the rest are exceeding great and many. The senses electively appetise the fine food; it has to pass through their peremptory doors of liking and disliking; instructed doors of memory, association, imagination, reason, wisdom, religion, in adults. It is then attacked by digestive salivas, tests, examinations, and severe juices, and questioned to the uttermost in that degree, which corresponds to the former. It is strained through organ after organ; each a tribunal of more than social exactitude. It is absorbed by the finest systems of choice in pore and vessel, organic judgment sitting in every corner, and presiding over each inner doorway. It is submitted to glandular and lung purifications, and their furnaces of trials and eliminations. At last it is weighed in the balances, and minted by supreme nerve wisdoms; and only after all these processes is it admitted into the golden blood. This of the best food, such as good and wise men eat. The worst food is made the best of by a constant passage through bodily mercies and mitigations--a no less sedulous though a penal process. This is physiology, and divine-human decency, and like a man’s life. Vaccination traverses and tramples upon all these safeguards and wisdoms; it goes direct to the blood, or, still worse, to the lymph, and not with food; it puts poison, introduced by puncture, and that has no test applicable to it, and can have no character given to it but that it is fivefold animal and human poison, at a blow into the very centre, thus otherwise guarded by nature in the providence of God. This is blood assassination, and like a murderer’s life.

Finally, vaccination is an attempt to swindle Nature. The vaccinator says, “Come, my little dear, come and let me give you a disease wherewith I shall so hoax Nature that henceforth you may live in what stench you please, and smallpox shall not catch you.” But can Nature be swindled? can Nature be hoaxed? Mr. Lowell, in praising the genius of Cervantes, says, “There is a moral in Don Quixote, and a very profound one it is--that whoever quarrels with Nature, whether wittingly or unwittingly, is certain to get the worst of it.” There is sometimes an apparent triumph over Nature. We do wrong, and fancy we may evade the penalty by some cunning contrivance, but ere long we perceive with dismay that the consequences were only concealed or staved off, and that we have to answer to the uttermost farthing. Vaccination is a dodge kindred with incantations and similar performances whereby it is hoped to circumvent the order of the Highest, and compel his favour apart from obedience to his will. By artifice it is attempted to obviate a consequence of ill-living, whilst persisting in ill-living; but if it were possible to escape smallpox by such means, we should have equal punishment in some other mode. No: smallpox with its alternatives and equivalents can only be avoided through compliance with the old-fashioned prescription, “Wash you, make you clean; cease to do evil, learn to do well.” The lesson is hard to learn, and harder to practise; but there is no evading it if we would be healthy and happy. Wherefore all tricks like vaccination are bound to nullity and disaster. As Hosea Biglow says--

“You hev gut to git up airly Ef you want to take in God.”

* * * * *

WILLIAM A. GUY, F.R.C.P., F.R.S.

Is Vaccination a preventive of Smallpox? To this question there is, there can be, no answer except such as is couched in the language of figures.--Journal of the Statistical Society, 1882, vol. xlv. p. 414.

G. F. KOLB,

Member of the Royal Statistical Commission of Bavaria.

From childhood I had been trained to look upon Cowpox as an absolute protective from Smallpox. I believed in Vaccination more strongly than in any ecclesiastical dogma. Numerous and acknowledged failures did not shake my faith. I attributed them either to the carelessness of the operator or the badness of the lymph.

In course of time the question of Compulsory Vaccination came before the Reichstag, when a medical friend supplied me with a mass of statistics in favour of Vaccination, in his opinion, conclusive and unanswerable. This awoke the statistician within me. On inspection, I found the figures delusive; and closer examination left no shadow of doubt in my mind that the statistical array of proof represented a complete failure.

My investigations were continued, and my judgment was confirmed. For instance, Cowpox was introduced to Bavaria in 1807, and for a long time none, except the newly-born, escaped Vaccination; nevertheless in the epidemic of 1871, of 30,472 cases of Smallpox, no less than 29,429 were vaccinated, as is shown in the documents of the State.--From Letter to MR. WILLIAM TEBB, 22nd January, 1882.

FOOTNOTES:

The Statistics of the Medical Officers to the Leeds Smallpox Hospital Exposed and Refuted in a Letter to the Leeds Board of Guardians. By John Pickering. Leeds, 1876.

Mr. Constable’s publications have been as follows--

Medical Evidence in the Case of Dale v. Constable. York, 1872. Pp. 30. Doctors, Vaccination, and Utilitarianism. York, 1873. Pp. 239. Our Medicine Men: a Few Hints. Hull, 1876. Pp. 689. Fashions of the Day in Medicine and Science. Hull, 1879. Pp. 300.

Vaccination Tracts with Preface and Supplement. London, 1879. Pp. 348.

Can Disease protect Health? being a Reply to Mr. Ernest Hart’s pamphlet, entitled The Truth about Vaccination. By Enoch Robinson, M.R.C.S. London, 1880. Pp. 38.

A Review of the Norwich Vaccination Inquiry. London, 1883. Sir Lyon Playfair’s Logic. London, 1883. Specificity and Evolution in Disease. By W. J. Collins, M.D., B.S., B.Sc. (Lond.) London, 1884.

The first publication of Mr. Gibbs, The Evils of Vaccination, is dated 1856: the latest is a reply to the question, “Is Vaccination Scientific?” in The Journal of Science, March, 1884.

An article, “Compulsory Vaccination,” in evidence of Mr. Dudgeon’s quality, will be found in The Westminster Review, No. CXXX., April, 1884.

Vaccination: Is it Worthy of National Support? A Public Discussion in South Place Chapel, Finsbury, on 28th May, 1878, under the Presidency of Sir Thomas Chambers, M.P., Recorder of the City of London. London, 1878.

Mr. Wheeler has published the following pamphlets--

Vaccination in the Light of History. London, 1878.

Vaccination--Opposed to Science and a Disgrace to English Law. London, 1879.

Vaccination--1883. London, 1884.

Government Prosecutions for Medical Heresy; a Verbatim Report of the case Regina v. Tebb. Dedicated to the Board of St. Pancras Guardians. With an Introduction and Appendix of Illustrative Matter. London, 1879.

Mr. Tebb’s publications have been many, and his last is especially noteworthy--Compulsory Vaccination in England: with Incidental References to Foreign States. London, 1884. Pp. 64.

Vaccination. A Letter to Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B. By P. A. Taylor, M.P. London, 1881.

Mr. Leighton published nothing outside the newspapers except a letter addressed to William Chambers of Edinburgh, entitled, The People of Dewsbury and Vaccination. London, 1876.

“A New View of Smallpox.”--The Times, 25th December, 1879.

Letter from Ursula M. Bright to Annual Meeting of the London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination, held in Shoreditch Town Hall, 13th May, 1884.

On Human Science, Good and Evil, and its Works; and on Divine Revelation and its Works and Sciences. London, 1876.

INDEX.

Abbott, Mr., speaker, House of Commons, 219.

Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, 396.

Aberdeen degrees, 330.

Aberdeenshire, Maitland at home, 34.

Acksell, Dr., 408.

Adair, William, 590.

Adams, Dr., Waltham, uses smallpox cowpox, 76.

Adams, Dr., pearly pox for variolation, 120; on cowpox before Jenner, 138.

Adams, American president, 379.

Adderley, Sir Charles, 553.

Addington, Mr., 186, 195.

Addington, John, surgeon, 189, 218.

Addison, W. J., evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 556.

Alexander, Emperor of Russia, cautioned by Jenner against Walker, 329; disappoints Jenner, 362; enforces vaccination, 406.

Allen v. Worthy, 551.

Alsop, Mr., surgeon, Calne, 130.

Amelia, Princess, variolated, 18, 22.

Anderson, Mr., Madras, fraud, 387.

Anderson, Dr., Leith, 151.

Angerstein, Mr., 230.

Antimony, tartarated, substitute for cowpox, 121, 348.

Anti-Vaccination Congresses--Paris 1880, Cologne 1881, Berne 1883, 581.

Anti-Vaccinator, Henry Pitman’s, 544; John Pickering’s, 574.

Anti-Vaccinators, characterised by Robert Lowe, 528; by Simon, 558-59; by Marson, 563; by Seaton, 569; by British Medical Association, 580; by J. G. Talbot, M. P., and by Dr. Barrow, 581.

Aspinwall, Dr., variolator, Boston, 376, 377.

Atheism imputed to variolators, 42.

Austria, death-rates compared with those of England, 506.

Avelin, Professor, vaccination in Prussia, 405.

Ayrton, A. S., vaccinators should be subject to penalties, 532.

Badcock, Mr., Brighton, produces and uses smallpox cowpox, 75, 272, 472, 512, 514.

Bagehot, Walter, 8.

Baillie, Dr., witness for Jenner, 190.

Baker, Sir George, practice of the Suttons, 47.

Baker, John, one of Jenner’s victims, 117, 154.

Baker, Thomas, 509, 590; evidence House of Commons’ committee 1871, 555.

Bakewell, Dr. R. H., evidence House of Commons’ committee 1871, 559-560.

Ballard, Dr., prize Essay on Vaccination, 547, 548.

Balmis, Dr. F. X., expedition as trader and vaccinator, 401.

Banks, Mr., Jenner’s claims, 195, 233.

Banks, Sir Joseph, 146, 147, 226.

Baptism conjoined with vaccination, 276.

Barbados, variolation, 38.

Barge, Mary and John, 104, 119.

Baron’s Life of Jenner, 349-363, 586.

Baron, Dr. John, romance as to Jenner’s early years, 94; extra-ordinary narrative, 95; gush over George IV., 220; Jenner v. Walker, 226; Jenner’s shyness, 230; letter from Jenner on Grosvenor case, 319; first meeting with Jenner and attitude toward him, 349, 352; appalled by no inconsistency, 354; nor admitted change of mind in Jenner, 355-356; rant over Balmis expedition, 402; Jenner’s inability to count, 416; Dr. Watt’s mischievousness, 452. Uses and sends Jenner equine virus, 269; apology for confounding horsegrease with horsepox, 270.

Barrow, Dr., “a disgrace to humanity,” 581.

Barrow, Mr., 538.

Barttelot, Colonel, 537.

Bath Vaccine Pock Institution, 163.

Bathurst, Lord, servant variolated and died, 34.

Batts of Temple variolated, 19.

Bavaria, results of vaccination, 596.

Beale, Dr. Lionel, much vaccinated, 302.

Beaufort, Duke of, 176.

Beddoes, Dr., cowpox, 138; smallpox after cowpox, 165.

Bedford, Duke of, 219, 220.

Bengal subscription to Jenner, 390.

Berkeley, Jenner’s birthplace and home, 92; inhabitants variolated, 99.

Berkeley, Admiral, 186, 194.

Berkeley, Earl of, 176, 191.

Berlin Royal Vaccine Institution, and Jennerian feast, 405.

Berne Anti-Vaccination Congress, 1883, 581.

Birch, John, variolation harmless, 66; treatment of smallpox a chief cause of fatalities, 85; summoned on Jenner’s case, 187; character of his opposition to vaccination, 274; scorn for means used to extend craze, 276; nature of evidence submitted to House of Commons, 276; desire to know what cowpox was, 277; absurdity of spurious cowpox, 277; what had Jenner discovered? 278; assertion that cowpox was harmless and would never prove fatal, 279; futility of variolous test, 279; smallpox following vaccination, 280; Jenner pestered with failures, 280; fine promises belied, 281; death and epitaph, 281, 282; Jenner’s treatment of Birch, 283; mention in Edinburgh Review, 290.

Birch, Penelope, reprints brother’s papers, 281, and erects his monument, 282.

Blandford fire and smallpox, 85.

Blane, Sir Gilbert, 83, 397; witness for Jenner, 187; estimate of smallpox for United Kingdom, 208, 209.

Bleeding, 519, 584.

Blistering, 519.

Blood-making, process described, 594-595.

Bombay, vaccination introduced, 385, 388; subscription to Jenner, 390.

Bompas, flaming fire-brand, 77.

Booth, Amos, 590.

Boringdon, Lord, bill to suppress variolation, 73, 353.

Boston, variolation first practised, 2-4, 7, 377; completely variolated, 57; method of practice, 58, 373; smallpox in 18th century, 371-373.

Bouley, Prof., experiments with horsepox, 273.

Bourne, Sturges, denounces variolation, 72, 246.

Boy, cowpox ox-faced, 297.

Boylston, Dr. Zabdiel, variolation in New England, 2, 5-7, 56, 371.

Bowman, Mr., Newcastle, 550.

Bradley, Dr., Jenner’s conjectural income, 188.

Brady, Mr., liberal pay for vaccination, 536.

Bragge, Mr., surgeon, attempts use of cowpox, 138.

Brahmins hold cowpox impure, 387.

Bread, Beef and Beer, 88, 316.

Bremer, Dr., vaccinations in Berlin, 406.

Brett, T. B., St. Leonards, 590.

Bridgewater, Duke of, son variolated and killed, 34.

Bright, Jacob, 553; cites Gregory against Marson on marks, 561.

Bright, John, deafness of House of Commons, 592.

Bright, Ursula M., forcible vaccination of poor, 590.

British Medical Journal, refusal of advertisements, 582.

British Medical Association on anti-vaccinators, 579-580.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin, medical practice, 92.

Brotherton, Joseph, 501.

Brown, Thomas, Musselburgh, criticism of vaccination, 285; sees vaccinated with smallpox, 286; fallacy of variolous test, 287; attempted refutation by Edinburgh vaccinators, 287; re-affirmed position in 1842, 288; Jenner’s malice toward, 351; Moore’s insolence, 457; confession that Brown was in the right, 458; cited by Hamernik against re-vaccination, 520.

Browne, Hawkins, 246.

Bruce, H. A., spokesman for vaccination ring, 530-531; untruthful statement, 537-538.

Bryce’s Test, 353.

Buchan, Dr. William, Domestic Medicine, 53; recommends variolation, 54; appeal to clergy, 54; mortality from smallpox and variolation, 66; maltreatment of smallpox, 85; prevalence and cause of scurvy, 87-88; denounces tea, 90.

Bullpox, 144, 272, 374.

Burdett, Sir Francis, scepticism as to vaccination, 253.

Burnet, Mr., prosecuted for variolation, 463.

Burns, James, 590.

Burrows, Dr., London bills of mortality, 1818, 77.

Burrows, Sir J. Cordy, production of smallpox cowpox, 76.

Butler, Bishop, national insanities, 91.

Buxton, Sir T. Fowell, 587.

“Buying the smallpox,” 29.

Byng, Lady, two children variolated, 21.

Calcraft, Miss, Jenner on Grosvenor case, 320.

Calcutta Gazette, 1804, 383.

Cameron, Dr., smallpox cowpox, 273.

Candlish, John, 565, 567, 577; repeated prosecutions, 550-552; witness before House of Commons’ committee 1871, 553.

Canning, George, declaration as to compulsory vaccination, 254, 310, 476, 480, 485.

Canterbury, Archbishop of, would not commit Church, 275.

Carioli, syphilis invaccinated, 523.

Carlyle, stupidity, 19; teeth outwards, 215; swarmery, 291, 292; injustice by law, 548.

Caroline, Princess of Wales, has six felons variolated, 14; six charity children, 17; her own children, 18, 22; promoter of Maitland’s experiments, 171.

Carpenter, Dr. W. B., answered by Dr. Collins, 583, and by P. A. Taylor, 588.

Carter, R. Brudenell, invaccination of syphilis, 310.

Catharine, Empress of Russia, variolated, 62, 362, 514; payment to Dimsdale, 64.

Catpox, 170.

Caution against Vaccine Swindlers, 326.

Ceely of Aylesbury generates smallpox cowpox, 75, 272, 472, 514, 528.

Cervantes, 595.

Ceylon, variolation and vaccination, 345; smallpox, 392-393; 408.

Chadwick, Edwin, “Keep your eye on the death-rate,” 450.

Chambers, Sir Thomas, denies that smallpox increases mortality, 439; his prophecy, 538; Wheeler and Wyld debate, 586.

Chambers, Wm., Andrew Leighton’s letter to, 589.

Chapman, Mrs., variolator, 44.

Charlotte, Queen, 171, 219, 221, 370, 380.

Chastellux, 59.

Chavasse, Dr., ravages of smallpox, 77.

Chemists and apothecaries friends of smallpox, 325.

Chester smallpox in 18th century, 69.

Cheyne, Dr. George, prevalence of scurvy, 87-88.

Chickenpox, alias smallpox, 366-367.

China, vaccination introduced, 386, 393.

Chinese method of variolation, 16, 394.

Chincough, Watt’s treatise, 439.

Christ’s Hospital, smallpox from, 15; mortality of smallpox among inmates, 23, 32, 524.

Christie, Dr. Thomas, Ceylon, 392.

Chiswell, Sarah, 8, 10.

Cholera, 1831-32, 448.

Church-rates, compulsory, 542, 560, 593.

Clarence, Duke of, (William IV.) 171, 191, 219.

Clarke, Dr., advocates compulsory vaccination, 305.

Cline, Henry, letter describing first vaccination, 128; advises Jenner to come to London, 129; witness for Jenner, 189; apology for Walker, 227; National Vaccine Establishment, 459.

Cobbett, William, shuffles of quackery, 20; in Gray’s Inn, 81; denounces potatoes and tea, 89-90, 316; power in common sense, 304; vaccination fury, 305; addresses Wilberforce on compulsion, 305; endowment of vaccination, 307, 311; its proved failure, 308; spurious cowpox dodge, 309; foresees invaccination of syphilis, 309, 531; Advice to Young Men, 312; smallpox-made-milder dodge, 313; had Cobbett followed Jenner, 314; children variolated, 315; sanitary science undiscovered, 316; honourable prejudices, 317.

Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice, unvaccinated infants, 77; repeated prosecutions, 551.

Cockermouth and Dr. Walker, 220, 325.

Codd, Philip, son vaccinated by Jenner takes smallpox, 312.

Cole, James, infected with horsegrease, 115.

Collins, William, painter, 448.

Collins, Dr. W. J., opponent of vaccination, 543, 547; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 554.

Collins, Dr. W. J., 583.

Colchester, itch and vaccination in 85th Regiment, 126, 277.

Coldbath Fields Smallpox Hospital, 40.

Colliander, Dr., Swedes decline variolation, 408.

Cologne Anti-Vaccination Congress, 1881, 581.

Combe, Andrew, 427.

Combes, The, 449.

Common-sense defined, 303.

Condamine, La, 59.

Coningham, William, 529.

Connah, Mr., Seaford, rarity of smallpox, 83.

Connell, Ira, 545.

Constable, H. Strickland, writings, 581.

Constantinople, practice of variolation, 1, 8, 11, 12, 18.

Convulsions, enormous death-rate in London, 80.

Cook, Turkey merchant, 15.

Cook, Captain, and Jenner, 92.

Cooke, C., cowpox did not prevent smallpox, 165.

Copenhagen, smallpox and vaccination, 420.

Copland, Dr., scepticism as to vaccination, 478.

Corfield, Dr., “the falsest of falsehoods,” 86.

Cornwallis, Marquis, 398.

Corrigan, Sir Dominic, evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 560-561, 567.

Corry, Mr., withdraws 1866 vaccination bill, 532.

Cortez, Mexican smallpox, 511.

Corvisart and Jenner, 400.

Cother, Mr., variolates Jenner’s child, 357; resulting scandal, 358.

Cough, Whooping, Newcastle, 429, 430; Glasgow, 439-443; England and Wales 1838-40, 505.

Courtney, Mr., amazing estimate, 194.

Covent Garden grave-yard, 82.

Covington, F., evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 555.

Cowper, William, 80, 576.

Cowper, W. F., 496; operates in House of Commons for Epidemiological Society, 497; extreme docility, 498; answer to Mr. Duncombe, 499; simple-minded defence of compulsion, 500.

Cowpox, Jenner’s cases in Inquiry, 104-108; assures absolute security from smallpox unaffected by time, 105, 121, 141; incommunicable to those who have had smallpox, 106; taken repeatedly, 107, 108, 141; action in conjunction with smallpox, 150; cowpox and smallpox modifications of same disease, 166; description of in cow and man, 109; generation in horsegrease beyond possibility of denial, 100, 110, 112; reasons for this belief, 154; difficulty of proof, 100; indistinguishable in effects from horsegrease, 156, 157; an uncommon and erratic disease, 75; probable extinction, 111; when it ought to be taken, 111; its inflammation always erysipelatous, 143; sores eat into flesh, and action checked with escharotics, 157; recommended as an expulsive irritant, 123. Mr. Knight attests common faith, 132; notorious belief in its prophylaxy, 94, 136-139, 179; Jesty and Nash’s claims, 94-95, 204-206; unnoticed in Cheshire, 133; well known in south and unknown in north of England, 137; known in Gloucestershire not to prevent smallpox, 95, 165; inquiry of Ingenhousz in Wilts, 130; unknown in New England, 375; unknown in bulls, 144, 272. Discovered, 1799, in London, 145; distributed by Pearson, 146; its diverse action, 149; Jenner’s views discriminated from Pearson’s, 153, 178, 198, 203, 347. Spurious Cowpox, 99, 113; various definitions by Jenner, 240; in Spain, 401; disowned by Jenner, 239, 336, 454; a dodge, 278, 356; Birch’s inquiry, 277-278; Cobbett, 309; Hamernik’s opinion, 519-522.

Crewe, Lady, and Jenner, 231.

Crichton, Dr., vaccination and enforcement in Russia, 406-407.

Croft, Dr., faith in cowpox in Staffordshire, 137.

Cross, John, the Norwich epidemic, 1819, 432-439.

Crow, Dr. E. J., 590.

Cumberland, Duke of, 219.

Dairymaids’ faith in cowpox, 95, 114, 334.

Dalkeith, vaccination introduced, 151.

Darwin, Erasmus, letter to Jenner, 275, 371.

Davis, Francis, Enniscorthy, 590.

Davy, Sir Humphry, hydrophobia, 359, 371.

De Carro, Vienna, writes to Jenner, 264, 266-267, 405; uses horsegrease, 265, 404-405, 512; conveys virus to India, 384; Jenner’s congratulation, 385.

Decimation by smallpox, 76.

Delafaye, Dr., preaches and writes against variolation, 42.

Denmark, variolation, 62; vaccination, 419-420.

Des Gouttes, smallpox and variolation in Geneva, 61.

Devonshire, Duchess of, works for Jenner, 230.

Diarrhœa and vaccination, Newcastle, 429-430.

Diderot, promotes variolation, 59.

Diet, influence on smallpox, 87.

Dilke, Sir Charles, 578.

Dillwyn, William, letter from Jenner, 341-344.

Dimsdale, Dr. Thomas, variolator, 47-48; controversy with Lettsom, 49; summoned to Russia to variolate Catharine, 63; price paid for job, 64, 362; variolation from arm-to-arm, 76; parish variolations, 379; might have anticipated Jenner, 514.

Doddridge, Dr., favours variolation, 41.

Dog distemper, 360; Jenner vaccinates King’s staghounds, 360.

Dolling, Mr., Blandford, vaccination before Jenner, 138.

Domeier, Dr., 221.

Don Quixote, 595.

Downe, Mr., Bridport, vaccination before Jenner, 139, 204.

Drew, Rev. Herman, anticipates vaccination, 138.

Drysdale, Dr., 84.

Druitt, Dr., 547.

Dublin, variolation, 34.

Dublin Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons report on vaccination, 242-243.

Dudgeon, H. D., 585-586.

Dumfries, variolation introduced, 34.

Duncan, Dr., introduces vaccination to Edinburgh, 151.

Duncombe, Thomas, discomfits sharp practice in House of Commons, 498-499; disapproves of compulsion, 499, 529.

Dundee, vaccination introduced, 151.

Dunning, Mr., surgeon, 89, 340, 361, 385, 389, 390, 394; enthusiasm for Jenner, 196; first uses words vaccinate and vaccination, 229.

Dusthall, Anna, first vaccinated in India, 385.

Dutch in Ceylon, 392.

East India Company, 220.

Edinburgh, smallpox in 18th century, 50; triumph of vaccination, 1806, 71; vaccination introduced, 1799, 151; smallpox epidemic among the vaccinated, 1818-19, 366; variolation disused, 1815, and no smallpox, 463.

Edinburgh Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons report on vaccination, 241.

Edinburgh Dispensary and smallpox, 1805, 242; official answer to Dr. Brown, 287.

Edinburgh Medical Journal, Brown of Musselburgh, 351.

Edinburgh Review, 300, 302, 303, 350; comparative fatality of smallpox and variolation, 66; smallpox diffused by variolation, 69; rapid acceptance of vaccination, 70; attacked by John Ring, 173; anti-vaccinators described, 289; a homicidal article, 364.

Edwards, Jonathan, killed by variolation, 56.

Egremont, Earl of, 167, 168, 220, 231.

Eldon, Lord, 73.

Elephants’ milk, 327.

Elgin, Lord, 384.

Ellenborough, asserts influence of vaccination to be transient, 353; Jenner’s indignation, 354; encounter with Jenner, 357; Epidemiological Society, 482.

Ellis, Mr., fraud, 387.

Emerson, R. W., Dr. Garth Wilkinson, 549.

Emery, Aaron, evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 555.

Encyclopædia Britannica, horsegrease and cowpox, 271.

Endowment of research illustrated by National Vaccine Establishment, 461.

English Cyclopædia, Cotton Mather and Lady M. W. Montagu, 7.

English death-rates compared with Austrian, 506.

Engrafting the smallpox, 1.

Enniscorthy, 508-509, 590.

Epidemics, Dr. Waterhouse bewildered, 382.

Epidemics of smallpox, Dr. Seaton on their irregular character, 568.

Epidemiological Society, organised to promote trade in vaccination, 480-491; primes Lord Lyttelton, 480, and W. F. Cowper, 497; untruthful report, 485; presses for more vaccination, 492; bolder demands and more untruthful, 493-495; medical place hunters, 497, 500.

Epps, Dr., variolation, 74; Tweedledum and Tweedledee, 226; character of Dr. Walker, 331.

Equination, 229, 264, 265, 368; practised by Jenner, 268-269.

Erskine, Sir J. Sinclair, Jenner’s sacrifices, 194.

Erysipelas, a note of effective vaccination, 113, 119, 143, 157, 240, 279, 429, 503, 555.

Escharotics to allay vaccination, 109, 118, 157, 161, 198.

Evans, T. W., vaccination in Iceland, 420.

Evesham Guardians, advice from Local Government Board, 576.

Excell, Hannah, vaccinated, 118, and vaccinifer, 128.

Faces, pock-marked, 468; disappearance avouched by National Vaccine Establishment, 469-470.

Faith magic, 213.

Famine and smallpox in northern Europe, 409.

Farquhar, Sir Walter, 129, 188, 319.

Farr, Dr. W., decline of smallpox prior to vaccination, 86, 211, 466-467; confirms Watt’s discovery in Glasgow, 447-448, 450-451; evidence reinforced from West Indies, 560.

Farriers’ faith in horsegrease, 100, 114, 179, 334-335.

Ferdinand IV. and Naples, 396.

Fewster, Mr., cowpox more severe than smallpox, 139.

Finland, vaccinators to be punished if smallpox ensue, 419.

Flaxman, 581.

Fleuart, Dr., Boston, results of variolation, 5.

Fleming, Dr., Calcutta, letter from Jenner on variolation and vaccination in England, 390.

Fleming, George, cowpox and horsepox, 272.

Florence, variolation introduced, 62.

Forster, W. E., moves for committee on 1867 Vaccination Act, 552, 553; surrenders to House of Lords, 572; private faith in vaccination, 577, 578.

Foundling Hospital, 40.

Fox, Joseph, friend of Dr. Walker, 218, 220.

Fox, C. J., 215.

Fox, W. F., Dewsbury, 590.

France, variolation introduced, 35, 59; prohibited, 60; application to Cowpock Institution, 168; Woodville introduces vaccination, 169, 398; Napoleon’s despotism, 399-400.

Frank, Joseph, scarlet fever, 448.

Freeman, Mr., variolates after Jenner’s vaccination, 280.

Freind, Dr., letter from Dr. Wagstaffe, 17.

Friends, Society of, church-rates, 542, 560; oaths, 593.

Fry, Danby Palmer, evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 560.

Fugitive Slave Law, 540.

Fuller, John, denunciation of London Vaccine Institution, 250-252.

Fuseli, 581.

Gale, Samuel, a London grave-yard, 82.

Gardner, Edward, Jenner’s witness, 95-96, 97, 99, 101, 131, 152, 192, 362, 363; Jenner’s prophetic vision, 122; a hint for the newspapers, 147.

Gartshore, Dr., discovery of cowpox in London, 146.

Gassner in 1801 produces smallpox cowpox, 512.

Geneva, practice of variolation, 61.

George I., favours variolation, 5; assigns felons for experiment, 15.

George II., extolled for gracious patronage of practice, 43.

George III., receives Jenner, 171, and promotes vaccination, 219, 243, 370, 380.

George IV., does as his father, 323, 370.

Germany, variolation, 62, and vaccination introduced. 151.

Gibbs family, 547.

Gibbs, George S., 550, 585, 586; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 554.

Gibbs, John, birth and career, 508-509; Letter on Vaccination, 500-509, 541, 585.

Gibbs, Richard Butler, leader of anti-vaccinators, 543-544, 550, 578, 585; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 556; death, 573-574.

Gibbs, Mrs. R. B. (Miss Griffiths), 547, 573, 574.

Gibson, Wm., New Lanark, 366.

Giddy, Davies, prefers variolation to vaccination, 252.

Giffard, Mr., cowpox in Dorset, 137.

Gillett, Charles, Banbury, 590.

Gillman, Mr., fraud in India, 387.

Girl, cowpoxed mangey, 297.

Gilpin, Charles, character of anti-vaccinators, 542.

Gilpin, John, illustration of London life, 80.

Gladstone administration, pitiful performance, 577.

Glasgow, boarding-school girl, 51; Dr. Walker, 331; rare place for smallpox, 439; statistics, 1783-1812, 440, 442-443; variolation practised, 441; insanitary conditions, 441; vaccination introduced, 441; extent of practice, 442, 446; mortality unaffected, 442; other diseases replace smallpox, 442-443, 446-447; activity of measles, 444; Dr. Farr on the evidence, 447-448; character of smallpox victims, 450; variolation disused, 1815, and no smallpox, 463.

Gloucester cathedral, Jenner’s monument, 363.

Goatpox used in Madrid, 401.

Goethe, stupidity, 279.

Goldson, Wm., reports smallpox after vaccination, 283, which Jenner would not look at, 284; publishes pamphlet, 284; suggestions, 285; infamous treatment by Jenner and Ring, 285, 350-351, 361; Edinburgh Review, 290.

Good, Dr. Mason, horsegrease, 100, 260, 262, 267.

Goulburn, Mr., prohibition of variolation, 1840, 74.

Grainger, Mr., extent of vaccination in 1850, 475.

Granville, Dr., decimation by smallpox, 77.

Grattan, patriot, 184, 185.

Graveyards in London, 82.

Gregory, Dr. George, mortality from variolation, 66; regrets prohibition, 74; smallpox declining before vaccination, 86; letters from Brown of Musselburgh, 288; smallpox and vaccination in Ceylon, 393; estimate for National Vaccine Establishment, 461; scepticism as to vaccination, 477; cited by Jacob Bright against Marson on marks, 561.

Grey, Mr., Jenner’s reward, 195.

Griffiths, John, 189.

Grosvenor, Robert, vaccinated by Jenner, 1801, has smallpox, 1811, 318-321.

Gull, Dr. Wm., asserts vaccination as protective as smallpox, 355, 564; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 564-565.

Guy, Dr. W. A., vaccination a question of figures, 596.

Guy’s Hospital, 1802, 275.

Halford, Sir Henry, 319, 459.

Halifax, smallpox in 18th century, 27, 30.

Halifax, Viscount, compulsory vaccination, 572.

Hall, Sir Benjamin, letter from John Gibbs, 501.

Hamernik, Dr. Joseph, pustules from tartar emetic, 121; answer to Simon, 519-523.

Hannen, Mr. Justice, 551.

Hanover, variolation, 34.

Hart, Ernest, 582.

Haughton, Dr. Edward, 590.

Hawes, Dr., 218.

Haygarth, Dr., 57, 83, 569; variolation in Geneva, 61; Chester smallpox, 69; transmits vaccine virus to Boston, 376-377.

Haynes, William, smallpox and horsegrease, 117.

Heaths of Hertford variolated by Maitland, 19-20.

Heberden, Dr. William, successful variolator, 140.

Hecquet, Dr., 35.

Henley, J. W., homely sense and sympathy with poor, 498, 499, 531, 535, 536; Lord R. Montagu’s nonsense, 539.

Herpes, interference with vaccination, 340-343, 356.

Hertford, 19, 20, 23, 48.

Hervey, Dr. James, 459.

Hicks, Henry, 102, 134.

Hicks, Dr., letter to Jenner on cowpox from horsegrease, 133.

Highlands of Scotland, variolation practised, 29.

Highmore, Anthony, tribute to Woodville, 163.

Hignells vaccinated by Jenner, variolated by Freeman, 280.

Hill, Rev. Rowland, thundered for vaccination, 290; controversy with Moseley, 293-296.

Hjaltalin, Dr., Iceland, 422.

Hobbes, 583.

Holland, variolation in, 62.

Holland, Lord, letter to Jenner from Madrid, 400.

Holland, Sir Henry, failure of vaccination, 490.

Holstein, cowpox believed good against smallpox, 94.

Home, Sir Everard, 193, 459.

Hooper’s Lexicon Medicum, 271.

Hopwood, C. H., 577.

Horsegrease, Jenner shows his nephew a horse with diseased heels, saying, “There is the source of smallpox,” 97, 359, 513; belief of farriers and farmers that cowpox originated in horsegrease, 100, 110, 111, 154, 179; originates on thigh of colt with erysipelas, 112; action indistinguishable from cowpox, 157; futile inoculations of cows by Dr. Woodville and others, 145, 259; Jenner’s account of his faith, 154; Pearson sets aside Jenner’s doctrine, 153, 158, 178, 472, 512; considered horsegrease “like to damn the whole thing,” 158, 260, 336, 375; Jenner dropped horsegrease, 180; and why, 178, 260, 368, 375; dropped and resumed, 512; not a word about horsegrease in New England, 375; repudiated by Dr. Mason Good, 263; used successfully by Thomas Tanner and Loy, 263; Sacco, 264, 405; and De Carro, 265, 405; La Font, 265; Melon, 267; Baron, 269; and by Jenner, 267-268, 271, who uses and distributes the equine virus, 268, 347; explanation of mystification, 270-272.

Horsegrease Cowpox, Jenner’s happy thought and original prescription, 114, 201, 334, 347, 472; the note of Inquiry, 125, 202; Marson’s opinion, 562.

Horsepox, 472, 568; Prof. Bouley’s experiments, 273; cases described by Mr. Langton, 273; probable resort to, 273.

Hosty, Dr., report on variolation in London, 59.

Houlton, Rev. Robert, engaged to puff Suttons, 46.

House of Commons’ committee on Jenner’s petition, 186-193; report, 194; vote, £10,000, 1802, 196; vote, £20,000, 1807, 243-249; committee, 1871, 552-573.

Howgrave, Francis, opposes variolation, 31.

Hufeland, tartar emetic for vaccine virus, 121, 348.

Hume, Joseph, exposure of malversation of public money by National Vaccine Establishment, 460.

Hume-Rothery, Mrs., 548, 578.

Hume-Rothery, Wm., 548, 578; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 556.

Hunter, John, “Don’t think, but try,” 98; relations with Jenner, 91-93, 348; heard of cowpox from Jenner, 136, 193; two diseased actions in same part cannot occur simultaneously, 164.

Hutchins’s History of Dorset, 85.

Hutchinson, Jonathan, evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 567-568.

Huxham, John, 521.

Hydrophobia, inoculation, 359, 371.

Iceland, smallpox and vaccination, 420-423; measles, 422.

India, vaccination introduced, 383-393; variolators bribed, 386; frauds practised, 387-388; subscriptions for Jenner, 390; Sir Richard Temple on vaccination at this day, 391.

Indians vaccinated by Balmis, 402; fabulous stories of smallpox, 402.

Ingatestone, Suttons’ variolation establishment, 45.

Ingenhousz, Dr., discovers Jenner’s mis-statements, 130-132, 140.

Inoculation. See Variolation.

Inquiry, Jenner’s, publication, 102; analysis, 103-127; pronounced by Simon a masterpiece of medical induction, 103, 333; its essential doctrine, 335; printed last time in 1801, 337; why kept out of print, 344.

Inquiry, Pearson’s, 136.

Ireland, variolation introduced, 34; practised after prohibition, 474; distress a cause of smallpox, 472; fees for vaccination, 489; vaccination said by Sir Dominic Corrigan in 1871 to have practically extinguished smallpox, 561.

Irish oppression, 593.

Italy, Sacco’s vaccinations, 403-404.

Itch prevents vaccination, 126, 277.

Jefferson, Thomas, letter to Jenner, 380.

Jeffrey, Francis, 289; fury of vaccination controversy, 290; contrary to all analogy that vaccination wears out, 302; homicidal article in Edinburgh Review, 364; declining faith in vaccination, 365.

Jellyby, Mrs., 322.

Jenner, Edward, regimen prior to variolation, 45; birth and education, 91; relations with John Hunter, 92-93; Sodbury legend, 93; a bore about cowpox, 95; miraculous prevision, 95; Gardner’s questionable reminiscences, 97, 122; horse with greasy heels the origin of smallpox, 97, 359; marriage in 1788, 97; a good hand at verses, 97; purchase of degree from St. Andrews, 98; inoculates son with swinepox, 98; experiments with cowpox, 98-99; origin of cowpox in horsegrease beyond denial, 100; difficulty of proof, 100. First vaccination, 1796, 101; publishes Inquiry, 1798, 102; describes cowpox, 109; tries in vain to generate it from horsegrease, 110-112; invents spurious cowpox, 113; denies virtue for cowpox and asserts it for horsegrease cowpox, 114; cases of horsegrease, 115; fancy as to origin of smallpox, 120, 359, 513; absolute security from smallpox after horsegrease cowpox, 121; cowpox as an expulsive irritant, 123; single point of originality, 124; visit to London, 1798, 127; without cowpox, 129; advised by Cline to settle in London, 129; difference with Ingenhousz, 130-132; favourable reception of Inquiry, 134; Pearson claims association, 134; brick-bats flying around, 135; cowpox always erysipelatous, 143; uses cowpox from London, 147; jealousy of Pearson, 147; inquiries at a stand, 148; visits London to counteract Pearson and Woodville, 148; anxious, fretful, helpless, 151; Further Observations, 1799, 152; purpose and poverty of pamphlet, 152; differences with Pearson and Woodville, 158; slovenly and incomplete knowledge, 158; Vaccine Pock Institution, 160-161; Continuation of Facts and Observations, 1800, 163; annexation of Pearson and Woodville’s work, 163-164, 181; re-asserts the abiding prophylaxy of cowpox, 166; tries to undermine Vaccine Pock Institution, 167; reception by King and Queen, 171; John Ring’s alliance, 172, 176; presented with plate, 1801, 176; finds honour windy fare, 177; determines to drop horsegrease, 178, 180; mode of transformation, 178; Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation, 1801, 178; claims discovery of cowpox, 179, and discriminates true from spurious, 180; artful explanations, 182-183; application to Lord Sherborne, 183; prepares petition, 184-185, which is referred to committee of House of Commons, 186; evidence before committee, 186-194; claim limited to conveyance of cowpox from arm to arm, 193; voted £10,000 by House of Commons, 196. Jenner’s case examined by Pearson, 197-203; could he have taken a patent? 207; factitious glory, 215; delay in payment of £10,000, 216; fate as London physician, 216; Royal Jennerian Society, 218-219; head turned with adulation, 221; uxorious habits, 222; quarrel with Walker, 225-226; wreck of Royal Jennerian Society, 227; impecuniosity, 228; shyness, 230; “the cowpox doctor,” 230; plans for pecuniary relief, 231; reference of Parliament to Royal College of Physicians, 232-234; Jenner’s evidence and disownment of spurious cowpox, 239-240; voted £20,000, 243-248; director of National Vaccine Establishment, 255; withdraws and expects sensation, 256; sulking at Berkeley, 257; tactics as to horsegrease, 259, 262, 263; what did he discover? 261; swinepox, 262; reverts to original position, 264, 267; uses and diffuses horsepox, 268-269; a slovenly investigator, 270, 272; Birch on spurious cowpox, 277-278; pestered with failures, 280-281; Birch “a sad wicked fellow,” 283; treatment of Goldson, 285; claim to absence of failures, 287; friendship with Rev. Rowland Hill, 294. Miraculous quality of Jenner’s contempt, 301; split with Walker, 307; vaccinates sons of Sir Richard Phillips and Philip Codd, who afterwards had smallpox, 312-313; also of Earl Grosvenor, 318-321; the slush his followers had to march through, 315; dislike of Walker and his Institution, 324; Ring as bully and libeller, 324-330; Jenner’s later writings, 333-348; why Inquiry was suppressed, 333-337; mystery of horsegrease, 334-336; experiments with horsegrease on cows, 335; spurious cowpox dodge, 336; herpes and vaccination, 340-342; elusion of variolous test, 342; smallpox flying in all directions, 344-345; comparative London mortalities, 346; successive poxes for vaccination, 347-348, 525; final publication on Tartar Emetic, 348; Baron’s biography, 349-363; meeting with Baron, 349-350; treatment of adversaries, 350-352, 474; investigation resented, 352; appropriation of work of others, 352-353; denial that influence of vaccination wore out, 353; Lord Ellenborough, 353-354, 357; dying testimony to vaccination, 354; contrivances to break his fall, 355-356; variolation of son and scandal, 357-358; insanitary house and sickly family, 85, 318, 358-359, 448; belief that human diseases originated in animals, 97, 359; suggested extension of vaccination, 359-360; much adulation excused self-deception, 360; abhorrence of London, 361; exclusion from Royal College of Physicians, 361; presentation to Emperor Alexander, 362; death of Mrs. Jenner, 1815, 362; perplexities toward close of life, 362; death, 1823, 362; funeral and memorials, 363; statue in London, 363; sends equine virus to Edinburgh, 368; tactics as concerned horsegrease, 375; sends gold box to Dr. Waterhouse, 378; project and reward for conveyance of virus to India, 383-384; vaccination in Madras and Bombay, 388; tribute from India, 390; Sweden and Ceylon, 392; medal from naval officers, 398; anecdote of Napoleon, 400. Arithmetical incapacity, 415, 423; reason for vote of £20,000, 453; denial of spurious cowpox, 454; deceived as to National Vaccine Establishment, 454-456; insolence toward Brown of Musselburgh, 457-458; his virus the stock of National Vaccine Establishment, 472-473; treatment of opponents, 474; did not introduce cowpox, 512; smallpox from horse through cow, 513; vaccinates King’s staghounds, 515; ruthless, untruthful, mercenary, 578.

* * * * *

JENNER’S

PUBLICATIONS ON VACCINATION AND SUCCESSIVE ASSURANCES.

An Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ, a Disease discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the Cow Pox. London: 1798.

1798.--What renders the Cow Pox Virus so extremely singular is, that the person who has been thus affected is for ever after secure from the infection of the Small Pox; neither the exposure to the variolous effluvia, nor the insertion of the matter into the skin, producing this distemper.

It is curious to observe, that the virus, which with respect to its effects is undetermined and uncertain previously to its passing from the horse through the medium of the cow, should then not only become more active, but should invariably and completely possess those specific properties which induce in the human constitution symptoms similar to those of the variolous fever, and effect in it that peculiar change which for ever renders it unsusceptible of the variolous contagion.

It clearly appears that this disease leaves the constitution in a state of perfect security from the infection of the Small Pox.--Pp. 121, 337.

Further Observations on the Variolæ Vaccinæ. London: 1799.

1799.--The result of all my trials with the virus on the human subject has been uniform. In every instance the patient who has felt its influence has completely lost the susceptibility for the variolous contagion.--Pp. 152-158, 336.

A Continuation of Facts and Observations relative to the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow Pox. London: 1800.

1800.--The scepticism that appeared even among the most enlightened of medical men, when my sentiments on the important subject of the Cow Pox were first promulgated, was highly laudable. To have admitted the truth of a doctrine, at once so novel and so unlike anything that had ever appeared in the Annals of Medicine, without the test of the most rigid scrutiny, would have bordered upon temerity; but now, when that scrutiny has taken place, not only among ourselves, but in the first professional circles in Europe, and when it has been uniformly found in such abundant instances, that the human frame, when once it has felt the influence of the genuine Cow Pox in the way that has been described, is never afterwards, at any period of its existence, assailable by the Small Pox, may I not with perfect confidence congratulate my country and society at large on their beholding in the mild form of the Cow Pox, an antidote that is capable of extirpating from the earth a disease which is every hour devouring its victims; a disease that has ever been considered as the severest scourge of the human race.--Pp. 166, 338-339, 357, 365, 473.

The Origin of Vaccine Inoculation. London: 1801.

1801.--It now becomes too manifest to admit of controversy, that the annihilation of the Small Pox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the final result of this practice.--P. 183.

Petition for Remuneration to House of Commons. 1802.

1802.--Cow Pox admits of being inoculated on the human frame with the most perfect ease and safety, and is attended with the singularly beneficial effect of rendering through life the persons so inoculated perfectly secure from the infection of the Small Pox.--Pp. 184, 337, 355.

On the Varieties and Modifications of the Vaccine Pustule occasioned by an Herpetic State of the Skin. Printed in Medical and Physical Journal, August, 1804; and reprinted as a pamphlet, Cheltenham, 1806, and Gloucester, 1819.--P. 340.

VACCINATION EQUAL TO VARIOLATION.

1804.--What I have said on Vaccination is true. If properly conducted it secures the constitution as much as Variolous Inoculation possibly can.--Baron’s Life of Jenner, vol. ii. p. 15.

Duly and efficiently performed, Vaccination will protect the constitution from subsequent attacks of Small Pox as much as that disease itself will. I never expected that it would do more, and it will not, I believe, do less.--Ibid. p. 135.

1806.--The security given to the constitution by Vaccine Inoculation is exactly equal to that given by the Variolous. To expect more from it would be wrong. As failures in the latter are constantly presenting themselves, we must expect to find them in the former also.--Letter to Richard Dunning, 1st March, 1806.--Pp. 339, 355.

Facts for the most part unobserved or not duly noticed respecting Variolous Contagion. London: 1808.

1808.--It should be remembered that the constitution cannot, by previous infection, be rendered totally insusceptible of the Variolous Poison. Neither the casual, nor the inoculated Small Pox, whether it produce the disease in a mild or violent way, can perfectly extinguish the susceptibility.--P. 338.

Letter to William Dillwyn on the Effects of Vaccination in Preserving from the Small Pox. Philadelphia: 1818.

1818.--My confidence in the efficacy of Vaccination to guard the constitution from Small Pox is not in the least diminished. That exceptions to the rule have appeared, and that they will appear, I am ready to admit. They have happened after Small Pox Inoculation; and by the same rule, as the two diseases are so similar, they will also happen after Vaccine Inoculation.--P. 344.

LAST TESTIMONY.

1823.--My opinion of Vaccination is precisely as it was when I first promulgated the discovery. It is not in the least strengthened by any event that has happened, for it could gain no strength; it is not in the least weakened; for if the failures you speak of had not happened, the truth of my assertions respecting those coincidences which occasioned them would not have been made out.--P. 354.

The whole of Jenner’s claims re-asserted for Smallpox Cowpox by Mr. John Simon, after Inoculation with which--

1857.--“Neither renewed vaccination, nor inoculation with Smallpox, nor the closest contact and cohabitation with smallpox patients, will occasion him to betray any remnant of susceptibility to infection.”--Papers relating to the History and Practice of Vaccination. London: 1857.--P. 513.

JENNER’S SUCCESSIVE POXES In their order, 124, 185, 207, 240, 334-338, 347-348, 472-473, 512-513. Cowpox, first faith, 93-95, 99, 114, 334. Swinepox, 98, 99, 262. Cowpox did not prevent smallpox, 99, 113, 143, 179, 201, 347, 512. Horsegrease, 97, 99-100, 104, 124, 142, 273, 335. Spurious Cowpox defined, 99, 113-114. Horsegrease Cowpox, 100, 110-114, 119-121, 124-125, 153-155, 198, 201, 259-274, 335, 375. Horsegrease dropped, 178-180, 201-203, 260, 266, 375. Cowpox resumed, 180-183, 202-203, 512. Spurious Cowpox dropped, 239-240, 277-278, 314, 336, 356, 454. Horsegrease or Horsepox adopted neat, 229, 264-273; the true and genuine life-preserving fluid, 269; equine virus sent to Edinburgh, 368. Sacco’s practice, 264, 267, 336, 512, and De Carro’s, 265, 405.

LETTERS FROM JENNER TO--

John ADDINGTON, Surgeon. 1802.--Detained at Berkeley by domestic joys, 218 1804.--Cannot leave his wife, 222

John BARON, M.D. 1810.--Denunciation of Brown of Musselburgh, 351 1811.--London and the Grosvenor disaster, 319 1818.--The true and genuine life preserving fluid from a horse, 269 ” --Vaccination equivalent to smallpox, 355

Miss CALCRAFT. 1811.--Apology for Grosvenor disaster, 320

Dr. DE CARRO, Vienna. 1803.--Opposition to horsegrease hindered vaccination, 265 ” --Transmission of virus to India, 385

W. DILLWYN, Walthamstow. 1818.--Difficulties which attend vaccination, 341-345

Richard DUNNING, Surgeon, Plymouth. 1804.--Terms Vaccinate and Vaccination, 229 ” --Herpes the pest of vaccination, 340 ” --John Ring and Goldson, 351 ” --Despotism in India, 385 1804.--England compared with India, 389 1805.--Potatoes, 89 1806.--Vaccination equal to variolation, 339 ” --Wicked opposition in London, 361 1807.--Odd notion about Hindoo women, 390 ” --Vaccination in Chinese, 394

Dr. FLEMING, Calcutta. 1806.--Vaccination and variolation in England, 390

A FRIEND. 1794.--Origin of cowpox in horsegrease beyond denial, 100 1797.--Difficulty of raising cowpox from horsegrease, 100 1804.--Experience as London physician, 216-217

Edward GARDNER. 1796.--First arm to arm vaccination, 101 1798.--True and false cowpox, 99 ” --Perplexity and agitation, 129 ” --Conceit and ignorance of Ingenhousz, 131 1798.--Brickbats flying around, 135 1799.--Counteract Pearson, 147 ” --Extreme pains with Further Observations, 152 1823.--Homicidal Edinburgh Review, 364

Dr. INGENHOUSZ. 1798.--Prophylaxy of cowpox certain and permanent, 131

Andrew JOHNSTONE. 1813.--Declines to preside over United London Vaccine Institution and Royal Jennerian Society, 323

Dr. LETTSOM. 1811.--Perversity of London: comfort in Asia and America, 321

James MOORE. 1808.--Family afflictions, 255 1809.--Sir Lucas Pepys, 255 ” --Expected astonishment, 256 ” --Views and wrongs, 257 1810.--Impudence of John Gale Jones, 301 1812.--Vaccination in Prussia, 405 1813.--Fresh evidence of cowpox from horsegrease, 267 ” --Has been equinating for months, 267 ” --Experience with horsegreased carters, 268 ” --Proper variety of equine virus, 270 ” --Watt’s mischievous discovery, 451 1816.--Cowpox likely to cease through disappearance of horsegrease, 269 ” --Bad virus of National Vaccine Establishment, 458

Dr. George PEARSON. 1798.--Cowpox follows cowpox, 142 ” --Vaccination always erysipelatous, 143 1799.--Refusal to join Vaccine Pock Institution, 161

John RING, Surgeon. 1801.--Ignorance of time for taking virus, 181

W. F. SHRAPNELL. 1794.--Typhus at Berkeley, 85 1800.--Success in London, 171 ” --Praise of John Ring, 173

Dr. William WOODVILLE. 1799.--Success with Woodville’s London virus, 149

Rev. Dr. WORTHINGTON. 1810.--Away with Malthus!, 89 ” --While variolation is practised smallpox cannot be subdued, 72, 390

LETTERS TO JENNER FROM--

John ADDINGTON, Surgeon. 1802.--Royal Jennerian Society, 218

Henry CLINE, Surgeon. 1798.--Experiments, with cowpox, 128

Dr. Erasmus DARWIN. 1802.--Christening and vaccination united, 276

Dr. DE CARRO, Vienna. 1803.--Horsegrease Jenner’s distinction, 405

Joseph FOX. 1802.--Royal Jennerian Society, 218

Dr. HICKS, Bristol. 1798.--Cowpox from horsegrease, 133

Lord HOLLAND. 1803.--Vaccination in Spain, 400

John HUNTER. ” --Puffing Jenner’s tartar emetic, 93

Dr. INGENHOUSZ. 1798.--Adverse inquiries as to cowpox, 130

Thomas JEFFERSON. 1806.--Glorifies vaccination, 380

Rev. G. C. JENNER. 1799.--Excites jealousy of Pearson, 147

Francis KNIGHT, Surgeon. 1798.--Attests country faith in cowpox, 132

Dr. MARSHALL. 1801.--Vaccination in Naples, 398

Dr. George PEARSON. 1798.--Associates himself with Jenner and reports public dislike of horsegrease, 134 1799.--Invitation to join Vaccine Pock Institution, 160

Dr. PERCIVAL, Manchester. 1798.--Failure to get cowpox from horsegrease, 133

Dr. SACCO, Milan. 1808.--Miraculous exploits as vaccinator, 403

Lord SHERBORNE. 1801.--Advice as to petition for reward, 184

Benjamin TRAVERS. 1803.--Royal Jennerian Society, 219

Dr. UNDERWOOD, Madras. 1801.--Dread of variolation, 383

Dr. Benjamin WATERHOUSE. 1801.--Vaccination accounted beastly and indelicate in Philadelphia, 374 ” --Dexterous management of vaccination, 377 ” --Vaccinates cows, 378 ” --Cows with smallpox, 379

* * * * *

Jenner, Edward, inoculated with swinepox, 1789, and subjected to variolous test, 98, 262.

Jenner, Rev. George C., sent to Colchester to vaccinate 85th Regiment, 126; excites Jenner’s jealousy against Pearson, 147; bears witness before committee of House of Commons, 1802, 192; asserts he had never had one failure with vaccination, 287.

Jenner, Robert F., vaccinated, 118; variolated, 357; scandal, 358.

Jenner, Mrs., marriage, 1788, 97; habitual invalidism, 222; death, 1815, 362.

Jenner, Sir William, evidence before committee of House of Commons, 1871, 564.

Jenneric Opera, Walker’s, 325.

Jervoise, Sir J. Clarke, 590; opposes compulsory vaccination, 1867, 538; evidence before committee of House of Commons, 1871, 554.

Jesty, Benjamin, claim to cowpox inoculation, 94, 204, 245; invited to London and portrait painted, 205; put to variolous test, 205; epitaph at Worth Matravers, 206; distinction from Jenner, 206.

Johnson, Dr., condition of sailors, 397.

Johnstone, Andrew, 322.

Jones, John Gale, 301.

Jordan, Mrs., 171.

Joules, the ox-faced boy, 298.

Jurin, Dr., mortality of London smallpox, 25, 373; conditions of variolation, 30.

Justice, Mr., Axminster, inoculates with cowpox, 138.

Keats, Mr., introduces vaccination to British army, 151.

Keighley guardians committed to York Castle and released to do as before, 575.

Keith, Dr., 13; son variolated, 22.

Keith, Lord, 397.

Kemp, Mrs. E., 555.

Kendall, Mr., vaccination of poor, 536.

Kennedy, P., 1.

Kine-pox, 374, 377.

Kirkpatrick, Dr., denied that smallpox followed variolation, 41; etiquette of variolation, 44, and success, 45.

Knight, Francis, attests prevalent faith in cowpox, 132; vaccinates Duke of Clarence’s children, 171.

Knowles, J. Sheridan, 227, 250.

Kolb, G. F., Bavarian vaccination and smallpox, 596.

Ladies’ Sanitary Association, 547, 548.

La Font of Salonica, 265, 267.

Lanark, New, smallpox among vaccinated, 1818, 366.

Lancashire, Leigh’s Natural History of, 3; vaccination hated in, 591.

Lancet, The, vaccination failures and dangers, 502-503; refuses advertisements against vaccination, 582.

Lane, Mrs. General, 509.

Langrish, Dr., variolator, 40.

Langton, John, case of horsegrease, 273.

Lankester, Coroner, falsifies certificate of death, 68, 555.

Lansdowne, Marquis of, 130.

Leeds, mortality of smallpox in 18th century, 30; Mr. Pickering’s exposure of fraudulent statistics, 575.

Lefevre, Shaw, opposes grant to Jenner, 244.

Leicester, 585.

Leighton, Andrew, 589.

Leprosy induced by vaccination in West Indies, 559.

Lettsom, Dr., Society for General Inoculation, 49; denounces inoculation, 71; bears witness for Jenner, 187; ascription of London smallpox to United Kingdom, 187, 208-209, 212, 215, 295; Royal Jennerian Society, 219, 220; pœans for Jenner, 290; letter from Jenner on perversity of London, 321; sends virus to Dr. Waterhouse, Boston, 376; letter from Waterhouse, 378.

Lewis, Marianne, “the mangey girl,” 299.

Lichfield Cathedral, 52.

Lindblom, Archbishop, 411.

Lipscomb, Mr., anti-vaccinator, 290.

Lister, Dr., Cline’s experiment, 128.

Liverpool mortality, 451.

Lyttelton, Lord, instrument of Epidemiological Society, 480-481; confession of personal ignorance, 480, 491.

Local Government Board, repeated penalties, 577.

London, condition 1701 to 1722, 25; population in 18th century unknown with accuracy, 77; prodigious infantile mortality, 80; manner of life of citizens, 80; overcrowding and defective light and water, 81; cesspools, and rain the chief scavenger, 82; grave-yards, and church-going a cause of illness, 82; no standard for England or the world, 83, 347; influence of variolation on smallpox, 86; diet of inhabitants, 88; considered by Jenner the centre of opposition to vaccination, 321; variolation revived, 1806, 321.

London Bills of Mortality, 1701-22, 24; fallacy of taking them as standard of other populations, 25; untrustworthiness, 26, 77; how got up, 26, 78; evidence as to disease, 1791-1800 and 1801-1810, 223-224.

London Corporation, subscription to Royal Jennerian Society, 220.

London Medical Gazette, 1844, “revaccinate, revaccinate,” 473.

London Medical Repository, 1821, Ring’s libels on Walker, 329.

London Smallpox, 1701 to 1722, 24-25; heaviest and lightest years in 18th century, 79; no standard for smallpox elsewhere, 25, 208-210, 347, 431, 433; did not raise death-rate, 210; ever present waxing and waning, 211; unchecked and cultivated yet diminishing, 211; decline ascribed to vaccination, 222-225; statistics, 1791-1800, 223, and 1801-1810, 224; diminishing in common with fevers before vaccination, 346; before and after vaccination, 487; a natural phenomenon, 511; no epidemic from 1796 to 1825, 562; prevalence prior to outbreak of Franco-German war, 1870, 562.

London and Boston Smallpox, 373; Norwich, 433; Vienna, 232, 369.

London Smallpox Hospitals, sermon of Bishop Maddox, 40.

London Society for Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination instituted, 1880, 580.

London Vaccination, decline of smallpox ascribed to, 222-225; Lord Henry Petty’s speech, 1806, 232; its vicarious operation, 295, 324; extension checked, 301; statistics from 1791 to 1820, 346, in 1816, 456; development of a fabulous salvation, 466-468.

London Vaccine Institution founded 1806, 227; petitions Government for assistance, 250; annexes Royal Jennerian Society, 322-324, 453, 457; number of vaccinations, 1803 to 1826, 323; character of agents, 325; charged with fraud and imposture, 326-329; diplomas, 330; tribute to Walker, 333; thrives despite National Vaccine Establishment, 457, 458, 460.

Louisa, Princess, introduces vaccination to Berlin, 151.

Louis XV., died of second attack of smallpox, 60.

Lowe, Robert, passes Vaccination Act, 1861, 526; romance and rant, 526-527; asserts that smallpox is transmuted to smallpox, and that security from smallpox is proportioned to vaccination marks, 528; denunciation of anti-vaccinators, 528; the Act a failure, 530; sneers at Mr. Henley, 536.

Lowell, J. Russell, 595, 596.

Loy, Dr., horsegrease inoculation, 263, 265, 336.

Lucas, John, 590.

Ludlow, Mr., Sodbury and Jenner, 91.

Lues Bovilla, 292.

MacLaren, Duncan, 573.

Maddox, Bishop, 40.

Madras, vaccination introduced, 388; subscription to Jenner, 390.

Madrid, vaccination, 400; use of goatpox, 401.

Maitland, Charles, adviser of Lady M. W. Montagu, 10; variolation of her son, 11, and her daughter, 12; variolates in Newgate, 15-16; the Batts and Heaths, 19; in Aberdeenshire and Hanover, 34; defence of variolation, 18; controversy with Massey, 28; Prince of Wales promoted his experiments, 171.

Malthus, 244, 245; vicarious mortality, 569-570.

Manchester, experiments with horsegrease, 133; address of Cow Pox Dispensary, 169; vaccination widely practised, 175.

Mar, Countess of, 21.

Marcolini, 523.

Maria Teresa variolated by Ingenhousz, 130.

Marks, Vaccine, protective power of many according to Robert Lowe, 528; Mr. Henley’s observation, 535; Marson’s whimsical notion, 561.

Marlborough, Duke of, 8.

Marlow, Dr., Oxford, 176.

Marseilles, vaccination found useless in 1828, 520.

Marshall, John, experiments with horsegrease, 335.

Marshall, Dr. Joseph, witness for Jenner, 189; first cowpox missionary, 220, 396, 397.

Marson, J. Furness, smallpox after smallpox, 355; petitions Parliament, 1856, for more stringent vaccination laws, 497; judge of prize essays, 547; evidence before House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 561-563; whimsical notion about marks, 561; other assertions and admissions, 562; ferocious and foolish calumny, 563; ruthless, untruthful, mercenary, 578.

Massey, Rev. Edmund, variolation and high treason, 23; sermon against variolation, 28.

Massey, Isaac, Maitland’s assurance, 18; how variolation was promoted, 22; mortality of smallpox, 23; challenge to the variolators, 23; no comparison between variolation as practised and smallpox, 31; concealments of the variolators, 33.

Master of the Rolls, law and human nature, 592.

Mather, Cotton, introduces variolation, 2, 3, 7, 29, 56-57, 371; fabulous relation to Lady M. W. Montagu, 7, 10.

Mathews, Dr., denounces variolation, 71, 232.

May, Henry, preserving vaccination from reproach, 67.

Mayerne, Sir Theodore, 199.

Maunsell, Dr., usefulness of the spurious cowpox dodge, 278.

Mead, Dr., Newgate experiment, 16; revived variolation, 36; experience of variolation, 39; “it is more material into what kind of body smallpox is infused than out of what it is taken,” 516; slight and severe smallpox, 521.

Measles, inoculated, 359; in Iceland, 422; Newcastle, 428-430; Glasgow, 444-445; England and Wales, 505-506.

Mellor, Mr. Justice, 551.

Merret, Joseph, horsegrease cowpoxed, 99, 104.

Merriman, Mr., 290.

Mexico, terrible tale, 511.

Mexico and Peru vaccinated, 321, 322, 401-403.

Micawber, 471.

Milan horsegrease, 264.

Mildmay, Sir Henry, 194.

Mill, J. Stuart, 510.

Millet, Mr., erysipelatous colt, 112.

Milner, R. A., 590.

Mitford, Miss, lost faith in vaccination, 479.

Monro, Dr. Alexander, variolation and smallpox in Scotland, 49-50; smallpox an infantile malady, 242.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, fabulous statement as to Cotton Mather, 7; visits Turkey, 8; description of variolation as practised there, 9, 20; has her son “engrafted,” 10; and her daughter in London, 12; Maitland’s account of transaction, 13-14; opinion of English quackery, 21, 381; epitaph in Lichfield Cathedral, 51-52; “immortality,” 74.

Montagu, Lord Robert, reckless advocacy of vaccination, 533-535; money wanted to work the mill, 537; absurd adjuration, 539; evil Act of 1867, 548; member of House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 553.

Montagu, Wortley, ambassador to Turkey, 8; letters from wife, 10, 21.

Monteggio, 523.

Monteith, Dr., Newcastle Dispensary, 424-430.

Moore, James, Spain preserved from variolation, 62; meetings of vaccinists in Salisbury Square, 228; Walker and the Duke, 228; Walker characterised, 331; vaccination in Ceylon, 393; Balmis’ vaccine girdle round the world, 401; vaccination in Germany, 406; smallpox and vaccination in Sweden, 412-413; appointed Director of National Vaccine Establishment, 455, 456, 459; insolence toward Brown of Musselburgh, 457.

Moore, Sir John, 455.

Moore, Parson, derivation of cowpox from horsegrease, 155.

Morley, John, Catharine’s variolation, 62.

Morris, Edward, mischiefs of variolation, 246-247; moves that Jenner have £20,000, 247-248.

Morris, William, horsegrease indistinguishable from cowpox, 156.

Morris, William, measles in Iceland, 422.

Mortality, Total, unaffected by smallpox, 438, 439, 546, 560.

Mortality, Vicarious, in Glasgow, 443-446; Dr. Farr’s illustration, 447-448, 451; Dr. Woolcombe’s, 449; Dr. Gregory’s, 505-506; Malthus’s, 569, 570.

Moseley, Dr., 72, 187, 361; “vaccination gratis,” 236; Edinburgh Review, 290; exasperating and matter of fact, 292; controversy with Rev. Rowland Hill, 295; character, 296.

Mount Temple, Lady, 547.

Mudie, Dr. P., chickenpox must be smallpox, 367.

Munk, Dr., character of Moseley, 296-297.

Naples, vaccination, 396.

Napoleon enforced vaccination, 399; anecdote about Jenner, 400.

Nash of Shaftesbury inoculates with cowpox, 94, 204.

National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League, 543, 550, 578-579; Reporter, 578.

National Health Society’s statistical fraud, 209.

National Vaccine Establishment founded, 1808, 255, 453; for investigation, 257-258, 454; equine virus received from Jenner, 268; Cobbett’s judgment, 307; indifference to Jenner’s advice, 340; Jenner’s interest, 350; reports, 1808-1840, 453-470; constitution, 455; Moore appointed director, 456; investigation unattempted, 457; lax management, 458; funds looted, 459; Board a gossipping place, 460; Joseph Hume comes to judgment, 460; Parliamentary report on extravagance, 1833, 461; reports, 1841-50, 470-477; the initial error of State vaccination, 584.

Nature not to be swindled, 595.

Navy, introduction of vaccination, 398; medal to Jenner, 398.

Negroes, variolated, 56; curiosity of Waterhouse as to vaccination, 379.

Neighbour, James, evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 568.

Nelmes, Sarah, Jenner’s first vaccinifer, 101, 116, 120.

Nettleton, Dr. Thomas, Halifax smallpox, 27; practice as variolator, 30.

Newbury, variolation restricted to residents, 44.

Newcastle Smallpox, 424-430.

New England, absence of smallpox in 1787, 84, 374.

Newman, Prof. F. W., abridgement of Siljeström, 418; account of opposition to vaccination, 544-546.

Newgate, London, variolation of six felons, 15; and Christ’s Hospital, 524.

Nichols, Simon, produces cowpox from horsegrease, 107.

Nichols, Dr. T. L., 590.

Noailles, the Countess De, account of connection with anti-vaccination movement, 546-548; liberal support of London Society, 580.

Nonconformists and church-rates, 542.

Northampton clear of smallpox for years, 83; Dr. Pearce holds debate on vaccination, 541; speech of Charles Gilpin, 542; dislike of vaccination, 555.

Norwich Smallpox Epidemic, 1819, 431-439; rarity of smallpox, 433; introduction of vaccination, 432-433; bribery practised, 434; vulgar treatment of smallpox, 437; variolation disused, 1815, and no smallpox, 463.

Nottingham Vaccine Institution, 225.

Nurses in smallpox hospitals never catch smallpox, 497.

Oaths, compulsory, 593.

Orleans, Duke of, children variolated, 60.

Paget, Hon. Arthur, Vienna, 384.

Paine and Walker, 330.

Paisley, vaccination introduced, 151.

Pakington, Sir John, confessed ignorance, 482-483.

Pall Mall Gazette, smallpox localised in London, 209.

Palmerston, Lord, 483.

Paris, vaccination found useless in 1825, 520; Anti-Vaccination Congress, 1880, 581.

Parry, Dr. C. H., Letter from Jenner on Tartar Emetic, 348.

Paytherus, T., 102, 147.

Patent, Jenner could not have obtained one, 207, 260, 278.

Paterson, Dr., Montrose, praise of Dr. Pearson, 162.

Pearce, Dr. Charles T., 541-542; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 554.

Pearce, Thomas, case of horsegrease, 115.

Pearson, Dr. George, associates himself with Jenner, 134; publishes Inquiry, 136; Jenner’s note thereon, 153; discovers prevalence of faith in cowpox, 137-139; subjects London dairymen to variolous test, 140; denies equine origin of cowpox, 142; conjectures that inoculation is applicable to other diseases, 143-144; discovers cowpox in London, uses and distributes it, and lectures, 146-147; sets aside Jenner’s doctrine, 153, 158, 472, 512; considered horsegrease like to damn the whole thing, 158, 260, 336, 375; founds Vaccine Pock Institution, 1799, 159, 251; refusal of Jenner’s assistance, 160-161; success of Institution, 168; application from French Consulate, 168; public reception of cowpox, 170; Pearson heard with impatience by House of Commons’ committee, 193; publishes Examination, 197; his own and Woodville’s claims, 197; that he corrected Jenner’s assertions, 198; developed practice, 198; established Vaccine Pock Institution, 199; impossibility of Jenner making a secret of vaccination, 199; his pecuniary claims absurd, 199; what he did and for what he might have been rewarded, 199-200; merits of Examination, 200; Pearson failed to recognise strength of his own position and Jenner’s imposture, 201-203; Pearson and Woodville really introduced cowpox to Europe and America, 151, 203, 260-261, 352, 360, 375, 404; Jesty invited to London, 204-205; offers reward for smallpox after cowpox, 258; held revaccination impossible, 205, 259, 303; estimate of Jenner, 225; Pearson as seen by De Carro through Jenner, 265, 266.

Pease, Sir Joseph, advocates limitation of penalties, 577.

Peel, Sir Robert, adverse to compulsion, 476, 480, 485.

Pegge, Sir Christopher, 176.

Peking, vaccination in, 394.

Pennington, Sir Isaac, horsegrease, 142.

Pepys, Sir Lucas, 255.

Perceval, Mr., 72; moves that Jenner have £10,000, 243, 247.

Percival, Dr., Manchester, letter to Jenner, 133.

Persia, variolation and vaccination, 394.

Peru and Mexico, 321, 322, 401-403.

Petition, Jenner’s, 184; discussed, 185-186.

Peto, Sir Morton, 529.

Petty, Lord Henry, brings Jenner’s case before House of Commons, 231-232, 234, 243, 245, 253, 257, 454.

Philadelphia, variolation, 38; letter from Jenner, 341-342; cowpox accounted indelicate, 374.

Phillips, Sir Richard, son vaccinated by Jenner takes smallpox, 312.

Phipps, James, first person cowpoxed by Jenner, 101, 116, 119, 120.

Physicians, London, College of, approve of variolation, 43; report on vaccination, 235; decline to receive Jenner without examination, 361.

Pickering, John, starts Anti-Vaccinator, 574; exposes fraudulent statistics in Leeds, 575.

Pitman, Henry, labours and suffering in opposition to vaccination, 544, 545, 574.

Pitt, William, 184, 215, 231.

Plague stayed by vaccination, 359.

Playfair, Sir Lyon, 546, 553, 578, 583.

Plett, Holstein, inoculated with cowpox, 1791, 94.

Pock-Marked Faces, 468; disappearance avouched by National Vaccine Establishment, 469-470.

Poor Law Authorities, vaccination committed to, 471.

Post Office conveyed correspondence of Royal Jennerian Society gratis, 275.

Potato introduced, 88-89; denounced by Cobbett, 316, 317.

Pouschin, 63.

Prague Hospital, 520, 521.

Priessnitz, treatment of smallpox, 508, 509.

Prig, Betsy, 240.

Prince, Rev. T., Boston smallpox, 1752, 373.

Procter, Edmund, 590.

Prussia, vaccination introduced, 405; revaccination proved useless in army, 520.

Pulteney, Dr., cowpox, 131, 136, 138.

Putnam, Dr., Boston, uses smallpox cowpox, 76.

Pylarini, 1, 7, 10.

Quakers and vaccination, 228; their Institution and pox preferred, 457-458; church-rates, 560; oaths, 593.

Ramsay, Dean, 51.

Ranby, Sergeant, variolator, 41, 59.

Ratcliffe, Dr., 199.

Red gum deadens vaccine virus, 340.

Redesdale, Lord, 572.

Rees’s Cyclopædia, 163.

Rendall, Mrs., cowpoxer, 94.

Rennie, Dr., smallpox and vaccination in Peking, 394.

Revaccination treated as impossible, 159; Dr. Pearson’s opinion, 198, 259, 303; recommended, 1844, 473; pronounced superfluous by National Vaccine Establishment, 1851, 473; proved useless in armies of Prussia and Wurtemburg, 520.

Reynolds’s System of Medicine, 66.

Rhazes, 521.

Richardson, Dr. B. W., 547.

Ricord, M., invaccination of syphilis, 310.

Riddiford, Abraham, smallpox after horsegrease, 115.

Rigby, Miss, death from variolation, 34.

Rigby, Mr., surgeon, Norwich, 434.

Ring, John, Jenner’s henchman and bully, 172; gets up medical testimony, 172, 174; his publications, 173; Jenner in Portman Square, 176; witness for Jenner, 190; recommended for Chief Vaccinator and result, 255, 455; Birch on his failures, 280; attack on Edinburgh Review, 290, 303; libels Walker, 324-330; brutality to Goldson, 351; compliments Dr. Waterhouse, 378; “wit,” 379; ruthless and untruthful, 578.

Ringwood, smallpox after vaccination, 252, 308, 313.

Robinson, Dr. Bryan, 34.

Robinson, Enoch, Can Disease protect Health? 582.

Roby, Dr., Boston, 5.

Rochdale smallpox, 30.

Rodway, William, smallpox after cowpox, 106.

Rolph, Mr., surgeon, common Gloucestershire faith in cowpox, 137.

Rome, variolation introduced, 62.

Rose, George, moves vote for National Vaccine Establishment, 252, 254, 255, 308.

Rous, Lord, 192.

Rowan, Miss Frederica, 418.

Rowlandson’s caricatures, 298.

Rowley, Dr. William, 187, 290, 361; opponent of vaccination, 297; evidence of subsequent smallpox and injuries, 298; delirium of vaccinators, 299; his character, 299.

Royal Society, 1, 2, 7, 30, 37.

Royal Jennerian Society, 218-229; admit smallpox after cowpox, 293; Cobbett’s remarks, 305, 307, 312; wreck and salvage, 322; annexed by London Vaccine Institution, 323; union disliked by Jenner and Ring, and denounced, 324, 326, 329; Society wrecked by Jenner’s jealousy and intrigue, 453, 455, 456.

Ruskin and Cobbett, 304.

Russia, vaccination introduced and prescribed, 406; tolerated resistance, 407.

Russian Emperor Alexander cautioned by Jenner against Walker, 329; an unprofitable interview, 362.

Sacco, Dr., Milan, uses horsegrease, 264, 267, 336, 512, and supplies De Carro of Vienna, 265, 405; his cowpox transmitted through De Carro to India, 385; exploits as vaccinator, 403-404, 406.

Salvani, vaccine missionary, 401.

Salivation, 519.

Sanitation, new faith, 448, 474, 477.

Sancho, William, 258.

Sangrado, 571.

Scarlet fever inoculated, 359; in Newcastle, 428, 430; increased and intensified since vaccination, 448; in England and Wales, 1838-40, 505, 506.

Scheuchzer, Dr., variolation, 1721-28, 32.

Schleisner, Dr., Icelandic smallpox, 420-421.

Schultz, Dr., 62.

Sclater-Booth, G., 576.

Scotland, smallpox and variolation in 18th century, 50; smallpox an infantile disorder, 51; smallpox among vaccinated, 1818-19, 366; statistics of smallpox, 1859 to 1872, 534; Compulsory Act, 1863, 563.

Scott, Dr. Helenus, 385, 388, 392.

Scott, Dr. John, 591.

Scott, Sir Walter, 371.

Scrofula excited by variolation, 166, and vaccination, 515.

Scurvy, prevalence in 18th century, 87; influence on smallpox, 521.

Seaford, Sussex, 83.

Seaton, Dr. E. C., Handbook of Vaccination, smallpox cowpox, 75; mendacious letter, 485-497; ruling spirit of Epidemiological Society, 486; intrigues for place and power, 495; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 568-570; ruthless, untruthful, mercenary, 578.

Sebright, Sir John, 247.

Seville, fatalities from vaccination, 401.

Sewell, Mr., attempts to produce cowpox from horsegrease, 335.

Sewell’s Point, Boston, 58.

Shaftesbury, Lord, neglected vaccination, 481; improved houses might exterminate smallpox, 482.

Sherborne, Lord, 183, 184, 185.

Shrapnell, Mr., 171, 269.

Sievier, statue of Jenner, 363.

Siljeström, P. A., smallpox in Sweden, 417-419.

Simmons, Mr., Manchester, experiments with horsegrease, 133, 155.

Simon, John, recitation of Jennerian legend, 103; Jenner’s masterpiece, 124, 142, 155, 156, 158, 333; Papers on History and Practice of Vaccination, 510-519; terrible tales, 511; London smallpox, 511-512; cowpox derived from smallpox and infallible prophylaxy thereof, 512-513, 525; mis-statement of Jenner’s prescription, 513, 525; all vaccination assumed effective, 514; drawbacks unfairly stated, 515; scrofula, 515; admitted dangers, 515; qualities of virus unknown, 516; syphilis, 516; difficulties of vaccination, 516; sickly children, 517; selection of virus, 517; an ideal rarely realised, 518; questions addressed to 500 medical men, 518; answers predetermined, 519; value and characteristics, 524-525; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 557; unscrupulous character, 558; ruthless, untruthful, mercenary, 578.

Simonds, Professor J. B., cowpox a questionable disease, 272.

Simpson, James, 189.

Sims, Dr., 187, 226, 331.

Skey, Dr., 189.

Sloane, Sir Hans, 15, 23; Newgate experiment, 17; cautious counsels, 17.

Smallpox an infantile disease in Scotland, 51, 242, 445; epidemic, 1818-19, 367; in China, 394; in Sweden, 409-410; in Norwich, 436; in Glasgow, 440; disease of young and poor, 26, 437, 440, 445, 470. An alternative of other diseases, in Sweden, 415-417; in Newcastle, 428; in Glasgow, 439-444; the fact enforced by Dr. Farr, 447-451; by John Gibbs, 504-506; by Professor F. W. Newman, 546; by Dr. Bakewell, 560; by Malthus, 570; the disease to be studied with its congeners, 511; epidemic of 1871, 570-571. In London, 1701-1722, 24-25; 18th century, 77-87; 1791 to 1820, 346; development of fabulous salvation, 466-468; decline prior to vaccination, 86, 211, 466-467. In England and Wales, conjectural mortality, 25, 194, 208-209, 345; case according to John Gibbs, 505, 507; fabulous salvation, 526-528. In Boston, 3-6, 371-373; Chester, 69; China, 394; Edinburgh, 49-51, 366; Geneva, 61-62; Glasgow, 439-445; Newcastle, 424-430; New England, 1787, 84, 374; Norwich, 432-438; Sweden, 408-419. Declining prior to introduction of vaccination in London, 86, 222-225, 466-467, 487; over Europe, 368, 431, 446, 468, 476, 514; in Vienna, 369; Sweden, 410, 414-416; Italy, 404; Denmark, 419; Glasgow, 446; Dr. Farr’s evidence, 86, 211, 466-467. Exaggerated horrors, 76, 430, 570; Massey’s evidence, 23; Wagstaffe’s, 24; Monro’s, 50; Haygarth’s, 69; Birch’s, 85; multitudes never had smallpox, 65; unknown for years in some parts of England, 83; rarity in Norwich, 433; disease ever had some limit, 210, 431; wild assertions of House of Commons’ committee, 212; terrible tale of Mexico, 511. Rate of mortality prior to vaccination in Boston, 3, 372; Christ’s Hospital, 23, 524; London, 24-25, 26, 31, 79-80, 373; Halifax, Rochdale, Leeds, 30; Edinburgh, 50; London Smallpox Hospital, 66; Newcastle 427; Glasgow, 440; according to Dr. Buchan, 66, and Edinburgh Review, 66. Increased by variolation, 69, 72, 236, 246, 390, 426, 431, 462-464. Intensified by maltreatment, 84, 427, 437, 521; by food, 87, 316, 521. Sporadic character, 209, 522, 568. Origin in horse according to Jenner, 97, 359, 513.

Smallpox cowpox introduced, 75; connection with cowpox denied 273; cows contract smallpox from milkers, 378-379; Ceely and Badcock, 75, 272, 472, 514, 528; unqualified confidence of Simon, 512-513, and Robert Lowe, 528.

Smith, Dr. Southwood, absolute faith in sanitation, 478, 556.

Smith, William, cowpox after cowpox, 106.

Smith, William, exaltation of Jenner, 247.

Spain, escaped variolation, 62; vaccination introduced, 400-401.

Spencer, Earl, 397.

Spencer, Herbert, increased vaccination and smallpox, 541.

Squirrel, Dr., opponent of vaccination, 290, 301, 361.

Stanhope, Earl, 73.

Staunton, Sir George, 394.

Steigertahl, Dr., 17.

Stephens, Joanna, remedies for stone, 37.

Stepney, 26, 27.

Stevens, Dr., never saw injury from vaccination, 566.

Stiles, Henry, smallpox after cowpox, 130.

Stockholm, 417-418.

Strickland, Sir George, opposes compulsion, 483, 485.

St. Andrews, Jenner’s purchase of degree, 97; Ring’s sneer at same, 329, 330.

St. Christophers, 38.

St. Pancras guardians, 587.

Stuart, Lady Louisa, fiction as to introduction of variolation, 13.

Sunderland, Earl of, son variolated and killed, 34.

Suttons, eminent variolators, 45, 179, 188; method of practice, 46.

Sweden, variolation introduced, 62, but little practised, 408; Jenner’s pride in, 345, 392; sorely afflicted with smallpox, 408; influence of famine, 409; children chief sufferers, 409; disease aggravated by bad treatment, 410; steadily declining when vaccination was introduced, 410-411; vaccination made obligatory, 1816, 411; means of livelihood for clergy, 411; asserted extermination of smallpox, 413-414; Siljeström’s evidence, 417-419.

Swarmery, 291.

Swift’s city shower, 82.

Swinepox, 98, 99, 262, 401.

Sydenham, 448, 521.

Syphilis, invaccination foreseen by Massey, 27, and Cobbett, 309; declared impossible, 68, by Simon, 516, by H. A. Bruce, 530, and by Sir Dominic Corrigan, 561; Ricord’s warning, Brudenell Carter’s experience, and Sir Thomas Watson’s ghastly risk, 310; inseparable from public vaccination, 503; Henley’s answer to Bruce, 531; W. J. Addison’s evidence, 556; dreaded in West Indies, 559; Jonathan Hutchinson’s cases, 567, and proof that it is latent and active in some vaccinifers, 568.

Tanner, Thomas, got cowpox from horsegrease, 263.

Tar water, 21.

Tarleton, General, glory to Jenner, 246.

Tartar emetic, letter from Hunter, 93; used for vaccine virus, 121; Jenner’s last effort, 348.

Taupin, failed to invaccinate any disease, 522.

Taylor, David, 190.

Taylor, Peter Alfred, 553, 577, 580; reply to Dr. W. B. Carpenter, 588.

Tea introduced, 89; denounced by Cobbett, 316.

Tebb, William, 580, 587, 596.

Temple, Sir Richard, smallpox and vaccination in India, 391.

Terry, Dr., 15.

Thiele, Dr., 1836, produces smallpox cowpox, 512.

Thomson, Dr., Boston, 5.

Thomson, Dr. John, smallpox epidemic in Scotland, 1818-19, 366; depressing experience with vaccination, 366-368; receives equine virus from Jenner, 368; absence of epidemic smallpox when vaccination was introduced, 369.

Thornton, Dr., 190.

Thorpe, Rev. R. A., 448.

Thurlow, William, 590.

Timoni, Emanuel, 1, 2, 7, 10.

Tortworth, eight paupers cowpoxed, 107.

Travers, Benjamin, 217, 218, 219.

Trinidad, vaccination in, 559.

Tronchin, Dr., variolator, 60.

Trotter, Dr., smallpox in navy, 397; medal for Jenner, 398.

Turgot, 59.

Turkey, variolation, 1, 9, 11; malignity of smallpox, 12.

Turner, Mr., experiments with horsegrease, 335.

Turton, Sir Thomas, 250-251, 252.

Underwood, Dr., 383.

United States, vaccination introduced, 370-382.

Urquhart, William, 34.

Vaccination, origin of term, 229; vaccinium and vacciolation, 220, 222, 229. Precipitate approval of London physicians, 70, 173; Dr. Pearson’s work, 151, 170; acceptance by King and Court, 171; the heir of variolation, 174, 191, 249, 370, 395; received with acclamation, 274, 405; offered gratis, 236, 326-327; means by which promoted, 275; character of furore, 278, 299, 305; public goaded to belief, 286; fury of controversy, 290, 305; swarmery, 291; favoured by decline and absence of smallpox, 222-225, 369, 476, 487, 514, 562. Tables of comparison and advantage, 214, 377. Disrepute in and around London (1805) 281, 293; abatement of faith under failure (1808) 308-309, 317, 453; (1822-23) 364-365, 426; (1825 and 1838) 520; Sir Henry Holland’s testimony (1839) 490; faith never so low as prior to enforcement of practice, 477-479; revival of delusion, 309, 426, 474-475. Reduction of claim to making smallpox milder, 238, 288, 313, 321, 338, 566; security exactly equal to variolation, 339, 355. Opinion that prophylaxy wore out, Goldson, 284; Brown, 288; contested in Edinburgh Review, 302; by Thomson, 368; asserted by Lord Ellenborough, 353; denied by Jenner, 354; condemned by National Vaccine Establishment (1851), 473. Failure from reports of National Vaccine Establishment, 464-466. Easy art practiced by ladies and gentlemen, 276, 280, 305, 314, 489; Walker’s opinion, 324; practice in Sweden, 411-413; becomes difficult, 343; Simon’s ideal conditions of safety and success, 516-518. In Spanish America, 401-403; Austria, 404, 506; Bavaria, 596; Ceylon, 392-393; China, 393-395; Denmark, 419; Dublin, 242-243; Edinburgh, 241-242; Finland, 419; France, 169, 398; Glasgow, 441-446; Iceland, 420; India, 383-393; Ireland, 561; North Italy, 403-404; Newcastle, 426; Norwich, 432-434; Russia, 406; Scotland, 151, 534, 563; Spain, 400; United Kingdom (1853), 481-483; United States, 370-382; Vienna, 404. Adopted and enforced by State in England: Cobbett on projected compulsion (1803), 305-307, (1808), 310-311; established and endowed (1808), 250-258; paid for out of poor rate (1840), 470; enforced (1853), 480-485; vaccination office projected, 493-494, 496, 501, with compulsory revaccination (1855), 496; compulsion intensified (1861), 526; repeated penalties enacted (1867), 538, 540-541, 550; reported against by House of Commons’ committee (1871), 571; House of Commons concurs, 572; rejection by House of Lords and submission of Commons, 572-573; erratic and arbitrary administration of the law, 575-576; Evesham letter (1876), 576; subsequent attempts to modify law, 577. Law detested by the poor, 479; why abhorred, 501; cruel and despicable persecution, 590-592; hated in Lancashire, 591. Vaccination as a trade, 470, 479, 480, 485, 488-489, 493, 496, 518, 519, 533, 536, 537, 580; public practice worth £100,000 a year, 583.

Vaccination Inquirer, 580.

Vaccination Tracts, 581.

Vaccine girdle round the world, 401.

Vaccine Pock Institution founded, 1799, 159, 251; Jesty’s visit, 205; reward offered for smallpox after cowpox, 258; consequently shut up, 259.

Vaccine roses, 332.

Vaccine Scourge, 325.

Vaccinoff, a Moscow foundling, 406.

Vantandillo, Sophia, prosecution, 462.

Variolation practised in Turkey, 1, 9, 11; introduced to Boston, 2-7; to England, 12-14; experiment in Newgate, 15-17; on charily children, 17; children of Prince of Wales, 18; Maitland’s operations, 19-20, easy acceptance of practice, 22,28; opposition of Masseys, 23-28, 31-34; Dr. Nettleton’s practice, 30; Jurin’s precautions, 30-31; Dr. Scheuchzer’s tabulation of cases, 32; Dr. Wagstaffe’s observations, 33; disasters, 34; the position (1728), 35-36. Revival of practice under Dr. Mead (1748), 36-37, 39-40; in Smallpox Hospital, Cold Bath Fields, 40; sermon of Bishop Maddox, 40; theological opposition, 42; approval of London College of Physicians (1754), 43; etiquette of practice, 44; Mrs. Chapman’s procedure, 44; Jenner’s account of preparatory regimen, 45; Suttons’ methods, 45-47; Dr. Dimsdale’s, 47-49; Society for General Inoculation (1775), 49; extent of variolation, 52; Dr. Buchan’s evidence, 53-55; practice in New England, 56-59; France, 59-61; Geneva, 61-62; Empress Catharine, 62-65; fatalities, 66-69; cleared the way for vaccination, 70; Dr. Lettsom on dangers, 71; Wilberforce urgent for suppression, 71; denounced by Dr. Mathews, 71; by Sturges Bourne, 72, 246; by Jenner, 72; by Lord Henry Petty, 246; Lord Boringdon’s bill, 73; successful prosecution for exposure (1815), 73, 462; Dr. Epps (1831), 74; prohibited by Act of Parliament (1840), 74, 470, 464; Dr. Gregory’s regret, 74; revived by Ceely and Badcock (1839-40), 75-76. Practised in China, 16, 394, India, 392, Italy, 62, Persia, 394, Scots Highlands, 29, Wales, 29. Introduced to Barbados, 38; Boston, 2, 7, 11, 57-59, 371-374, 377; Florence, 62; France, 59; Geneva, 61; Germany, 62; Holland, 62; Ireland, 474; Newbury, 44; New England, 56; Newcastle, 445; Norwich, 435, 437; Paris, 60; Philadelphia, 38; Rome, 62; Russia, 62-65; St. Christophers, 38; Scotland, 50; Spain, 62; Sweden, 62, 408. Practised from arm to arm, 63, 120, 193; Jenner asserts its happy effects, 123; uncertainty of operation, 105, 108, 166, 212; cannot affect smallpox, Hamernik, 522; effects governed by mode and conditions, 150. A pest and a terror, 71, 72, 213; an excitant of scrofula, 123, 166; a cause of smallpox, 69, 236, 246, 390, 426, 431, 462-464. Contrasted with vaccination, 214, 377, 466; discredited by vaccination, 301, 514; led to acceptance of vaccination, 249, 370, 395.

Variolous Test after swinepox, 98; description, 125; worked marvellously, 181, 212; exploded by variolators, 279; Brown’s evidence of futility, 287; evaded by Jenner and Vaccine Test preferred, 342-343; applied in Boston, 377.

Venesection, 519, 584.

Vere, Aubrey de, 566.

Vicarious Mortality, Norwich, 438; law of, explained by Dr. Farr, 448, Dr. Woolcombe, 449; Dr. Gregory, 505-506; Malthus, 569-570.

Vicarious Vaccination, 237; attested by Rev. Rowland Hill, 295; in London, 321, 324, 346, 488; in Vienna, 369, 404; in India, 388; in Northern Italy, 403-404; in Russia, 407; in Germany, 408; in Sweden, 414; in Denmark and Copenhagen, 419-420; in Glasgow, 446; in United Kingdom, 492, 514.

Victoria, Queen, revaccinated, 564.

Vienna, 232, 369, 404; vaccinated and equinated indistinguishable, 405.

Villiers, Mr., 592.

Voltaire, 59, 62, 65.

Wachsel, J. C., 146, 280; experiments with horsegrease, 335.

Wagstaffe, Dr., Newgate experiment, 16; various character of smallpox, 24, 238; dangers of variolation, 33.

Wakley, Mr., 74.

Wales, variolation practised, 29.

Wales, Princess of (Caroline), 5; promotes variolation, 14-15, 17.

Wales, Prince of (George iv.), 171, 219, 220, 221.

Walker, Annie, 331.

Walker, Dr., John, birth and adventures, 220; Royal Jennerian Society, 221; character and habits, 222, 225; differences with Jenner, 225, 226; resigns office, 226; London Vaccine Institution established, 227, and prospers, 453, 458, 460; interview with a duke, 228; public warned against, 250; at Surrey Chapel, 293; the great London vaccinator, 322; ease of vaccination, 324; a Quaker of Paine’s pattern, 330; attacked by Ring, 324-330; indifference to money, 330; reply to Moore, 331; practice and peculiarities, 332; death and character, 333; Jenner’s conduct toward, 307, 350; warns Emperor Alexander against him, 362; first cowpox missionary, 396; a fanatic, 457.

Walkley, Hester, pregnant and variolated, 107.

Waller, Prof., Prague, 523.

Ward’s drop, 21.

Ward, William Gibson, 589.

Warren, Rev. T. A., 292.

Washington’s soldiers variolated, 57.

Waterhouse, Daniel Oliver, first vaccinated in New England, and put to variolous test, 376.

Waterhouse, Dr., knowledge of smallpox and variolation in New England, 57, 58; absence of smallpox in 1787, 58, 84, 374; introduces vaccination, 374, 376; his ready faith, 375; experiments, 376; advertisement, disasters, tactics, 377; compliments from Jenner, 378; vaccinates a cow, 378; vaccination good for weakly children and whooping-cough, 378; cows catch smallpox, 379; opinion of negroes, 379; Ring’s “wit,” 379; his cautions disregarded, 381; bewildered as to epidemics, 382.

Watson, Sir Thomas, invaccination of syphilis, 310.

Watson, Sir William, 146.

Watt, Dr. Robert, discovery in Glasgow, 439-452; interdependence of forms of zymotic disease, 449, 504; evidence from West Indies, 560.

Webb, Dr. Francis, 547.

Weller, Richard, vaccinated by Cline, 128.

Wellesley, Marquis, vaccination in India, 386, 389.

Wellington, Duke of, 323.

Wesley, John, interest in medicine, 37.

West, Dr. Charles, evidence House of Commons’ Committee, 1871, 565.

Westfaling, Thomas, 102.

Westminster, Duke of, 209.

Wheeler, Alexander, 586-587.

Whitbread, Mr., 248.

Whooping-cough, cured by vaccination, 378; in Newcastle, 429; in Glasgow, 439.

Wilberforce, William, 184, 195, 232, 247, 254; urges prohibition of variolation, 71; Cobbett’s letter, 305, 317.

Wilkinson, Dr. J. J. Garth, in Iceland, 422; account of his opposition to vaccination, 548, 549-550; evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 554; Vaccination Tracts, 581-582; process of blood-making, 594-595.

Willan, Dr., 66, 146; treatise Vaccine Inoculation, 266.

Williams, Perrot, Welsh variolation, 29.

Willis, Dr. C. J., Persia, 394.

Wilson, Bishop, 81.

Winchester, 40.

Windham, Mr., 71, 194, 233, 247.

Witchcraft and vaccination, 525.

Witham, Mr., 173.

Wollaston, Dr., 371.

Wood, Dr. Alex., evidence as to Scotland House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 563.

Woodville, Dr. William, supposed derivation of smallpox from Animals, 138; birth and career, 145; Anthony Highmore’s testimony, 163; experiments with horsegrease, 145, 163, 335; obtains cowpox in London, 145; smallpox eruptions follow its use, 146, 148, 149, 472; explanation, 149, 150, 151; difference from Jenner, 158; testifies for Jenner, 188; as seen by De Carro through Jenner, 265, 266; Jenner’s behaviour toward, 350, 352; visits Paris and vaccinates, 169, 398; work in conjunction with Pearson, 197, 198, 200, 203.

Woodward, Dr., 1.

Woolcombe, Dr., vicarious mortality, 449.

Worcester, 189.

Worgan, Dawes, 259.

Worthington, Dr., 89, 102.

Wright, Richard, variolation in Wales, 29.

Wurtemburg, revaccination useless in army, 520.

Wynne, Sarah, smallpox averts cowpox, 105-106.

Wyld, Dr. George, debate with Alexander Wheeler, 586.

York, Duke of, 126, 168, 171, 219.

Young, William, 580, 581.

H. NISBET AND CO., PRINTERS, STOCKWELL STREET, GLASGOW.

* * * * *

The LONDON SOCIETY for the ABOLITION of COMPULSORY VACCINATION,

114 VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

I.--The Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination.

II.--The Diffusion of Knowledge concerning Vaccination.

III.--The Maintenance in London of an Office for the Publication of Literature relating to Vaccination, and as a Centre of Action and Information.

ADDRESS OF THE SOCIETY.

Smallpox is a member of the group of diseases, described as zymotic which originate in unwholesome conditions of life, and in common are diminished and prevented by the reduction and removal of those conditions.

In times when the laws of health were imperfectly understood, it was believed that by poisoning the blood with the virus of smallpox, or cowpox, a future attack of smallpox might be escaped. While many kindred medical practices have been discredited and forgotten, Vaccination, endowed by the State, has survived, and has entered into legislation, and is enforced with fine and imprisonment. It is in vain for Nonconformists to plead that they do not believe that Vaccination has any power to prevent or to mitigate smallpox, or that it is attended by the risk of communicating foul diseases. They are told they may believe what they like, but that vaccinated they must be, for the benefit of the rite is settled beyond dispute, and that only fools and fanatics venture to question what has been irrevocably determined.

It is to attack and overthrow this monstrous tyranny that the LONDON SOCIETY has been established. The members desire to enlighten the public mind as to the history of Vaccination, as to its injury in communicating and intensifying other diseases, and as to the failure of the compulsory law to stamp out or even diminish the ravages of smallpox. Many too, whilst disinclined to discuss Vaccination as a medical question, or to surrender confidence in its prophylaxy, are opposed to its compulsory infliction. They maintain that every remedy should be left to justify itself by its own efficacy, and that of all prescriptions the last which requires extraneous assistance is Vaccination; for its repute is based on the fact that its subjects are secure from smallpox, and in that security may abide indifferent to those who choose to neglect its salvation. Even nurses in smallpox hospitals, it is said, when efficiently vaccinated and revaccinated, live unaffected in the variolous atmosphere. Therefore, they hold that to compare an unvaccinated person to a nuisance, as is frequently done, is to make use of an epithet that implicitly denies the virtue asserted for Vaccination, a nuisance being a voluntary danger or annoyance which another cannot conveniently avoid. They also hold that to establish any medical prescription, and to create interests identified with that prescription, is to erect a bar to improvement; for it is obvious that any novelty in the treatment of smallpox must, in the constitution of human nature, meet with resistance from those whose emoluments are vested in the established practice.

The LONDON SOCIETY, therefore, claims to enlist the energies, not only of those who resist Vaccination as useless and mischievous, but also of those who, true to their faith in liberty, would leave its acceptance to the discretion of the individual. In the controversy into which they enter, they propose to employ all the familiar agencies wherewith in England revolutions are effected in the public mind and in Parliament; and they appeal with confidence for the sympathy and support of their countrymen. The Vaccination Acts under which they suffer have not been enacted with the full cognizance of the nation, but have been forced through indifferent Parliaments by the persistency of medical faction. The members of the SOCIETY are confident that, as soon as the truth about Vaccination is fully known and appreciated, the freedom they contend for will be conceded without fear, and that posterity will view with amazement the outrage upon human right and reason that is at present committed under the shadow of English liberty.

* * * * *

Prejudice, which sees what it pleases, cannot see what is plain.--AUBREY DE VERE.

He who knows only his own side of the case, knows little of that.--J. STUART MILL.

The Vaccination Inquirer,

The Organ of the London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination.

Published Monthly, price 1d., or 1s. 6d. per annum, post free.

I would earnestly invite the attention of those who are concerned for the repression of wrong, and the promotion of human welfare, to the great and growing question of Vaccination. We hear on every side that we cannot be secure from Smallpox unless we have our blood poisoned with Cowpox in infancy, in adolescence, and at stated periods throughout life. The prescription is so unnatural that only custom renders it tolerable; it excites suspicion and aversion wherever rationally considered; and dislike and disgust are justified by inquiry. Smallpox is not averted by Vaccination; and the virus introduced to the blood bears with it other diseases, even the worst of diseases, and enfeebles and predisposes the constitution to other maladies. In short, Vaccination under cover of maintaining the common health inflicts upon it serious and deadly injuries. And by a strange exercise of tyranny, this most mischievous superstition is made compulsory and enforced by fine and imprisonment; and Englishmen are dragged from their homes and treated as convicts because they refuse to submit their children to the abominable rite. Mr. BRIGHT says, “THE LAW IS MONSTROUS, AND OUGHT TO BE REPEALED.” Yet is this monstrous law maintained!

Possibly you are opposed to Vaccination, or indifferent, or a believer. In any case, I ask you to subscribe for the VACCINATION INQUIRER. If you are opposed to Vaccination, it will stimulate and inform your opposition; if indifferent, it will remove your indifference; if you are a believer in the rite, it may convert you to a better mind.

WILLIAM YOUNG, Secretary, 114 Victoria Street, WESTMINSTER.

* * * * *

WORKS ON VACCINATION.

William White.

Sir Lyon Playfair taken to Pieces and disposed of: likewise Sir Charles W. Dilke, Bart.: being a Dissection of their Speeches in the House of Commons on 19th June, 1883, in defence of Compulsory Vaccination. Second Edition. 6th thousand. 1s.

“It is a very dainty pamphlet of two hundred pages, so printed that it is a luxury to read. There are six pages of index, which will give some idea of its fulness of matter. Mr. White does all his work in a workmanlike way, and this work is no exception. He gives the two speeches of Playfair and Dilke in full, and fully answers them. They are literally taken to pieces and disposed of. Read William White on Playfair and Dilke. It is the end of controversy. Reply is impossible.”--Herald of Health.

“Mr. White has done what has never been done before,--that is, he has taken to pieces Sir Lyon Playfair’s speech, analysed his arguments, and exposed much of what is untrustworthy. The book ought to be in the hands of all who desire to understand the question of Vaccination.”--Newcastle Weekly Chronicle.

“This is a clever and most reasonable criticism and overhauling of Playfair and Dilke’s opinions, of which the best idea can be gained from a study of the book itself, which will be found complete in every detail.”--Brighton Gazette.

“The official vindication of vaccination was contained in Sir Lyon Playfair’s speech backed up by Sir Charles Dilke, and Mr. White has taken the various points of both speeches, item by item, and has replied to them with a clearness and effectiveness which must go far to shake the foundation of vaccination itself; whilst, in our view, it effectually disposes of the plea for compulsory vaccination.”--Northamptonshire Guardian.

“Anti-Vaccinationists will gloat over these pages. It is said that anything can be done with figures. We certainly at the time thought that Sir Lyon Playfair showed they were in favour of vaccination. On reading Mr. White’s book we are just as keenly impressed with an opposite view. We recommend the work to our readers.”--Eastern Daily Press.

“A remarkably well-written book by a practised hand. The subject is an unlovely one, and the proverbial ‘both sides’ have much to say; but this book ought to interest, amuse, and inform both sides. It everywhere tells of patient thought, industrious research, and a keen mind.”--The Truthseeker.

Alfred Russel Wallace, LL.D.

Author of The Malay Archipelago, the Land of the Orang-Utan and Bird of Paradise, 1869; Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, 1871; The Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1876; Island Life, or The Phenomena and Causes of Island Faunas and Floras, 1880; Land Nationalisation, its Necessity and Aims, 1882; etc.

To Members of Parliament. FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF REGISTRATION STATISTICS; proving Vaccination to be both Useless and Dangerous. 6d.

William Tebb.

COMPULSORY VACCINATION IN ENGLAND: with Incidental References to Foreign States. 1s.

“Not only crowds but Sanhedrims are infected with public lunacy.”--DRYDEN.

Contents:--Vaccination Results. Vaccination in the Workhouse. Vaccination in Public Schools. Vaccination in the Post Office. Vaccination in the Police Force. Vaccination in the Army. Vaccination in the Navy. Vaccination in the Prisons. Vaccination in Life Assurance. Vaccination amongst Emigrants.

P. A. Siljeström.

A MOMENTOUS EDUCATION QUESTION for the Consideration of Parents and Others who desire the well-being of the Rising Generation. Translated from the Swedish by Dr. Garth Wilkinson. 4d.

P. A. Taylor, late M.P. for Leicester.

CURRENT FALLACIES ABOUT VACCINATION. A Letter to Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B. 1d.

SPEECHES of Mr. P. A. Taylor and Mr. C. H. Hopwood in the House of Commons on 19th June, 1883. 6d.

PERSONAL RIGHTS. 6d.

Alexander Wheeler.

VACCINATION UNTIL 1883. 6d.

This Essay is dedicated to those whose minds are sufficiently loyal to Science to be free to examine without prejudice, the most prejudiced question of the day.

J. J. Garth Wilkinson, M.D., and Wm. Young.

VACCINATION TRACTS with Preface and Supplement. 2s. 6d.

1. Letters and Opinions of Medical Men.

2. Facts and Figures showing that Vaccination has failed to stamp out, arrest, or mitigate Smallpox.

3 & 4. Opinions of Statesmen, Politicians, Publicists, Statisticians, and Sanitarians.

5. Cases of Disease, Suffering, and Death reported by the Injured Families.

6. The Vaccination Laws a Scandal to Public Honesty and Religion.

7. Vaccination a sign of the Decay of the Political and Medical Conscience of the Country.

8. The Propagation of Syphilis to Infants and Adults by Vaccination and Re-Vaccination.

9. Vaccination evil in its Principles, false in its Reasons, and deadly in its Results.

10. Vaccination subverts Dentition, and is the Cause of the prevalent Deformity and Decay of the Teeth.

11. Compulsory Vaccination a Desecration of Law, a Breaker of Homes, and Persecutor of the Poor.

12. Historical and Critical Summary in Three Parts. Part I.--The Imposture of the current Smallpox Lymph called Vaccine, and the new Imposture of Calf Lymph. Also, the Chaos of Statute Law dealing with Vaccine Substance.

13. Part II.--The Cry of the People against Vaccination is seconded by the Registrar-General’s Returns, and justified by the Evidence of Pathology.

14. Part III.--Pro Aris et Focis. The Religious Nature and Political Necessity of the Vaccination War.

E. W. ALLEN, 4 AVE MARIA LANE, LONDON, E.C.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg vi: ‘L’Envoi ... xlix’ replaced by ‘L’Envoi ... l’. Pg vii: ‘XV ... Physicans’ replaced by ‘XV ... Physicians’. Pg xiv: ‘afflicted with with what’ replaced by ‘afflicted with what’. Pg xxix: ‘records of the the Smallpox’ replaced by ‘records of the Smallpox’. Pg xxxiv: ‘In the the words’ replaced by ‘In the words’. Pg xxxviii: ‘two or or three’ replaced by ‘two or three’. Pg 3: The date of ‘March 10th, 1721/2’ reflects the fact that it is an Old Style (Julian) date. Pg 49: the term ‘efficiency’ here (and at the four other occurrences in the book) should probably be ‘efficacy’. These have not been changed. Pg 126: ‘did subequently fall’ replaced by ‘did subsequently fall’. Pg 148: ‘slow to repond’ replaced by ‘slow to respond’. Pg 175: ‘not everflow when’ replaced by ‘not overflow when’. Pg 221: ‘embarassments were’ replaced by ‘embarrassments were’. Pg 317: ‘un-unwearied exertions’ replaced by ‘unwearied exertions’. Pg 322: ‘CHARTER XXIV’ replaced by ‘CHAPTER XXIV’. Pg 350: ‘than sauvity’ replaced by ‘than suavity’. Pg 363: ‘13th February, 1823’ replaced by ‘13th January, 1823’ (see previous page 362, where it is stated that he died on the 26th of January). Pg 376: ‘including a physican’ replaced by ‘including a physician’. Pg 410: ‘from 1774 to 1708’ replaced by ‘from 1774 to 1798’. Pg 468: ‘is tranferred to’ replaced by ‘is transferred to’. Pg 483: ‘medica practitioner.’ replaced by ‘medical practitioner.’. Pg 503: ‘and, inoculcated’ replaced by ‘and, inoculated’. Pg 519: ‘which, by resaon’ replaced by ‘which, by reason’. Pg 551: ‘repeatedy before’ replaced by ‘repeatedly before’. Pg 611-613: a few ‘----.’ replaced by ditto mark (”), for consistency.

Footnote (anchored on page 406): ‘History o Vaccination’ replaced by ‘History of Vaccination’.