Part Three

PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS

THE LAY-OUT OF STATELY AND SMALL FORMAL GARDENS

The Stately Garden

BEFORE taking any steps to make a Shakespeare garden, it is essential to study the architectural lines of the house and the conformation of the grounds on which it is purposed to lay out the garden, or series of gardens. If the grounds are undulating, or hilly, naturally the gardens must be arrayed on different levels. The gardens can rise above the house in terraces if the house stands on the side of a hill, or beneath it; or the gardens may sink below the house, if the building crowns the summit of an elevation. On the other hand, if the house is erected on a flat plain, the gardens can open out like a series of rooms partitioned off by hedges, arbors, or walls. An artistic eye and resourceful mind will prefer to take advantage of the natural lines and work out a plan suggested by them. With nearly every kind of house the square garden accords, either perfectly square or longer than broad. Frequently the small enclosed garden looks well at the side of the house. It is essential to call in the professional gardener for advice regarding the situation of the garden, and questions of drainage, sunshine, and exposure to winds and sunshine; for all these matters aid in determining the arrangement. If a series of gardens is planned, one leading from another, it is well to consider them as outside rooms. In this case there will be little trouble in making the lay-out. The simplest plan is always the most effective. A very good example to follow is the lay-out of Montacute, Somersetshire, built in 1580-1601:

"Before the house is a walled-in forecourt, and in the forecourt a small lawn with a fountain, or pool, in the center. An entrance-gate leads into the forecourt. Before this forecourt comes a small antecourt, designed for the sake of dignity. On one side of the forecourt is the base, or bass, court, surrounded by the stables, kitchens, and other buildings; and on the other side is the ornamental pleasure-grounds, including 'my lady's garden,' a survival of the small enclosed castle garden, of the Middle Ages.

"Overlooking the garden is the Terrace--twenty or thirty feet wide--of considerable length, and protected by a balustrade of detached banisters, of handsome design pierced in stone. From the Terrace wide flights of steps at either end lead to the broad sanded walks that divide the parterre into several subdivisions, which are again divided by narrow paths into smaller designs.

"The general shape is square, following the antique classical garden of Pliny's time, enclosed with trellis-work, espaliers, clipped box-hedges, statuary, fountains, vases, and pleached alleys."

The famous Nonsuch, near Ewell, in Surrey, laid out by Henry VIII toward the end of his life, retained its appearance for more than a hundred years; for at the time of the Parliamentary Survey (1650) it was thus described:

"It was cut out and divided into several allies, quarters and rounds, set about with thorn hedges; on the north side is a kitchen garden, very commodious and surrounded with a brick wall of fourteen feet high. On the west is a wilderness severed from the little park by a lodge, the whole containing ten acres. In the privy garden were pyramids, fountains and basins of marble, one of which is set round with six lilack trees, which trees bear no fruit, but a very pleasant flower. Before the Palace is a neat and handsome bowling-green surrounded with a balustrade of freestone."

Hampton Court Gardens, so beautiful to-day, were very famous in Tudor times. The old manor house was at the southwest corner of the area, and around it Cardinal Wolsey laid out his gardens and orchards. In 1599 Henry VIII seized the estate and enlarged the gardens. Ernest Law exclaims:

"What a truly delightful picture must these gardens have formed with their little walks and parterres, sheltered arbors and banquetting-houses. The largest plot was called the King's New Garden and occupied the place called the Privy Garden. Here were the gay parterres with gravel paths and little raised mounds with sun-dials on them. Here was also the Pond Garden, which is still to be seen and which, though much altered, yet retains something of its Tudor aspect; and another, known as the Little Garden, which may, perhaps, be identified with the enclosed space at the side of the Pond Garden. Studded about in various parts of the gardens and orchards were heraldic beasts on pedestals, holding vanes, or shields, bearing the King's Arms and badges; also many brass sun-dials."

Another typical garden was that of Kenilworth, known, of course, to Shakespeare, as it is in Warwickshire:

"His Honor's the Earl of Leicester's exquisite appointment of a beautiful garden, an acre or more in quantity, that lieth on the north. Whereon all along the Castle wall is reared a pleasant terrace, ten feet high and twelve feet broad, even under foot and fresh of fine grass, as is also the side, thereof, towards the garden, in which, by sundry equal distances with obelisks and spheres and white bears all of stone upon their curious bases by goodly shew, were set. To these, two fine arbors, redolent by sweet trees and flowers, at each end, one; the garden-plot under that, with fair alleys, green by grass, even voided from the borders on both sides, and some (for change) with sand, smooth and firm, pleasant to walk on, as a sea-shore when the water is avoided. Then much gracified by due proportion of four even quarters, in the midst of each upon a base of two feet square and high, seemingly bordered of itself, a square pilaster rising pyramidically fifteen feet high."

Thus Robert Laneham wrote in a letter describing the pageant at Kenilworth in 1575.

The garden of varying ascents and descents was much admired in Elizabethan days. Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1630), a most sensitive critic, who wrote so beautifully of flowers, describes in his "Elements of Architecture" a garden laid out on different levels:

"I have seen a garden for the manner perchance incomparable into which the first access was a high walk like a terrace, from whence might be taken a general view of the whole Plot below. From this, the Beholder, descending many steps, was afterwards conveyed again by several mountings and fallings to various entertainments of his scent and sight. Every one of these diversities was as if he had been magically transported into a new garden."

The above extracts will afford suggestions for the lay-out of fine stately gardens. The most typical Elizabethan estates are Montacute, Somersetshire; Longleat, Wiltshire; Hatfield, Hardwicke, Kirby, Penshurst, Kent; and Drayton House, Northamptonshire. All of these are models for imitation in our own country.

The Small Garden

Turning now to the small enclosed garden, first select your ground, your design, and your flowers for borders, edging, and knots, so that you will know the effect you wish to produce.

"Making a garden," says H. H. Thomas, "may be likened to painting a picture. Just as the artist has before him the landscape which he is to depict on the canvas, the gardener should have in his mind's eye a strong impression of the kind of garden he wishes to make. There is nothing like being methodical even in gardening, so it is best to materialize one's ideas in the form of a rough sketch, or plan."

Show your gardener the diagram and have him stake off your garden and beds with the greatest accuracy. Your walks, paths, and beds must be exact. Next select your style of enclosure and build your brick wall, plant your green hedge, or construct your pleached alley. Each one has its own particular advantages and charm. The brick wall forms a shelter for plants that love shade and a fine support for climbing plants, especially ivy. The hedge makes a rich and distinguished wall of living green, which can be artistically clipped; and arches can be made through it. The pleached alley, formed of wooden trellis, lattice-work, or rustic, or wire arches painted an attractive color, or left in the natural wood, will, if they are covered profusely with roses, honeysuckle, rosemary, and other roving flowers, give the effect of the old leafy tunnels of greenery and blossoms.

III

Soil and Seed

Every gardener of olden times, as well as every practical worker to-day, insists upon the necessity of digging and trenching and preparing the soil before any seeds are sown, or cuttings planted. For this important preparation, the advice of the best local gardener is imperative.

Regarding seeds it is interesting to seek advice from Didymus Mountain's "The Gardener's Labyrinth." "Every gardener and owner," he says, "ought to be careful and diligently to foresee that the seeds committed to the earth be neither too old, dry, thin, withered, nor counterfeited, but rather full, new and full of juice.

"After the seeds being workmanly bestowed in the beds, the gardener's next care must be that he diligently pull up and weed away all hurtful and unprofitable herbs annoying the garden plants coming up."

All very sound advice, quaintly expressed. Old Didymus is even quainter as he tells of the astrological influences:

"The daily experience is to the gardener as a schoolmaster to instruct him how much it availeth and hindereth that seeds to be sown, plants to be set, yea, scions to be grafted (in this or that time), having herein regard, not to the time especially of the year, as the Sun altereth the same, but also to the Moon's increase and wane, yea, to the sign she occupieth, and places both about and under the earth. To the aspects also of the other planets, whose beams and influence both quicken, comfort, preserve and maintain, or else nip, wither, dry, consume, and destroy by sundry means the tender seeds, plants, yea, and grafts; and these after their property and virtue natural or accidental."

Then he goes on to say:

"To utter here the popular help against thunder, lightnings and the dangerous hail, when the tempest approacheth through the cloud arising, as by the loud noise of guns shot here and there, with a loud sound of bells and such like noises which may happen, I think the same not necessary, nor properly available to the benefit of the garden.

"The famous learned man, Archibus, which wrote unto Antiochus, King of Syria, affirmeth that tempests shall not be harmful to plants, or fruit, if the speckled toad, enclosed in a new earthern pot, be buried in the middle of the garden."

A modern authority says:

"While no hard and fast rule can be made, a general practice is to cover seeds with double their own depth of soil under glass and four times their own depth of soil when sowing in the open ground. To protect seeds from cats, bury several bottles up to the neck in seed bed and put in each bottle a teaspoonful of liquid ammonia."

The Gateway

The gate entrance was always important in Tudor times. The gate, usually of pierced ironwork, but also of wood artistically cut into balusters, was hung between two square piers of brick or stone, about ten feet apart. Each pier was surmounted by a stone ball, with or without necking, unless heraldic lions, bears, wyverns, or other emblems of the owner were used. The piers were, as a rule, two feet square and nine, or ten, feet to the top of the cornice. Gateways were also set in walls, and little gates were set in hedges, or flanked by ornamental shrubs.

The Garden-House

The garden-house was very important in Shakespeare's time. It was often a substantial edifice, built of brick or stone, placed at the corner of a boundary, or dividing wall, so as to afford a view of more than one part of the garden. Sometimes two buildings were constructed, one at each corner, as at Montacute. Another favorite position was at the end of a long walk ending in a vista; and another was overlooking the bowling-alley, from which visitors could watch the game. The garden-house was often fitted with handsome woodwork and even a fireplace. An outside staircase sometimes led to the roof.

The summer-house arbor was also often made of wooden lattice-work and covered with vines. Sometimes it was hollowed out of the clipped hedge, or out of a large tree properly shaped by the toparian artist. The gazebo, built at the corner of a wall overlooking the garden within and the road without, was also a popular kind of summer-house. The origin of the name is still obscure. Some people say it comes from the same root as to gaze, and refers to viewing the scenery; but there is a suggestion of the Orient in the word. The gazebo may best be described as a kind of wall pavilion.

The Mount

The mount, originally intended to enable persons to look over the enclosing wall, served both as a place to enjoy the view and as a post of outlook in time of danger. Mounts were constructed of wood or stone, curiously adorned within and without. They were also made in the old barrow shape of earth and covered with grass. The top of the mount was often adorned with a summer-house, or arbor. The mount at Hampton Court, constructed in 1533 on a brick foundation, was the first specimen of its day; and the arbor upon it was a very elaborate affair, made of wooden pales and trellis-work. Sometimes the mount, instead of being a raised and detached mound, was formed like a long bank raised against an outer wall.

VII

Rustic Arches

"Rustic arches should be in keeping with the house and grounds. Firstly they should be in keeping with the style of the house and grounds. A white stone house with a light pillared verandah is not suited by rustic arches: it requires to be seen through vistas made up of arches as slender as the verandah pillars, of painted iron-work preferably, and the most telling contrast will be arranged if there are numerous deep evergreen shrubs.

"Rustic, or peeled oak, arches suit the modern red brick villa style of house to perfection; the trellis arch, being neat and unpretentious, is also in excellent taste. The old-fashioned country cottage, or the house built to imitate it, should not have trellis-work within half a mile. Rustic arches, or invisible ones of bent iron, are alone in keeping. By an invisible arch, I mean one consisting of a single bend of iron, or narrow woodwork upright with a cross bar--anything really that is intended only to support some evergreen climber or close grower, such as a rose that will hide the foundation at all seasons.

"Arches simply built of rustic poles are more pleasing than wire or lattice ones in any landscape; and the roughness of the wood is beneficial to the climbers that grow over them, affording an easy hold for tendrils. Whether the wood is peeled, or employed with the bark on--the latter is the more artistic method--it is an admirable plan to wash it all over with a strong solution of some insecticide and then give one or two coats of varnish. In most cases varnish alone is enough to preserve the wood.

"The use of rustic wood in a garden is always safe since its appearance cannot conflict with Nature as painted woodwork when present in excess is sure to do. From woodcutter's yards, especially those in the heart of the country, charming pieces of log of any size can be bought very cheaply and whenever a tree on an estate has to be felled portions of its trunks or branches can be turned to good account in the garden."

H. H. Thomas.

VIII

Seats

Garden seats are of so many kinds and styles that one has much latitude in selection. Rustic seats, painted iron seats, and marble seats are all proper; but should be selected to harmonize with the house and general style of the garden or gardens.

Vases, Jars, and Tubs

Marble vases, old pottery jars of simple type, and wooden tubs can be selected for individual plants to grow in, or for fine arrangements of ferns and other flowers. Placed at regular intervals in the garden, or on the terrace, these simple ornaments add brightness and elegance to the scene.

Fountains

In Elizabethan gardens the fountain was a familiar feature, and fountains were very elaborate with regard to their construction.

Bacon says:

"For fountains they are a great beauty and refreshment: the one that sprinkleth or spouteth water; the other, a fair receipt of water of some thirty or forty foot. For the first, the ornaments of images gilt, or marble, which are in use, do well. Also some steps up to it and some fine pavement about doth well. As for the other kind of fountain, which may be called a bathing-pool, it may admit much curiosity and beauty, as that the bottom be finely paved, and with images; the sides likewise and withal embellished with colored glass and such things of luster encompassed also with fine rails of low statues."

Hentzner saw three famous fountains on his visit to England in 1592, at Hampton Court, Whitehall, and Nonsuch. He describes the one at Hampton Court as follows:

"In the middle of the first and principal court stands a fountain, splendid, high, and massy, with an ingenious water-work, by which you can, if you like, make the water to play upon the ladies and others who are standing by and give them a thorough wetting."

The one at Whitehall was also capable of playing practical jokes:

"A jet d'eau with a sun-dial, which, while strangers are looking at it, a quantity of water forced by a wheel, which the gardener turns at a distance through a number of little pipes, plentifully sprinkles those who are standing round."

More ornate was the fountain at the superb palace of Nonsuch in Surrey:

"In the pleasure and artificial gardens are many columns and pyramids of marble, two fountains that spout water, one round the other like a pyramid upon which are perched small birds that stream water out of their bills. In the Grove of Diana is a very agreeable fountain with Actæon turned into a stag, as he was sprinkled by the goddess and her nymphs with inscriptions. There is besides another pyramid of marble full of concealed pipes which spirt upon all who come within their reach."

In the small formal garden a fountain looks well at the intersection of the paths in the center of the quarters. It is not necessary to have an ornate fountain, for the real charm of a fountain consists in the upward plume of spray that glistens in the sunshine, that turns to pearls in the moonlight, and that always charms the eye of man and delights the neighboring flowers with its spray blown by the breeze.

The Dove-cote

Every manor-house had its dove-cote, or columbary, as it was called. Here doves and pigeons aided in making a very pretty picture as they flew in and out of the architecturally designed bird-house. The right to keep them was confined to the lords of the manor, and the law was very strictly enforced.

Andrew Borde tells us that a dove-house is a necessary thing about a mansion-place. It is, therefore, quite proper to include a bird-house in the Shakespeare garden; and a pool for the birds' comfort is also a pretty as well as necessary adjunct to the dove-cote.

Birds add much to the pleasure of the garden. Pigeons and doves give a poetic touch as they strut along the paths and flutter about. Nothing gives more quality and elegance, however, than a peacock, and, to quote from a contemporary writer:

"The peacock is a bird of more beautiful feathers than any other that is. He is quickly angry, but he is goodly to behold, very good to eat, and serveth as a watch in the inner court, for that he, spying strangers to come into the lodging, he faileth not to cry out and advertise them of the house."

The peacock is as much of a joy to the garden lover as the sun-dial.

XII

The Sun-dial

The sun-dial forms a perfect ornament at the intersection of the garden paths. Every one responds to the quaint beauty and mystery of the sun-dial with its dark shadow that creeps quietly across the dial and tells the hours so softly. As Charles Lamb says: "It is the measure appropriate for sweet plants and flowers to spring by and birds to apportion their silver warblings by." Nothing has a more antique air than the sun-dial. The simple baluster pillar is a good model, and the base should be surrounded by a circle of grass.

This grassy ring is the "wabe," Where Lewis Carroll's "slithy toves" did "gyre and gimbel" in the immortal poem "Jabberwocky."

The sun-dial can also be placed at the end of a path, if the path is important enough to warrant it.

In our Shakespeare garden I suggest using a Shakespearian quotation for the inscription, such as, for example:

For never-resting Time leads summer on.

Nothing 'gainst Time's scythe can make defense.

Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore, So do our minutes hasten to their end.

Come what, come may, Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.

XIII

The Terrace

The terrace is essential, if one would have the true Elizabethan atmosphere. The terrace can be of stone, or brick, or brick combined with stone, or brick combined with wood. Whatever the material, the balustrade is of the greatest importance. The designs for balusters in the old architectural books are legion, some of them of very complicated inter-twining after the patterns of arabesques and cuirs (strap-leather work), but good taste, even in that day of complicated design, demanded that the balusters should be very widely spaced. This is obvious, because half of the effect, at least, of out-of-door architecture depends upon the open spaces for light to play its part--and a great part, too--in the design. In balustrades the spacing is, therefore, very important. The balusters should never be too crowded. The most satisfactory ones are those in which the distance from center to center almost equals the height from plinth to coping. The piers dividing the groups should not be too far apart--ten to fifteen feet is a good distance. Much, however, depends on the proportion of the balusters themselves. Frequently the balustrade is adorned with ornamental vases, or urns, set at regular intervals on the rail and on the newel-posts of the steps. As a rule, the steps lead from both ends of the terrace. Sometimes there are also steps in the center; sometimes the terrace is double. A jar, vase, or tub of growing plants, or containing one handsome plant, looks well placed on the lawn on either side of the steps. Vines can be trained gracefully along the balustrade, hand-rails, and posts of the steps. A rich border of flowers should be grown all along the side of the terrace: in the spring hosts of daffodils and in the summer larkspur, marigolds, lilies, iris, and climbing roses and honeysuckle. The terrace gains in style and beauty when the proper floral decorations are tastefully selected and well combined.

From the terrace one can enjoy a fine view of the garden as a whole; and it is a pleasant place to stroll upon and to sit. Sometimes the terrace is of two levels with several stairways.

Leaving the architectural terrace, which is an adjunct of the house bringing the house into relation with the garden, we must turn to the garden terrace made of grass, and ascended by grass steps cut in the bank, or by stone or brick steps cut in the bank, or standing outside with handrails and newel-posts. If the steps are of grass, good effects can be made by placing large jars, or tubs, filled with flowers, ferns, or a single plant, such as the pomegranate, for instance, on either side.

The grass-terrace is very charming leading up to the garden, leading from one garden to another, or leading from the lawn proper to the sunken garden. A very attractive arrangement was at Penshurst, Kent, the home of the Sidney family. It is described thus: "Garden on south and west, ground sloping to south and west, house on a grass platform, about nine feet above the garden level. Along the southwest side of the flower-garden a broad grass-terrace, and near the house a few steps lead to the yew alley, at the end of which is a quaint old sun-dial known as the Turk's Head."

The yew alley was evidently a pleached alley.

XIV

The Pleached Alley

The "Pleached Alley," another typical feature of the Elizabethan garden (from the French plessir, to weave), is nothing more nor less than a thickly covered walk. In Shakespeare's time this was constructed of woven boughs and climbing vines and flowers, or a series of arbors. The old prints and pictures show them to be complete tunnels of greenery. We can make a pleached alley to-day by setting up a pergola and smothering it with flowers and vines. Ironwork arches covered with roses, honeysuckle, and other creepers will produce the proper effect. A latticework trellis covered with vines and flowers will, if properly constructed, produce the appearance of a pleached alley.

When the pleached alley is not used to enclose the garden, then a brick wall or, still better, a fine hedge should be planted.

Hedges

Box makes a perfect hedge. The hedge must be clipped at the upper part narrower than at the base, otherwise the base will become bare. Privet makes an excellent hedge and so does the Osage orange, which grows luxuriantly in some parts of the United States. It is decorative to trim the hedge so that tall pyramids ornament either side of the gate, or an arch can be made to grow over the gate. A small lavender hedge is very attractive. Each autumn, after the flower-spikes have gone, trim plants for the dwarf hedge.

Roses, particularly the sweetbrier, make a charming hedge. Honeysuckle is another delightful flower for a hedge; and nothing could be more beautiful than the two combined.

If the rose and honeysuckle hedge is desired, have the carpenter make a lattice screen of the desired height, or simply construct a rustic fence and plant the creepers near it and train them so that they will make a wall of flowers and leaves.

XVI

Paths

"There is no pleasanter path than that of grass, and even the small garden ought to have a little grass-walk between the flower borders and rose beds. It adds immensely to the attractiveness of the garden and none other is so pleasant to the tread. Constant mowing and rolling are necessary and the edges must be kept neat and trim; for while a well-kept grass-path is most attractive of all, its charm is never fully realized unless it is carefully attended to."

H. H. Thomas.

Gravel-paths must be frequently rolled and the surface of the walk made a little higher in the center than the sides with a curving outline, so that water may drain away to the sides.

The brick pathway is capable of much variety. Bricks may be laid in many patterns; and the little garden, if very small, may be entirely paved with bricks, leaving the formal flower-beds only of earth. A fountain or sun-dial looks well in the center.

Flagged pathways are effective in certain garden arrangements. Old paving-stones are suitable, but they should first be broken up into irregular pieces.

"Build a good foundation, cover it with a thin layer of sandy loam, then lay the larger pieces flat on this. Fill the interstices with the fragments, but leave crevices filled with soil, two inches or so wide, here and there. Make up a compost of equal parts of loam, sand and leaf-mould, sweep this over the path and let it settle in the joints. Many plants can be established in the joints and a pretty effect obtained."

H. H. Thomas.

Among the plants practical for this purpose are thrift, thyme, and camomile, and the more they are trodden on the sweeter they smell and the better they grow.

"The Gardener's Labyrinth" gives three or four feet as the width for paths between beds and one foot to one foot six inches for the cross-path.

XVII

Borders

Borders should not be confused with edgings.

"Border is the name applied to the narrow division of the garden which usually accompanies each side of a walk. In fact, any bed which acts as a boundary to a walk or grass-plot, or the main quarters of a garden may be properly described as a border.

"Flower-borders should be well drained. In plotting them it must be remembered that if narrow no art will impart to them an air of boldness. If the pleasure grounds are small, narrow borders are permissible. All flower-borders should be made in proportion to the size of the garden and other surroundings. Neatness must be the presiding deity over flower-borders; and no application of the hoe and rake, no removal of decayed leaves, no tying up of straggling members can be too unremitting."

Johnson's "Gardener's Dictionary and Cultural Instructor," edited by Fraser and Hemsley (London, 1917).

According to Lawson, the borders "should be roses, thyme, lavender, rosemary, hyssop, sage and such like and filled with cowslips, primroses, violets, Daffy-down-dillies, sweet Sissely, Go-to-bed-at-noon, and all sweet flowers; and, chief of all, with gilliflowers, July-flowers, commonly called gilliflowers or clove July-flowers (I call them so because they flower in July); they have the names of cloves of their scent. I may well call them the King of Flowers (except the rose). Of all flowers save the Damask Rose they are the most pleasant to sight and smell."

XVIII

Edgings

Edging is the material used for dividing beds and borders from the paths, or grass leading up to the bed, if the bed is alongside a wall, or terrace, or veranda.

Box is a formal, but charming, edging. "The growth must be regularly clipped each year. Stretch a line the whole length of the edging, so as to show the correct height; then cut evenly and neatly both at top and sides. When relaying, take up the plants, pull them to pieces and use the strong young growths, which must be clipped to one level. Box is easily grown and stands pruning with impunity." Such is the advice of an authority. Another practical gardener says: "Most amateurs clip box-edgings early in the Spring. This causes an early growth, which is just in the condition to be nipped by a sharp, late frost. The safeguard is to delay clipping until the end of August. Then comes free, healthy growth, which renders box-lined garden paths cheerful and pleasant to the eye through times of heat and drought."

Thrift (Armeria) is one of the best edgings as it is green all the year round and in summer is covered with bright pink flowers. A flower-lover says:

"Thrift is seen as an edging in many old English gardens. To preserve its beauty the plants must be lifted, divided and replanted once in at least four years: a rich even growth is then the reward. The tufted habit, fresh green growth and rose-purple flowers in Summer are enjoyable to look at."

Thrift requires frequent trimming.

London-pride (Saxifraga umbrosa) is very pretty when in flower and, therefore, makes an attractive edging.

Pansies also form a decorative edging for flower beds, large and small.

Another charming edging is the carnation, especially the white varieties. The gray-green foliage makes a beautiful border for flower-beds. Pinks are pretty, too, for bed edgings, and the sweet-william is also attractive for this purpose.

XIX

Knots

The knot should occupy a piece of ground from twenty-five to one hundred feet square. According to "The Gardener's Labyrinth" "the flower-bed should be kept to the size that the weeder's hands may well reach into the middest of the bed." The size given in this manual is twelve feet by six, "each bed raised one foot above the ground (two feet in marshy ground) and the edge cased in with short planks framed into square posts with finials at the angles with intermediate supports." A prettier method, however, is to border the flower-bed with an edging of box, thrift, pansies, or pinks. This border outlines the shape of the knot. Within the edging, or border, "the flowers are all planted in some proportion as near one into another as it is fit for them, which will give such grace to the garden that the place will seem like a tapestry of flowers."

It would seem from the hundreds of designs for knots in the old garden-books that every possible combination of scroll and line and curve had been exhausted; but ingenious persons liked to invent their own. Markham tells us that "the pattern of the design cannot be decided by rule; the one whereof is led by the hops and skips, turnings and windings of his brain; the other, by the pleasing of his eye, according to his best fantasie."

Lawson gives the following nine designs for knots:

Cinkfoyle Lozenges Flower-de-luce Cross-bow Trefoyle Diamond Frette Oval Maze.

Fleur-de-lis.

Here the maze is not intended as a labyrinth to walk in, but is a design for the planting of flowers.

Markham's knots are:

Straight line knots Diamond knots, single and double Single knots Mixed knots Single impleate of straight line Plain and mixed Direct and Circular.

Knots, formed with "a border of box, lavender, or rosemary, are eighteen inches broad at bottom and clipped so close a level at the top as to form a table for the housewife to spread clothes to dry on," are Lawson's idea.

The old garden books contain many designs for knots, some of which are astonishingly intricate. Examples occur in Markham's and Lawson's books and in Didymus Mountain's "Gardener's Labyrinth" (editions of 1557, 1594, and 1608), which are perfectly practical for use to-day.

In David Loggan's "Oxonia Illustrata" (Oxford, 1675, folio) several large plates show formal gardens. Among them New College Gardens and those of Jesus are extremely interesting. Loggan's companion book on Cambridge, "Cantabrigia Illustrata" (Cambridge, 1688), has splendid views of architecture and formal gardens with knots.

Typical flower-beds are also represented in Vredeman de Vries's "Hortorum Viridariorumque" (Antwerp, 1583) and Crispin de Passe's "Hortus Floridus" (Arnhem, 1614).

Theobald's as late as 1650 preserved the Tudor arrangement.

"In the great garden are nine large complete squares, or knots, lying upon a level in the middle of the said garden, whereof one is set forth with box-borders in the likeness of the King's Arms, one other plot is planted with choice flowers; the other seven knots are all grass-knots, handsomely turfed in the intervals, or little walks. A quickset hedge of white thorn, or privet, cut into a handsome fashion at every angle, a fair cherry tree and a cypress in the middle of the knots--also a marble fountain."

The Rock-Garden

It is well to build a little unostentatious rock-garden in some appropriate spot where a few flowers, which you may not want in the beds, can grow. Flowers that find a congenial home in a loosely arranged pile of rocks and turf are anemones, columbines, thrift, thyme, rosemary, violets, buttercups, harebells, ferns, fennel, ivy, myrtle, pansies, and the ragged-robin (gentian).

Select weather-worn stones and pile them carelessly one above another, placing some of them as shelves. Leave plenty of room for the earth and let your flowers grow as they please.

XXI

Flowers

As I do not pretend to be a practical gardener, having had no experience, I have culled these hints from several authorities, including E. T. Cook's "The Century Book of Gardening" (London, 1901); Johnson's "Gardener's Dictionary and Cultural Instructor," edited by Fraser and Hemsley (London, 1917); H. H. Thomas's "The Complete Gardener" (London, 1912); and Mabel Cabot Sedgwick's "The Garden Month by Month" (New York, 1907).

ANEMONE STELLATA requires a sheltered, warm position and light, sandy soil, well drained. It grows about ten inches high with star-like flowers, purple, rose-color, and white. Generally speaking, it requires the same treatment as the tulip. Anemones also flourish in the rock-garden.

BOX can be grown in almost any soil, but prefers light soil with gravelly subsoil. See page 297.

BROOM-FLOWER (Cytisus scoparius), a splendid flowering shrub with yellow flowers of handsome color, succeeds in dry, sandy places where most other plants fail. It can, therefore, be planted on rough dry banks. It grows from seed; and this can be sown in any sheltered place out of doors. Cuttings placed in a frame are also easy to strike.

CAMOMILE will grow in any garden soil. It is a creeping plant and grows freely in dense masses. The flowers are white and blossom from June to August. The height attained is from twelve to eighteen inches. The foliage is finely divided and has a feathery appearance. The plant makes a good border, for it loves the sun. Propagate by division and cuttings. Camomile may be allowed to run over paving-stones, for it grows when trodden upon.

CARNATIONS. A carnation specialist says:

"A great number of amateur cultivators of the Carnation have an idea that if they obtain seed from a variety of Carnation, the seedlings produced from such seed will be reproductions of the parent plant. This, of course, is wrong, and it is well to mention it. Now to grow Carnations well they must have a good soil, or the plants will not produce flowers, or layers, for another season. For the open garden, I strongly recommend seedlings. The cultivator must not expect all the flowers to be as good as the parent, or even all double. There will be from ten to fifteen per cent with single flowers, all the others having double flowers, some as good as, or even better than their parents; but the majority will be of uncertain quantity.

"The seed will germinate in a hothouse well within a week from the time of sowing, and the seedlings should be pricked out in boxes as soon as large enough. Plant in good soil and let the plants be fifteen inches apart and two feet between the rows. Seedlings are not nearly so particular in regard to soil as-named varieties. The seedling is more robust; and, given the same cultural conditions, grows more vigorously. It is always best to dig a trench some time before the seedling is planted. This admits of the soil being aerated. The plants should be put out after a shower of good rain. I trench it eighteen inches deep, put a layer of manure at the bottom and another layer six or eight inches below the surface.

"A warning is necessary to those unacquainted with the nature of soils. It will not do to trench up soil that has not been there before. New subsoil is not adapted to grow anything until it has been well turned over two or three times and mixed with decayed manure.

"After planting, give a light dressing of manure: it keeps the roots in better condition and the plant starts more freely into growth. Carnations must not be left to themselves after planting."

Gilliflowers, pinks, and sweet-williams belong to this family.

COLUMBINES prefer a situation where the roots can obtain moisture. They also do well and look at home in a rock-garden. "Gather ripe seeds in July and sow them so that the seedlings are well established before winter," an authority says. "Such plants will bloom the next year. Aquilegias often die out after their second year, although they are classed as perennials, and should therefore be treated as biennials and raised annually from seed. Seed is produced in abundance and should be sown as soon as ripe in a shady place in the garden, or in pans in a cold frame, care being taken to sow the seed very thinly. When the seedlings are large enough to handle they should be lifted and planted out in their permanent quarters. Aquilegias growing in a garden are almost invariably cross-fertilized; and it is therefore necessary, where more than one variety is in bloom at the same time, to procure the seed from some other dependable source."

COWSLIP. This flower needs a rich, light soil, not dry. Its small, yellow cup-like flowers with ruby spots in the center blossom in the late April and late May. It grows to six or twelve inches and prefers half-shade. It must be protected in the winter. Propagate by seed. Cowslips make a charming border plant and are happy, also, in rock-gardens.

CROCUS SATIVUS, the beautiful purple flower that blooms in autumn, should be planted near trees. "The cultivation of the garden crocus is so simple a matter that the merest novice may plant the bulbs with the assurance that he, or she, will reap a bright reward in the near future, provided the burrowing mouse and flower-picking sparrow do not interfere with nature. Crocuses may be propagated from seed sown as soon as ripe in light, sandy soil in pans, or pots. They reach their flowering stage in three years."

CROW-FLOWERS. Some authorities, as we have seen, identify crow-flowers as the buttercup; others, as Scilla nutans. The buttercup is easy to raise in almost any soil. As it should be represented, it is well to put it in the rock-garden. See Harebell.

CROWN-IMPERIAL. This plant, which the people of Shakespeare's time valued so highly, is rare in our gardens. The popularity of the flower decreased because of its unpleasant odor; but no Shakespeare garden can be without at least one representative because of Perdita's words. The Crown-Imperial is a very showy plant and makes a splendid effect if planted in groups. It also looks well among shrubs and in a border. The blossoms appear in March, April, and May, and are very handsome as to shape and color. The bell-shaped flowers, orange-red or reddish-orange, droop gracefully beneath an upright crown of leaves. When the foliage turns brown, the plant can be cut down. Propagate by offsets in deep, rich, well-drained soil, and divide every two or three years.

CUCKOO-FLOWERS (Lychnis Flos cuculi), or the Ragged-Robin, with its deeply cut petals of rich blue, makes a pretty border plant as it is an abundant bloomer. (See page 214.)

CUPID'S FLOWER. See Pansy.

DAFFODILS do better in half-shade than in full sunlight. The earlier the buds can be procured and planted the better: August is none too soon.

"Late planted bulbs must necessarily lose much of their vigor by being kept out of the ground too long, and the longer the period of root-growth the stronger the flower-spikes. As regards soil one that is fairly retentive of moisture is more suited to the requirements than a light staple that soon dries up. They should be covered to the depth of one and a half times the depth of the bulb measured from base to shoulder. A bulb two inches deep can be covered to a depth of three inches, and so on in proportion. In light soil the bulbs should be placed a little deeper and in heavy soil not quite so deep."

DAISY. In the spring florists have plenty of English daisies to sell in little pots. Propagate by seed in spring or division in September. This daisy is pink and white; the little rays tipped with pink sometimes almost cover the yellow center. The plant requires rich soil and plenty of sunshine. It blooms in mid-April to mid-June and grows to a height of three to six inches. The daisy must be protected in the winter. It is most desirable for borders and makes a charming edging.

DIAN'S BUD, Artemesia, or wormwood, is a bushy foliage plant of small globe-shaped, drooping flowers of whitish yellow. The leaves are finely divided. Propagate by division. This grows in a poor soil and likes sunshine.

FENNEL, though regarded as a weed, can be utilized so that it makes a decorative appearance, for its foliage is light and a brilliant green. The tiny flowers are yellow and grow in flat-tipped clusters on branching stalks. They blossom in July. The plant rises to a good height and prefers rich, deep, open soil and plenty of sunlight. Plant fresh seeds and make the plants grow in bold groups.

FERNS are effective planted in pots, jars, or tubs, and look well at the sides of the steps and on the newel-posts of the steps. They look well in a rock-garden.

FLOWER-DE-LUCE (fleur-de-lis). There are many native American flags, or irises; but the plants nearest to those described by Parkinson are the Iris florentina, the Iris pseudacorus, and the great purple Turkey flag.

The Iris florentina grows from one to two feet, blooms in May and June, with large, delicately scented white flowers tinted blue and streaked with purple veins and having orange-yellow beards. The fragrant rootstock is the orris-root. Propagate by division in soil not too dry. This is an excellent border plant and prefers half-shade.

Iris pseudacorus grows from one and a half to three feet and blossoms in late May and late June. It forms luxuriant clumps, having many stems, which bear large broad-petaled flowers, yellow veined with brown. The leaves--long, stiff, and gray-green--are handsome. This is a beautiful plant for the margin of water, and is very pretty around a bird-bath. Propagate by division. This iris likes the sun.

The great purple Turkey flag will grow in either sun, or half-shade. The height is from two to four feet. The large fragrant flowers bloom in May, June, and July. This iris is very handsome in large groups and in the border. Propagate by division. It is a gross feeder, but grows well in any garden soil.

GILLIFLOWERS. See Carnations.

HAREBELL. This lovely jewel of the English woodland has drooping bell-shaped flowers, fragrant, and blue in color. The bells hang from tall stems. The leaves are long and grass-like. The height is from eight to twelve inches. It is bulbous. Propagate by offsets and give it occasionally a top dressing of manure. Scilla nutans blooms in May and June and prefers half-shade. There are varieties, white, pink, and purple.

HOLLY should be used for hedges and ornamental bushes. Some varieties grow very well in certain parts of the United States.

HONEYSUCKLE grows easily in any garden. It is a luxuriant creeper and is generous with its blossoms and lavish in fragrance. Use it for hedges and to climb over walls, arbors, trellises, gates and wire screens.

IVY. English ivy is a climbing and trailing evergreen sub-shrub, with beautiful large, dark-green leaves, richly veined, and of graceful heart-shape. The flowers are inconspicuous, but the berries, almost jet-black, are decorative. Propagate by half-ripe cuttings in rich, damp soil and protect in winter. Ivy prefers shade. It blossoms in June and July.

LADY'S-SMOCK (Cardamine pretensis) will grow in sun, or shade, but prefers a moist soil. Propagate by division. Its blossoms are pinkish lilac in terminal clusters and appear in June. The foliage is deeply cut. Lady's-smocks will grow in rock-gardens and are excellent border-plants.

LARK'S-HEELS. See Nasturtium.

LARKSPUR is a glorious flower, noble in masses of bloom and fine in growth, highly decorative, and lasts well besides. "Delphiniums are very easy to grow and can be planted at almost any time, but the best seasons are early autumn and spring when new growth commences. The great point is to plant them in rich well-dug and manured soil and strew coal-ashes about for the reason that slugs are very partial to these plants. Ample space must be left for full development as with age the roots increase greatly, so that two and a half feet apart is none too much. The plant needs a rather rich ground, for its growth is strong. Larkspur looks well planted in the back row of the mixed border."

LAVENDER is a precious, fragrant, hardy bush. Its sweet-smelling leaves and blue flowers are ever welcome, whether in the border, or as a low hedge, or standing alone. A very light soil and sunshine are essential. Propagate by cuttings in early autumn out of doors in a sheltered, but not shady, place and plant out when rooted, or divide in March, planting out the rooted slips one foot apart in light soil. Lavender may be used to beautify walks. Bushes in some sunny corner of the garden are pretty for picturesque growth and color. Lavender can be grouped so as to give a touch of silvery gray to the border. It permits itself to be clipped, and it must be cared for, or it will grow twisted and gnarled. If flower-spikes are desired, the lavender must be clipped in autumn; if the gray leaf is all that is desired then it must be clipped in the spring before the young twigs have begun to grow.

LILIES. The lily bed should be deep--three feet if possible,--the soil open and porous without being light. There cannot be a better material than sound fibrous loam with which leaf-mold has been mixed. Lilies are rarely benefited by animal manure. The bed should be sheltered from boisterous winds, for lilies lose half their beauty if it becomes necessary to stake their graceful stems, and partially shaded so that the sun does not parch the ground, or prematurely wither their dainty petals. In times of drought the beds should be given a copious soaking of an hour or two's duration.

The Madonna Lily is a great favorite and is very effective in small clumps against a background of shrubs and in borders. Unfortunately it is subject to disease. It is bulbous. Propagate by offsets, scales, or very slowly by seed. It likes rich, well-dressed soil and half-shade. Avoid contact with manure. The Madonna Lily flowers in June and July with white blossoms.

The Martagon has much reflexed flowers on long spire-like racemes and is light-purple with darker spots. The Martagon dalmaticum grows from six to seven feet. It has dark purple flowers. There is also a white kind. Both are very hardy and succeed in open borders.

The Chalcedonicum, or Scarlet Turk's-Cap, grows from three to four feet high and has waxy flowers of bright vermilion. This is the brightest of all lilies. It is very hardy and easy to cultivate.

Lily-of-the-Valley flourishes in the shade and also where there is a little (but not too much) sunlight. It thrives beneath shade trees and near a wall. Room for development it must have; otherwise it becomes crowded to such an extent that the plants deteriorate and fail to bloom. The Lily-of-the-Valley should be planted in September or October. Prepare the soil by deep digging and mix in a plentiful supply of decayed manure. Leaf-soil and road sweepings may be added to heavy soil. Plant crowns about three inches apart to allow room for future development. Bury the crowns just below the surface and make them moderately firm. When all are planted mulch with rolled manure and leaf-soil in equal parts, covering the bed to a depth of two inches.

LONG PURPLES. This Arum, being a plant of the woods, does well in the rock-garden. The best plan is to remove a Jack-in-the-Pulpit from the woods with some of its native soil and transplant it in the garden. It grows in shade and sun alike.

MARIGOLD. For marigolds choose a light, dry, poor soil and a sunny spot. Sow seed any time from February to June. Seeds sown in the spring will produce flowers in June. Sow in drills ten inches apart and water moderately. Thin the seedlings and remove into rows ten inches apart. In rich soil the plant grows too large and fails to blossom well. H. H. Thomas in "The Complete Gardener" says:

"The ordinary reader understands Marigold to refer to the French, African and Pot Marigolds. The botanical name Calendula is said to imply that the plant keeps pace with the calendar. In other words that it is nearly always in bloom. And really this is not very far from the truth. Once introduce the Pot Marigold into your garden and you will rarely be without flowers. It is hardy and seeds itself very freely. Seed may be sown out of doors where the plants are to bloom, choosing for preference poor ground, otherwise the plants will grow freely enough, but blooms will be scarce."

The French marigold is deep yellow, orange, or pale yellow striped or marked with brown, and crinkled. It grows from twelve to fifteen inches high. "The Gentleman's Labyrinth" gives quaint instructions for the growth of the Marigold:

"The seeds of this flower are commonly bestowed in a husbandly and well-dressed earth, but this rather done by the counsel of the skilful in the increase of the Moon, whereby the flowers may grow the bigger and broader. But to procure the flowers to grow the doubler, bigger and broader the owner ought to remove the plants and set them in new beds, lying in sunny places herein considering at those times of removing that the Moon be increasing so nigh as you can. These, after certain leaves spring up, if they be often removed and clipped by the course of the Moon, yield a better, broader and fairer flower, and they yield always more flowers in the harvest than in the spring time."

MARJORAM is a branching plant with flowers in clusters, purplish pink. Propagate by seed and division in early spring in any garden soil. Sweet marjoram must be treated as an annual, for winter kills it. The leaves are deliciously fragrant and are useful in cookery.

MINT (Mentha spicata, spearmint) has purplish flowers that bloom in July and August. These blossoms appear in slender spikes. The leaves have a pleasant taste and are used for flavoring. Spearmint will grow in any ordinary soil, but it likes the sun. It grows from one to two feet high.

Mentha rotundifolia has round leaves, variegated, and pale yellow flowers that appear in June and July. Propagate by division. The height is from one to two feet. The flowers are unimportant; but the foliage is sufficiently interesting to use as an edging, and this variety is useful to cover waste places.

MONK'S-HOOD has large showy helmet-shaped flowers of deep purple-blue growing on racemes on erect stems. The leaves are deeply cut. The plant is suited to borders and rough places. Propagate by division in rich soil. Monk's-hood likes sun or shade. It blooms in late summer or early autumn. The roots and flowers are poisonous. It grows from three to four feet.

MYRTLE (Myrtus latifolia). This plant has charming foliage and pure white flowers. Both leaves and flowers are fragrant. The fragrance of the foliage is caused by an oil, which is secreted in the leaves. Myrtle is quite hardy. Propagate by cuttings, or partially ripened shoots. Myrtle looks well in large pots.

NASTURTIUM. Tropæolum is the botanical name, meaning trophy, for the leaves suggest a buckler and the flowers a helmet. Treat as a hardy annual. Sow seeds in the spring. Nasturtium is a splendid climber over rocks, stones, or latticework, and a prolific bloomer.

OXLIP. Propagate by fresh seed, divisions, or cuttings in rich, light soil, not dry. Protect in winter. The oxlip grows from eight to twelve inches and likes half-shade. It resembles the primrose, but has larger flowers. These open in May and are yellow. The leaves are broad and flat and wrinkled.

PANSY. Heart's-ease and Johnny-Jump-Up are other names for the Viola tricolor, which has a wonderful length of blossoming, for the flowers continue from mid-April to mid-September. The flowers must be constantly picked, or the plant deteriorates. This precious little plant is very easy to raise, provided it is protected from the noonday sun. Propagate by seed or division in any garden soil, and in half-shade or morning sunlight. Protect it from the hot noon-day sun. Pansies look well in a bed by themselves and make a beautiful border plant.

PINKS. See Carnations.

POMEGRANATE is a highly decorative shrub, particularly the beautiful double scarlet variety (Punica rubrum florepleno), which flowers in August. Plant cutting in a big pot, jar, or tub, or buy plants. Stand these plants in pairs in some conspicuous place in the garden and they will add great elegance.

POPPY. The common garden herbaceous poppy flowers in May and June, in sun or half-shade, rising from two to three feet. It has large flowers and handsome divided foliage. For a Shakespeare garden select the white. Propagate by dividing in early autumn. The poppy is a gross feeder and likes rather moist loam enriched with cow manure.

PRIMROSE. This flower blooms from mid-April to mid-June. It has several solitary pale yellow blossoms on naked stem. It grows from six to nine inches high. Protect in winter. Propagate by seeds and offsets in rich, light soil, not dry.

ROSE. "How to plant a rose may seem a simple matter, but many have laid the foundation of failure through bad planting," writes a rose cultivator. "Never plant in a very wet soil, nor allow crude manures to come into direct contact with the roots. See that the roots are spread out properly and naturally, not pressed into a small hole and cramped or distorted from the first. Plant dwarf kinds two inches deeper than the junction of the rose and stock, and standards three inches below the original root. To place a small grower side by side with one of three or four times the strength is a great mistake; the weaker grower has no chance whatever. For medium growers three feet is a good distance, while plants of greater vigor will need to be from four feet to six feet apart. Do not plant against a wall; but leave some four or six inches between the wall and the base of the plant. It should not be difficult to obtain the roses familiar to Shakespeare. The old Hundred-Leaved and Damask are easy to procure. The Rosa alba, or white rose, has two familiar varieties called "Maiden's Blush" and "Madame Plantier."

The Musk-Rose may give some trouble, but E. T. Cook gives us a good clue as well as instructions for growing it. He says:

"These are very old roses, certainly known in England three hundred years ago. The flowers are insignificant individually, but collectively are pleasing and appear late in August. They require good culture, and very little, if any, pruning. As pillar roses they are seen at their best. 'Fringed' is very pretty and strikes freely from cuttings. Its color is white shaded sulphur. All the Musk-Roses have a peculiar musk-like odor, but this is distilled only on still damp mornings or evenings. 'Eliza Verry' is white, very free, the flowers appearing in large corymbs. 'Rivers Musk' is a pretty pink variety, well worth cultivating. Of the Hybrid Musks the 'Garland' is of rampant growth. It has immense corymbs of tiny white flowers with innumerable little buff colored buds, peering out among them. 'Madame d' Arblay' is another. 'Nivea' is a beautiful kind for a pergola, or fence."

The "Noisette" is also a hybrid musk, named for a French gardener of Charleston, South Carolina, who took the seed from the musk-rose in 1817.

There is a difference between the Eglantine, or Sweetbrier, and the Dog-rose, although they are difficult to distinguish.

"The 'Dog Rose' sends up long arching branches some six to nine feet high and perhaps more; the 'Sweetbrier' is content with branches three or four feet in length. And whereas in the 'Dog Rose' the branch continues single the 'Sweetbrier' sends out side growths, or branchlets quickly forming a dense bush. Note also the prickles. To a certain extent they are stout and hooked like those of the 'Dog Rose,' but more irregularly placed. On the young root-shoots there is a marked difference, for whilst on the 'Sweetbrier' this young growth is covered with setæ, some of them very small, tipped with glands, in the 'Dog Rose' they are totally absent."

Pemberton, "Roses" (London, 1908).

ROSEMARY. Tender, aromatic sub-shrub with small flowers in short racemes. Propagate by seeds, cuttings, or layers in dry, light soil. The flowers are purple and bluish. Rosemary is valued in cookery as a flavoring. It can be allowed to wander all over the garden. It was always a favorite border-plant in old-fashioned gardens.

RUE. The "herb of grace" is not very pretty. It has much divided leaves and panicles of small fragrant flowers, yellowish-green, or greenish-yellow. Propagate by seed and division. Rue needs a sheltered position and protection in winter. Its height is about two feet.

SAVORY. Sow in open ground at the end of March, or early April, in light, rich soil. Thin the seedlings moderately; they may remain where they are, or be transplanted. Sown along the outside of beds, savory makes a good edging. It is useful in cookery.

SWEET BALM. Melissa officinalis is the botanical name. Sweet balm is loved for its fragrance. The yellowish white flowers bloom in June, July, and August. It grows about two feet and loves the sun. Propagate by seed and division.

SWEET-WILLIAM is a valuable little garden plant, for it blooms profusely in June and July and is vigorous and rapidly spreading. The flowers are in double clusters, pink, white, red, and party-colored, single and double. Propagate by seed in any soil. See Carnations.

THYME. This aromatic herb is of dense growth with small, pale-lilac flowers in terminal spikes. Its pale, bright-green foliage makes it an attractive creeper for banks. Thyme also grows well in a rock-garden and makes a good border-plant also. Propagate by seed and division. The plant grows in any soil. It attains a height of from one to two inches and blossoms in June and July. Every one knows the value of dried thyme for flavoring in cookery.

VIOLETS prefer shady places. They are at home in the rock-garden, and they are very charming if planted on a little bank. They can be sown on the grassy slope of a terrace. In that case, let them come up of their own sweet will. The graceful heart-shaped leaves of the Viola odorata and its purple blossoms that open in late April and May are known and loved by every one. Propagate by seed or division, selecting a loose, rich, sandy soil.

XXII

Potpourri

As the ladies of Shakespeare's time were so fond of making potpourri, I think it may be of value to place here an old recipe, which any one who has a garden can follow:

"Many fragrant flowers and leaves can be used in the making of an old-fashioned bowl of potpourri. Those usually employed are rose-petals, lavender, lemon-plant, verbena, myrtle, rosemary, bay, mignonette, violets, pinks and syringa. Thyme, mint and other sweet herbs should be used, if available. Shred the larger leaves and dry all in the sun. Mix an ounce of orris-root, allspice, bay-salt and cloves and mix freely with about twelve handfuls of the dried petals and leaves and store in a jar, or bowl. A small quantity of essence of lemon and spirits of lavender may be added, but are not necessary. Should the mixture become too moist, add more powdered orris-root."

A MASKE OF FLOWERS

A MASKE OF FLOWERS

IT seems to me that nothing more appropriate could be placed here as an epilogue to this book on the Shakespeare garden than the contemporary description of "A Maske of Flowers by the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn at Whitehall on Twelfth Night, 1613, being the last of the solemnities and magnificences which were performed at the marriage of the Earl of Somerset and Lady Frances, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, Lord Chamberlain."

This was printed in 1614; and I have quoted it from the "History of Gardening in England" by the Hon. Alicia Amherst (London, 1895), who copied it from a very rare original.

This description not only presents a perfect picture of a Shakespearian garden but will be a revelation to those persons who think that only crude stage-setting existed in Elizabethan and Jacobean days. Although elaborate stage-setting was restricted to private entertainments, the designers of the period knew how to produce splendid effects. There is nothing more elaborate in the theater today than this ornate and brilliantly lighted scene:

"When the Dance ended, the loud music sounded. The curtains being drawn was seen a Garden of a glorious and strange beauty, cast into four Quarters with a cross-walk and alleys compassing each Quarter. In the middle of the cross-walk stood a goodly Fountain, raised on four columns of silver. On the tops whereof strode four statues of silver which supported a bowl in circuit containing four and twenty foot and was raised from the ground nine foot in height, in the middle whereof, upon scrolls of silver and gold, was placed a globe garnished with four golden mask heads, out of which issued water into the bowl; above stood a golden Neptune, in height three foot, holding in his hand a trident.

"The Garden walls were of brick, artificially painted in perspective, all along which were placed fruit-trees with artificial leaves and fruits. The Garden within the walls was railed about with rails of three foot high, adorned with balusters of silver, between which were placed pedestals beautified with transparent lights of variable colors. Upon the pedestals stood silver columns, upon the tops whereof were personages of gold, lions of gold and unicorns of silver. Every personage and beast did hold a torchet burning, that gave light and luster to the whole fabric.

"Every Quarter of the Garden was finely hedged about with a low hedge of cypress and juniper; the Knots within set with artificial flowers. In the two first Quarters were two Pyramids, garnished with gold and silver and glittering with transparent lights resembling carbuncles, sapphires and rubies.

"In every corner of each Quarter were great pots of gilliflowers which shadowed certain lights placed behind them and made resplendent and admirable luster. The two farther Quarters were beautified with tulips of divers colors, and in the middle and in the corners of the said Quarters were set great tufts of several kinds of flowers receiving luster from secret lights placed behind them.

"At the farther end of the Garden was a Mount, raised by degrees resembling banks of earth covered with grass. On the top of the Mount stood a goodly Arbor, substantially made and covered with artificial trees and with arbor flowers such as eglantine, honeysuckles and the like. The Arbor was in length three and thirty foot, in height one and twenty, supported with termes of gold and silver. It was divided into six arches and three doors answerable to the three walks of the Garden.

"In the middle of the Arbor rose a goodly large turret and at either end a smaller. Upon the top of the Mount in the front thereof was a bank of flowers, curiously painted behind, while within the arches the maskers sat unseen.

"Behind the Garden, over the top of the Arbor, were set artificial trees appearing like an Orchard joining to the Garden; and over all was drawn in perspective a Firmament like the skies in a clear night. Upon a grassy seat under the Arbor sat the Garden Gods in number twelve, apparrelled in long robes of green rich taffeta, caps on their heads and chaplets of flowers. In the midst of them sat Primaura, at whose entreaty they descended to the stage, and, marching up to the King, sung to lutes and theorbos."

The tenor lute.

COMPLETE LIST OF SHAKESPEARIAN FLOWERS WITH BOTANICAL IDENTIFICATIONS

Anemone (Anemone purpurea striata stellata). Box (Buxus sempervirens). Broom-flower (Cytisus scoparius). Camomile (Anthemis nobilis). Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris). Cowslip (Paralysis vulgaris pratensis). Crocus (Crocus verus sativus autumnalis). Crow-flower (Scilla nutans). Crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperalis). Cuckoo-buds (Ranunculus). Cuckoo-flowers (Lychnis Flos cuculi). Daffodil (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus). Daisy (Bellis perennis). Diana's-bud (Artemesia). Fennel (Fœniculum vulgare). Fern (Pteris aquilina). Flower-de-luce (Iris pseudacorus). Gilliflower (Caryophyllus major). Harebell (Scilla nutans). Holly (Ilex aquifolium). Honeysuckle (Lonicera perfolium). Ivy (Hedera helix). Lady-smocks (Cardamine pratensis). Lark's-heels, Nasturtium. Larkspur (Delphinium). Lavender (Lavendula spica). Lily (Lilium candidum). Long purples (Arum masculata). Marigold (Calendula officinalis). Marjoram (Origanum vulgare). Mint (Mentha). Mistletoe (Viscum album). Monks-hood (Aconitum Napellus). Myrtle (Myrtus latifolia). Oxlip (Primula eliator). Pansy (Viola tricolor). Pomegranate (Punica). Poppy (Papaver somniferum). Primrose (Primula vulgaris). Rose (Rosa). Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Rue (Ruta graveolus). Savory (Satureia). Sweet Balm (Melissa officinalis). Thyme (Thymus serpyllum). Violet (Viola odorata).

APPENDIX

ELIZABETHAN GARDEN AT SHAKESPEARE'S BIRTHPLACE

TWO reports made in the spring of 1920, one by Frederick C. Wellstood, secretary and librarian of the Trustees and Guardians of Shakespeare's Birthplace, and the other by Ernest Law, C.B., one of the trustees, will doubtless be of interest to the reader. They have been made available through the courtesy of Mr. Law.

Mr. Wellstood, writing on Easter, 1920, in his report says:

"The appeal of the Trustees and Guardians of Shakespeare's Birthplace, &c. issued three months ago, for gifts of Elizabethan plants and flowers, wherewith to stock his 'Great Garden' at Stratford-upon-Avon, has had a very gratifying response. The King and Queen, Queen Alexandra and the Prince of Wales, have graciously interested themselves in the project, and have given practical support by valuable contributions of old-fashioned roses and other flowers.

"From the gardens of all the Royal Palaces, which were known to Shakespeare, ample parcels of the same sorts of flowers as grew in them when he visited them have been forwarded to Stratford-upon-Avon. Thus, from Greenwich, where we know that he appeared as an actor before Queen Elizabeth at Christmas, 1594; from Windsor, where his Company performed before the same Queen--probably in "The Merry Wives of Windsor"--as well as from Frogmore, which that play proves his acquaintance with; from Hampton Court--out of the Old Tudor Garden, 'circum-mured with brick,' which he must have visited when he and his fellows of the 'King's Company of Actors' spent ten days there during the Christmastide of 1603-4, presenting six plays before King James and his Court--from the gardens of all these places large consignments of plants have reached Shakespeare's Garden.

"From Wilton, likewise, where Shakespeare and his Company first acted before King James, a large number of specimens of every plant and flower wanted by the Trustees, has been sent by the present owner--the lineal descendant of the one, and the kinsman and representative of the other, of the two 'most noble and incomparable Paire of Brethren, William Earle of Pembroke and Philip Earle of Montgomery ... who prosequuted the Author living with so much favor'--to quote the words of the famous 'First Folio,' which was dedicated to them.

"Similarly, from the gardens of other places, which Shakespeare must have known well, have come very welcome gifts, notably from Charlecote, close to Stratford--the beautiful home of the Lucys for 750 years, where Shakespeare is said when a youth to have poached the deer of Sir Thomas Lucy, who had him whipped for his offense--whence now comes a charming collection of the poet's favorite flowers from the direct lineal descendant and heiress of the original 'Justice Shallow.'

"The trustees have also received choice batches of old-fashioned flowers from the gardens of medieval Castles mentioned in the plays--Glamis and Cawdor, for instance--and some which were probably well known to Shakespeare, such as Berkeley Castle; and from the great Tudor houses also, which he knew well, at any rate by repute, such as Knole, Burghley House, and Cobham Hall. The owner of Cobham Hall sends specimens of the famous 'Cobham' Rose, known to have been grown in the garden there for four or five hundred years. From Esher Place also--the 'Aster House' of 'King Henry VIII'--come many beautiful flowers and herbs.

"The sentiment, which has prompted such generosity, has equally appealed to many possessors of more modern gardens; while the authorities of Kew Gardens, regarding the scheme as one of national concern, have cordially aided the Trustees both with counsel and with contributions.

"Last, but by no means least, are the many small gifts from quite small gardens, even of cottagers; while, in some ways, the most pleasing of all, are the subscriptions from school children of some of the poorest districts in the East End of London--for instance, of the Mansford Street Central, and Pritchard's Road Schools, Bethnal Green--for the purchase of favorite flowers of the dramatist, whose plays they have so often witnessed with delight at the 'Old Vic.' and elsewhere.

"Thus, effect has been given to a prime desire of the Trustees, that as large as possible a number of people in every section of the community should be associated with this tribute to Shakespeare's memory.

"Most of the plants needful to furnish forth Shakespeare's garden in the style of his own time have been forthcoming in sufficient quantities--yet there are some important gaps still to be supplied. These are:--Box, dwarf Box, both the ordinary and the 'Gilded' variety; Thrift; Thyme, the Golden and Glaucous, as well as the Wild; and that pretty herb, known under its simple old English name as 'Lavender Cotton.' Of all of these, thousands of plants are still needed. Similarly of Pinks, 'Streaked Gillyflowers'; 'Spike Lavender'; and of Pansies--'Love in Idleness,'--pale and dark 'purple with Love's wound.' Of 'Eglantine'--Sweet Briar--a few scores would be very welcome.

"Such shortages are mainly due to the large quantities of these plants required for the purpose of filling the intricate-patterned beds of the 'Curious Knotted Garden.' That kind of garden was an invariable adjunct to every house of importance in Shakespeare's time, and the Trustees are laying one out on what is believed to be the exact site of the poet's own 'knotted garden,' modeling it on the designs printed in the contemporary books on gardening--the designs being followed with a fidelity and completeness unattempted, it is believed, for two hundred and eighty years. At the same time, suggestions have naturally been sought in Bacon's famous Essay 'On Gardens.'..."

SHAKESPEARE'S GARDEN RESTORED

Mr. Law's report, which is dated "Shakespeare's Birthday, A. D. 1920," says:

"The project of laying out the ground attached to Shakespeare's home in his later years as an Elizabethan garden, to be stocked with all the old-fashioned flowers mentioned by him in his plays or well known in his time, first took practical shape last winter.

THE LONG BORDERS

"The first step was to lay out the long, narrow strip of ground by the side of the wall parallel with Chapel Lane as a border for summer and autumn flowers--hollyhocks, canterbury-bells, lupins, larkspurs, crown imperials, lilies, and so on. As a background for these--and also to hide the ugly, cast-iron railings that disfigure the top of the wall--there was planted a row of yew trees. This border of some 300 feet long has been treated in the formal fashion of the olden time ... being divided into compartments, separated by 'buttresses' supporting 'pillars' or 'columns' surmounted by 'balls.'

"On the path side the beds are edged with box--'dwarfe boxe, of excellent use to border up a knott or long beds in a garden.'

"The beds ranging with these, on the other side of the gravel walk, are at present entirely occupied with spring flowers--largely gifts, like the others, from contributors all over the kingdom. In the summer they will be furnished with the low-growing flowers known to the gardeners of the early years of James the First's reign--carnations, 'our streaked gillyvors,' pansies, stocks, fox-gloves, sweet-williams, snapdragons, and so on....

THE WILD BANK OF HEATH

"At the eastern or lower end of the garden the aim has been to carry out, so far as the space available admits, Bacon's idea, expressed in his famous essay 'Of Gardens,' of a 'heath or desert, in the going forth, framed, as much as may be, to a natural wildness.' With this object, there has been thrown up an irregular bank, whereon have already been planted most of the flowers and herbs mentioned by Shakespeare in his writings; and where, it is hoped, every species known in his time will eventually find a place.

"In doing this the great natural philosopher's precepts have been faithfully followed, modified by hints derived from the greater poet. 'Some thickets,' says Bacon, 'I would have made only in sweetbriar (eglantine) and honeysuckle (woodbine); and the ground set with violets and primroses (oxlips); for these be sweet and prosper in the shade.' This has been done: and with wild thyme--many square yards of it--added, and also musk-roses--a few procured with great difficulty, so unaccountably neglected are they in our too-pretentious modern gardens--they will form here, in effect, Titania's Bower--

"I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows, Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows, Quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine, With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine. There sleeps Titania some time of the night, Lull'd in these flowers, with dances and delight.

"Bacon, of course, often witnessed the performances of Shakespeare's plays at Court, as well as in the public theaters; and reminiscent echoes of that beautiful passage were probably ringing in his ears when he penned the sentences quoted above.

"With passages in plays other than 'The Dream,' Bacon has also parallels. His essay happens to have been published exactly twelve months after the production of 'A Winter's Tale' at Court, and in his somewhat arid enumeration therein of the seasonal succession of flowering plants, we seem to hear echoes of those exquisite verses in Perdita's speeches--the most beautiful expression of the intimate love of flowers in all literature--

"... Daffodils, That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty; violets dim, But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes, Or Cytherea's breath; pale primroses, That die unmarried ere they can behold Bright Phœbus in his strength.

"'For March,' writes Bacon, 'there come violets, especially the single blue, which are the earliest ... and which, above all other flowers, yields the sweetest smell in the air; also the yellow daffodil.' 'Lilies of all sorts, the flowre-de-luce being one,' says Perdita. 'Flower-de-Luces, and lilies of all natures,' echoes Bacon.

"Near the Wild Bank later on there may, perhaps, be planted some of those specimens of the topiary art, which were so general in Jacobean gardens. Even Bacon would admit them into his 'Princely Garden.' 'Little low hedges (of box or yew),' he writes, 'round like welts, with some pretty pyramids, I like well, and in some places fair columns.' But he would confine them to geometric patterns: 'I, for my part, do not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff, they be for children.' But then Shakespeare had children and grandchildren; and, besides, many children of the present day will visit his garden, much taken, we may be sure, with such curious devices, and delighting in our simple sweet old English flowers--very few of them, it is to be hoped, serious little prigs, bursting with botany....

THE "KNOTT GARDEN"

"It is now necessary to say a few words about the 'Knott Garden'--an enclosure which, being an invariable adjunct to every house of importance in Shakespeare's time, is the most essential part of the reconstruction, on Elizabethan lines, of the ground about New Place. It need not, however, engage us long: for M. Forestier's beautiful drawing of it represents it as it is to be, better than any amount of wordy description.

"The whole is closely modeled on the designs and views shown in the contemporary books on gardening; and for every feature there is unimpeachable warrant. The enclosing palisade--a very favorite device of the Jacobean gardeners--of Warwickshire oak, cleft, is exactly copied from the one in the famous tapestry of the 'Seven Deadly Sins' at Hampton Court. And here again Bacon's advice has been useful: 'The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all four sides with a stately arched hedge, the arches on pillars of carpenter's work, of some 10 foot high, and 6 foot broad.' The 'tunnel,' or 'pleachéd bower, where honeysuckles, ripened by the sun, forbid the sun to enter'--follows ancient models, especially the one shown in the old contemporary picture in New Place Museum.

"The dwarf wall, of old-fashioned bricks--hand-made, sun-dried, sand-finished, with occasional 'flarers,' laid in the Tudor bond, with wide mortar joints--is based on similar ones, still extant, of the period. The balustrade is identical, in its smallest details, with one figured in Didymus Mountain's 'Gardener's Labyrinth,' published in 1577--a book Shakespeare must certainly have consulted when laying out his own Knott Garden. The paths are to be of old stone from Wilmcote, the home of Shakespeare's mother. The intricate, interlacing patterns of the Knott beds--'the Knottes so enknotted it cannot be expressed,' as Cavendish says of Wolsey's garden--are taken, one from Mountain's book; two from Gervase Markham's 'Country Housewife's Garden' (1613); and one from William Lawson's 'New Orchard and Garden' (1618); and they are composed, as enjoined by those authorities, of box, thrift, lavender-cotton, and thyme, with their inter-spaces filled in with flowers.

ROYAL ROSES FOR THE KNOTTED BEDS

"In one point the Trustees have been able to 'go one better' than Shakespeare in his own 'curious knotted garden'--to use his own expression in 'Love's Labour's Lost.' For neither King James, nor his Queen, Anne of Denmark, nor Henry Prince of Wales sent him--so far as we know--any flowers for his garden. On his 356th birthday, however, there will be planted four old-fashioned English rose-trees--one in the center of each of the four 'knotted' beds--from King George, Queen Mary, Queen Alexandra, and the Prince of Wales. Surely Shakespeare, could he have known it, would have been touched by this tribute!

"They will be planted by Lady Fairfax-Lucy, the heiress of Charlecote, and the direct lineal descendant of the Sir Thomas Lucy whose deer he is said to have poached, and who is supposed to have had him whipped for his offense, and who is believed to be satirized in the character of 'Justice Shallow.' This also might well have moved him!

"Here, in the restored 'Knott Garden,' as everywhere in the grounds about New Place, flowers--Shakespeare's Flowers--will clothe and wreathe and perfume everything, all else being merely devised to set them off--musk-roses, climbing-roses, crab-apples, wild cherries, clematis, honeysuckle, sweetbriar, and many more.

"By next year, the Trustees expect to have some 200,000 individual plants--including, of course, the crocuses, 'bold oxlips,' 'nodding violets,' 'winking marybuds,' 'pale primroses,' and 'azured harebells,' on the wild bank and lawn--decking, in succession through the months, the ground whereon the poet trod, their millions of blossoms, with every breath of air doing reverence, waving banners of gorgeous hue, and flinging the incense of their delicious fragrance in homage to the memory of William Shakespeare."

INDEX

Absinthe, 246

Acacia, 35

Acanthus, 22

Aconite, 199, 248, 249

Aconitum napellus, 248

Adonis, 133

Adonis Flower, 136

Æneas, 261

Affectionate Shepherd, The, 49

Albion, 148

Aldine Press, 15

Aldrich, Thomas B., quoted, 163-164

Allen, Grant, quoted, 139-140

All's Well That Ends Well, 230, 237

Alleys, 59-61

Amadis, de Gaul, 4

Amarakos, 238

Amaranth, 22

Amaryllis, 166

Amiens, 257

Anemone, 22, 36, 80, 133-136, 303

Anemone purpurea striata stellata, 133

Anglo-Saxons, 6

Anglo-Saxons, gardens of, 6-7

Annunciation Lily, 165, 166, 267

Anne Page, 243

Anthemis nobilis, 244

Apothecary, 31

Appius and Virginia, quoted, 234

Aquilegia vulgaris, 137

Arbor, 20, 48-49, 281

Arbors, flowers for, 82

Arcadia, quoted, 28

Arches, 283

Architects, Elizabethan, 23

Ariel, 101

Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 189

Artemis, 247

Artemisia, 246

Assur-wood, 265

As You Like It, song from, 257

Attar of Rose, 159

Auricula, 22

Artichoke, 149

Arum, 209

Arum masculata, 209

Arviragus, 97

Asphodels, 113, 166

Autolycus, 109, 152

Babar, garden of, 19-20

Babar, quoted, 20

Bacchus, 259

Bachelor's Buttons, 22, 83

Bacon, Francis, 35, 56, 125, 148, 249

Bacon, Francis, quoted, 44-45, 55-56, 64-66, 285

Bagh-i-Vafa, 19-20

Banquetting-house, 63, 82

Barnfield, quoted, 49-50

Basil, 14

Bastard Daffodils, 110

Battle of Marathon, 236

Bay, Dwarf, 83

Bay, Red, 82

Bay-Tree, 17

Bear's ears, 80, 100

Bear's foot, 62

Beatrice, 49, 178

Beaufort House, 21

Beds, 20, 41, 42, 47-48

Bee-plants, 240-243

Bees, 240

Belides, 119

Bellis, 119

Bellis perennis, 118

Benedick, 49, 178

Ben Jonson, 29, 136

Ben Jonson, quoted, 249

Bion, quoted, 134

Birds, 10, 64, 69, 75, 287-288

Birds Eyen, 107

Blonde of Oxford, 4, 12

Bloom, quoted, 38-39, 208-209

Blue Flowers, 139, 140, 198, 250-252

Blue Helmet Flower, 199, 250-252

Blue Pipe Flower, 35

Boar's Head, 226

Boccaccio, 16

Borde, Andrew, 287

Border-plant, 245

Borders, 9, 78, 295-297

Botticelli, 93, 94, 219

Bottom the Weaver, 148, 257

Bowling Alleys, 67, 74, 281

Box, 264-266, 293, 297, 303

Box-tree, 15

Broom (genesta), 22, 143-144, 303

Browne, quoted, 47-48, 49, 122, 136

Browning, 236

Buckingham House, 21

Burleigh, Lord, gardens of, 27, 51, 33

Burns, 121

Buttercup, 132, 208, 232, 252

Buxus sempervirens, 264

Calendula, 192

Calendula officinalis, 189

Call-Me-to-You, 202

Caltha, 192

Camomile, 74, 295, 244-246, 303

Campions, 83

Cantabrigia Illustrata, 301

Canterbury Bells, 131

Cardamine pratensis, 130

Carew, Thomas, quoted, 98-99

Carnations, 30, 35, 53, 84-85, 181-189, 199, 298, 304-305

Carol, Boar's Head, 226

Carols, 255-256, 258

Carraway, 14

Carthaginian Apple, 218

Cary, Walter, 34

Caryophyllus, 182

Cecil, Sir Robert, 22

Celandine, Lesser, 132

Century Book of Gardening, 302

Cerberus, 249

Ceres, 116, 218

Chalcedonian Lily, 162

Chaucer, 12, 101, 119, 121, 181, 191, 256

Cheese Bowl, 203

Cher feu, 179

Chèvre feuille, 179

Chives, 14

Christmas, 225, 253-255

Christmas Carols, 255-256

Christmas Flower, 81

Circe, 228

Clematis, 49, 50, 82

Clemence Isaure, 127

Clove Gilliflower, 181

Clover, 18

Clovis, 174

Clown, 237, 264

Clyte, 194

Colin Clout, quoted, 191

Colonna, Francesco, 16

Colors, flower, 42-43, 139-140

Colors, blending of, 42-43, 46-48

Columbine, 14, 18, 84, 137-143, 232, 252, 305

Complete Gardener, The, 303

Conduits of Water, 10

Conserves, flower, 153, 187, 192, 226

Cook, E. T., quoted, 320-321

Cookery, flowers in, 14, 210, 235, 237, 241

Cordials, 187, 192

Cornflowers, 22

Corona Imperialis, 70

Corn Rose, 203

Countess of Bedford, Garden of, 56-59

Country Farm, quoted, 68, 69-72

Cowdry, 23

Cowslips, 22, 62, 73, 83, 99-100, 101-107, 306

Cowslip of Jerusalem, 14

Crispin de Passe, 301

Crocus, 79, 166, 306

Crow-bells, 209

Crow-flowers, 132, 207-209, 307

Crowfoot, 82, 209

Crowfoot, winter, 81

Crown Imperial, 36, 79, 167-172, 307

Crown of Thorns, 154

Cuckoo-buds, 132, 214

Cuckoo-flowers, 131, 132, 213-214, 308

Cuckoo-pint, 209, 214

Cuckoo-pintle, 209

Cuddle-Me-to-You, 202

Cuirs, 41, 290

Cupid, 159

Cupid's Flower, 202

Cyclamen, 81

Cymbeline, 98, 104, 136, 190

Cytissus scoparius, 142

Daffodil, Daffodils, 78-79, 109-118, 308

Daffodil (Pastoral), 113-115

Daffy-down-dilly, 113, 296

Daisy. Daisies, 7, 14, 22, 62, 84, 118-122, 207, 308

Damask Rose, 146, 147, 152-153

Dame Quickly, 102

Dandelions, 10

Deceased Maiden's Lover, quoted, 208

Delphinium, 197

De Nature Rerum, 7

Dial, 73. See Sun-dials

Diana, 160, 167, 247

Diana's Bud, 246-248, 309

Dianthus, 181

Dianthus Caryophyllus, 181

Dickens, quoted, 259

Didymus Mountain, 34, 68, 300

Didymus Mountain, quoted, 193-194, 278-280

Dobell, Sydney, quoted, 103

Dog Rose, 321

Don Armado, 138

Don Juan, 153

Door in Wall, 9, 13, 40

Dove-cote, 287

Dove-plant, 138

Drayton, Michael, quoted, 113-115, 201

Drosidae, 165-167

Druids, 261

Dryden, quoted, 121

Duke, 123

Duke of Burgundy, 103

Duke of York, 230

Dumain, 138

Edging, 297, 299

Edward III., 174

Eglantine, 49, 50, 74, 150-151, 178, 321

Egyptians, 134, 164, 172, 213

Elements of Architecture, 47

Elizabeth. See Queen Elizabeth

Elizabeth of Bohemia, 47

Elizabethan estates, 276

Elizabethan housewife, 53-55

Eliza, Queen of the Shepherds, 22

Ellacombe, quoted, 182-183

Elves, 243

Ely Place, gardens of, 155

Elysian Fields, 113, 116, 166, 172

Endive, 14

English flowers, 83-85

Enna, Fields of, 129

Eros, 159

Essay on Gardening (Bacon), 55

Euphues and His England, quoted, 30, 245

Europa, 129

Exeter Book, quoted, 6

Fair Maid of France, 214

Fair Maid of Kent, 184

Fairies, 45, 101. See Elves

Fairy Cups, 101

Fairy Flowers, 175, 239

Falernian wine, 160

Falls, 172

Falstaff, 51, 102, 201, 234, 244

Fancy Flamey, 201

Fanshaw, Sir Henry, garden of, 47

Fennel, 9, 14, 137, 234-236, 309

Fern. Ferns, 175-177, 309

Fern-seed, 175-177

Fidele, 97, 98, 136

Fiori di ogni mese, 192

Fitzherbert, 34

Five Points of Good Husbandry, 34

Flag, 81, 173, 310

Flemish Painters, Gardens of, 18

Fletcher, John, 108, 120

Fleur-de-lis, 166, 167, 173-174

Floramour, 82

Floral Games, 127

Flore et Blancheflore, 4

Flor di prima vera, 93, 94, 101

Flor di prima vera, gentile, 122

Flos Adonis, 136

Flos Africanus, 196

Flos Sanguineus, 199

Flower of Africa, 196

Flower of Ajax, 197

Flower of Bristow, 83

Flower fanciers, 33-37

Flower-gentile, 82

Flower de luce, 81, 172-174, 309-310

Flower-of-the-Sun, 82, 213

Flower of Tunis, 196

Flowers, 71-72, 296-297

Flowers, Anglo-Saxon, 7

Flowers, Care of, 37-38

Flowers, Colors of, 42-43, 139-140

Flowers, Church, 18

Flowers for decoration, 52

Flowers, English, 83-85

Flowers, Fad for, 24-25

Flowers, Fifteenth Century, 14

Flowers, funeral, 224, 225

Flowers, love of, 6

Flowers, Mediæval, 10, 14

Flowers, Medicinal, 8, 14, 31, 46, 53-55, 100, 125, 153, 156, 179, 187, 192, 226, 228, 229-230, 231, 235, 241, 244, 246, 247

Flowers, Norman, 7

Flowers, perfumes of, 43

Flowers, outlandish, 24, 32, 78-83

Flowers, seasonable, 64-68

Flowers, Tudor, 22

Flowers, wedding, 221, 225

Flowers, in wine, 129, 181, 248

Fœniculum vulgare, 234

Forest of Arden, 256

Forthrights, 41, 42, 86

Fountain of Love, 10

Fountains, 42, 63, 285-287

Franklyn's Tale, quoted, 12

Frantic Foolish Cowslip, 107

French cowslip, 80

French marigold, 196

Freya, 130, 261

Friar, 225

Friar's Cowl, 209

Fritillaria imperialis, 167

Fruits, 8, 9, 21, 65, 73

Fruit-trees, 21

Gadshill, 175

Garden, Babar's, 19

Garden books, 35

Garden, Burleigh's, 34

Garden, Countess of Bedford's, 56-59

Garden, Curious Knotted, 41

Garden of Delight, 3-5, 8-10, 168, 199

Garden of Eden, 222

Garden, Earl of Salisbury's, 35

Garden, Elizabethan, 23-29, 31, 40-52, 86, 88-89

Garden, Sir Henry Fanshaw's, 47

Garden of Fidelity, 19, 20

Garden, Fifteenth Century, 15-18

Garden, Gerard's, 34

Garden, Hackney, 35-36

Garden, Hampton Court Palace, 274

Garden, Henry VIII.'s, 20, 21

Garden, Hatfield, 35

Garden, Havering-atte-Bower, 26

Garden, Herb, 72

Garden, House, 281

Garden, Italian Renaissance, 15-18

Garden, Kenilworth, 275

Garden, Kitchen, 31

Garden, lay-out (small), 41, 70, 277

Garden, lay-out (stately), 41, 70, 271-276

Garden, Long Acre, garden at, 32

Garden, Mediæval, 11-13

Garden, Moor Park, 56-59

Garden, Nosegay, 71

Garden, Novelties, 20

Garden, Parkinson's, 32

Garden, pleasant flowers, 31

Garden, pleasures, 29

Garden, Small, 3-5

Garden, Terraced, 276

Garden, Theobald's, 27, 34, 39, 51, 301

Garden, Tuggie's, 35

Garden, Uses of, 52

Garden, Wolsey's, 20

Garden, Zouche's, 35-36

Gardens, Anglo-Saxon, 6-7

Gardens, Burleigh's, 27, 33, 34, 39, 51, 301

Gardens, Flemish painters, 18

Gardens, Indian, 18

Gardens, Italian painters, 18

Gardens, Ladies in, 13, 14

Gardens, Lay-out of, 76-77

Gardens, Locked, 13

Gardens, Mogul Emperors, 18-19

Gardens, Nonsuch Palace, 21, 273-274

Gardens, Norman, 7

Gardens, Rennaissance influence, 38-39

Gardens, Roman, 6

Gardens, Sixteenth Century, 20

Gardens, Tudor, 21, 23-29

Garlands. See Wreaths

Garofalo, Il, 187

Garth, 6-7

Gaskell, Mrs., quoted, 149

Gate, 40, 280

Gazebo, 281

Gentlemen's Magazine, quoted, 88-89

Gerade. See Gerard

Gerard, 33-34, 51, 109, 162, 218, 248

Gerard, Garden of, 34

Gerard, quoted, 128, 133, 168, 187, 201, 230, 231

George Gisze, 53

Germander, 62, 78

Gethsemane, Garden of, 170

Giardino segreto, 15

Gilliflowers, 7, 21, 22, 30, 35, 83, 84, 184, 186-187, 199, 296

Gilliflowers, names of, 184

Gladiolus, 166

Golden Apple, 219, 221

Golden Bough, 261

Gold Flower, 191, 192

Golds, 14

Gardener, business, 66-67

Gardener's Labyrinth, quoted, 34, 193-194, 278-280, 295, 299, 300

Gosse, Edmund, quoted, 156

Googe, Barnaby, 35

Great Harwich, 184, 185

Greek myths, 97, 115, 119, 129, 130, 134, 164, 174, 194, 213, 218-219, 221, 228, 234, 238, 259, 264

Grete Herbal, 34

Guillaume de Lorris, 8

Guirlande de Julie, 171

Gunpowder, 249

Gustavus Adolphus, 171

Grumio, 51

Gyllofre. See Gilliflowers

Hackney, garden at, 35-36

Haggard, Rider, quoted, 135-136

Hakluyt, quoted, 149, 152

Hamlet, 119, 137, 207

Hampton Court Palace, 20, 51

Hampton Court Palace, gardens, 274

Hampton Court Palace, Fountain, 286

Hampton Court Palace, Mount, 282

Handful of Pleasant Delights, quoted, 127-128, 225, 232

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 5

Harebell, 136-137, 207, 266, 310

Harleian Mss., 11

Harpocrates, 159

Harrison, William, quoted, 24

Hatfield, garden, 35-36

Hathaway, Ann, 3

Havering-atte-Bower, garden, 26

Heartsease, 84, 202

Heath, 59, 62

Hebrews, 164

Hecate, 249

Hedera Helix, 257

Hedges, 40, 59, 63, 77, 293

Helena, 98

Heliotrope, 194

Henry II., 7

Henry V., 103

Henry VIII., garden, 20, 21, 274

Hentzner, Paul, quoted, 27-28, 285-287

Hepatica, 81

Hercules, 249

Herrick, quoted, 265-266

Herba leonis, 139

Herba Marguerita, 122

Herba Sanctæ Mariæ, 234

Herb of Grace, 48, 229-230, 237

Herb garden, 72

Herb Trinity, 201

Herbal, Gerard's, 34-35

Herbal, Great, 26

Herbals, 25-26

Herbals, List of, 34-35

Herbs, 14, 22, 46, 52, 72

Herbs, farsing, 241

Herbs, pot, 7

Herbs, medicinal, 8

Herbstrewer, 52

Hermia, 98

Hero, 49, 178

Hill, Thomas, 34, 68

Holbein, 53

Hole, Dean, quoted, 151

Holly, 253-257, 311

Holly, song, 257

Hollyhock, 22, 85

Homer, 228

Honey of Mount Hymettus, 240

Honeysuckle, 7, 49, 50, 82, 293, 311

Hood, quoted, 158

Horse-blobs, 132

Hortorum Viridariorumque, 301

Hortus Floridus, 301

Hulfeere, 256

Hungary water, 226

Huon of Bordeaux, 4

Hyacinth, 79, 136, 166

Hybla, 240

Hymen, 213

Hypernotomachia, 15

Hyssop, 78

Italian painters, gardens of, 18

Ilex aquifolium, 253

Imogen, 98, 136

Importation of flowers, 24-25

Iris, 22, 172, 309-310

Iris pseudacorus, 172

Ironmongers, Worshipful Company of, 37

Isaiah, quoted, 265

Ivy, 255-256, 257-260, 311

Ivy Green, The, 259-260

Jabberwocky, 289

Jachimo, 104

Jacinth, 136

Jack-an-Apes-on-Horseback, 84, 107

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 209, 315

James I., 51

Jami, quoted, 159

Jars, 41, 284-285

Jasmine, 22, 82

Jessica, 86

Jesus Christ, legend, 171

Jews, 217

Joan's Silver Pin, 203

John de Garlande, quoted, 8

Johnny-Jump-Ups, 200, 201, 203

Johnson's Gardeners Dictionary, 302

Jonquil, 115

Juliet, 86, 215

July flowers, 187, 189

Juno's Rose, 162

Junquilia, 110

Jupiter, 160

Kate Greenaway, 40

Katharine of Aragon, 218

Keeler, Harriet L., quoted, 140-141

Kenilworth, 29

Kenilworth, garden of, 39, 275

Keats, quoted, 148, 196

Kingcups, 132

King Eteocles, 219

King Henry IV., 175, 234, 244, 248

King Henry VI., 155, 174

King John, 123

King Lear, 213

King Richard II., 230

Kiss-Me-at-the-Garden-Gate, 202

Kiss-Me-Quick, 202

Knight's Spur, 197

Knots, 20, 41, 46, 63, 78, 298-301

Knotted Garden, Curious, 41

Labyrinth, 41, 51

Ladies, skill in cookery, 14

Ladies, skill in simples, 14

Lady's Bower, 49, 82

Lady-Smocks, 130-133, 214, 311

Laertes, 234

Lamb, Charles, quoted, 288

Landor, quoted, 179

Laneham, Robert, quoted, 275

Lark's claws, 197

Lark's heels, 84, 197

Larkspur, 81, 197-200, 252, 312

Lark's toes, 197

Lavender, 22, 231-233, 237, 312

Lavender Spica, 231

Law, Ernest, quoted, 274, 338-345

Lawson, William, 35, 73

Lawson, William, quoted, 245, 296, 297, 299-300

Leate, Nicholas, 33, 36, 37

Lee, Vernon, quoted, 15-18

Leicester, Earl of, 29, 275

Leminius, Dr., quoted, 52-53

Lent Lily, 115

Lete, Nicholas. See Leate

Levant Company, 36

Lewis Carroll, 287

Liébault, John, 68

Lilac, 35

Lily. Lilies, 7, 8, 14, 18, 22, 78, 79, 160-167

Lily, Annunciation, 313-315

Lily Conally, 22, 71, 161, 314

Lily, Lent, 115

Lily Madonna, 165, 167

Lily Martagon, 36, 79, 162-163

Lily, Scarlet Martagon, 162

Lily Tiger, 163

Lily-of-the-Valley, 22, 71, 161, 314

Lilium album, 162

Lilium candidum, 161

Lilium convallium, 62

Lilium Perticum, 170

Liverwort, 81

Lobel, Mathias de, 36

Lobelia, 36

Locker-Lampson, 46

Locker-Lampson, quoted, 181

Loggan, David, 301

London Pride, 188, 189, 298

London Tufts, 189

Long Acre, garden at, 32

Long Purples, 207, 209-210, 315

Longueville, 138

Love-in-Idleness, 200, 202, 247

Love's Labour's Lost, 41, 118, 133, 145

Lords-and-Ladies, 209, 210

Lorenzo, 86

Louis VII., 174

Lucrece, 118

Luini, 141

Lupton, quoted, 190

Lychnis Flos cuculi, 213

Lyly, John, quoted, 30, 245

Lyte, quoted, 100, 190, 226

Madame Plantier, 320

Madonna of the Melagrana, 219

Madonna of the Rose, 160

Madonna of the Rose Bush, 160

Madonna of the Rose Garden, 160

Madonna of the Rose Hedge, 160

Madonna Lily, 165, 167

Maiden's Blush, 320

Maison Rustique, La, 68

Mallows, 14

Malvolio, 86, 264

Marathon, 235

Margaret of Orleans, 195

Marguerite, 121, 122

Margueritons, 122

Maria, 86, 264

Marigold. Marigolds, 7, 8, 22, 82-84, 189-196, 315-316

Marina, 124

Marjoram, 14, 22, 236-239, 316

Markham, Gervase, 68, 69

Markham, Gervase, quoted, 50, 299

Marshall, William, 34

Martagon Lily, 36, 162-163

Martagons, 79

Marvel of Peru, 35, 82

Mary-buds, 190

Maske of Flowers, 325-330

Maudelyn, 121

Maudlin, 121

Mausoleum of Artemisia, 248

May flower, 131

May Lady, masque of, 23

May weed, 136

Mazes, 41, 50-51, 74, 300

Meadow cress, 131

Measure for Measure, 220

Meet-Me-at-the-Garden-Gate, 202

Melissa officinalis, 243

Menthe, 234

Menthe de Notre Dame, 234

Merry Wives of Windsor, 102, 174, 243

Mezerion, 64, 63

Middleton and Rowley, quoted, 191

Midsummer Daisy, 121

Midsummer Night, 175-176, 200

Midsummer Night's Dream, 98, 101, 102, 108, 247, 257

Milton, 201, 237

Milton, quoted, 98, 120

Mint. Mints, 9, 14, 22, 233-236, 317

Mistletoe, 261-264

Mistletoe Bough, 261, 262

Mistress Ford, 103

Mogul Emperors, gardens of, 18-19

Mohammed, 115

Mohammedans, quotation from, 129

Moly, 228

Monk's Cane, 250

Monk's hood, 197, 199, 232, 248-252, 317

Montacute, 281

Montacute, lay-out of, 272-273

Montausier, Duc de, 171

Moon, 160

Moon daisy, 121

Moor Park, garden at, 56-59

More the Merrier, quoted, 245

More, Sir Thomas, quoted, 21, 48, 224

Mort de Garin, La, 12

Mounts, 20, 73, 282

Much Ado About Nothing, 153, 178

Mugwort, 248

Musk Rose, 44, 45, 73, 148-150, 320

Myrtle, 160, 219-223

Myrtus latifolia, 219

Narcissus, 22, 115

Narcissus pseudo narcissus, 109

Nash, 259

Nasturtium, 81, 318

Nasturtium Indicum, 199

Neckan, Alexander, quoted, 78

Nettle red, 14

Nettles, 207

New Orchard and Garden, 35

New Orchard and Garden, quoted, 72-73, 75, 245

Noisette, 321

Nonesuch, 83

Nonesuch Palace, fountain at, 286

Nonesuch Palace, gardens of, 21, 39

Nonesuch Palace, lay-out of, 273-274

Nonesuch orange color, 32

Nosegay, 43, 128, 199, 232, 236

Nosegay garden, 71

Norman Castle, 183

Norman Kings, gardens of, 7

Oberon, 45, 175, 200, 247

Oceanides, 174

Œdipus Coloneus, 116

Oleander, 82

Olivia, garden of, 86, 264

Ophelia, 119, 121, 124, 137, 200, 207, 208, 214, 224, 230, 234

Orange-trees 20

Orchard, 8, 31, 51, 73, 74, 75

Order of Genest, 144

Orchis mascula, 209

Orris root, 81, 173

Ort-garth, 6

Orto, 16

Othello, 203

Our Lady's flowers, 130

Outlandish flowers, 24, 32, 78-83

Ovid, quoted, 250

Ox-eye daisy, 121

Oxlip. Oxlips, 107-108, 318

Oxonia Illustrata, 301

Pæstum, 159

Palsieworts, 107

Pansy, names of, 202

Pansy. Pansies, 22, 84, 200-203, 298, 318

Papaver somniferum, 203

Paquerette, 121, 122

Paradisi in Sole, 32, 35, 83

Pasque flowers, 135

Paralyses, 99

Paralysis vulgare pratensis, 101

Paris, 219, 221

Parkinson, John, 31, 32, 35, 75, 151, 156, 196

Parkinson, garden of, 32-33

Parkinson, quoted, 38, 75-78, 80, 81, 82-83, 84-85, 99-100, 106-107, 109-111, 121-122, 134-135, 137, 138, 146-147, 149-150, 150-151, 152-153, 161, 162-163, 168-170, 173, 183, 185, 186, 186-187, 188, 192-193, 197-198, 199, 203, 211, 214, 215-216, 220, 227, 229, 231-232, 235, 238, 240-241, 242, 243-244, 245-246, 250-252, 321

Parsley, 14

Paths, 9, 294

Peacock, 288

Pensée, 200

Penshurst, 292

Pensioners, 102

Peony. Peonies, 22, 85

Peony, Roman, 14

Perdita, 3, 72, 86, 98, 108, 111, 129, 160, 162, 167, 168, 172, 181, 190, 225, 231, 233, 237, 242

Perennials, 46

Perfume, 43, 44, 45, 46, 153, 231, 232, 239, 244. See Scent.

Pericles, 124

Periwinkle, 7, 22, 62

Persian Lily, 170

Peruvian Sunflower, 196

Petruchio, 52

Petty Mullins, 107

Pheasant's Eye, 117

Pheidippides, 236

Phoradendron, 263

Phosphorescent flowers, 199

Pickwick Papers, 259

Picotee, 182

Pink. Pinks, 18, 85, 187-189

Pinks, names of, 188

Pink of My John, 202

Pinkster, 187

Pipe tree, 82

Plantagenesta, 143-144

Plantagenets, The, 144

Plashing, 50

Pleached alley, 50, 292

Pleaching, 50

Pleasance, 4, 11

Pliny, 134, 148, 176, 181, 218, 234, 259

Pliny, garden of, 6

Pliny, quoted, 234-235

Pluto, 218, 234, 249, 264

Poet's Hyacinth, 197

Poet's Narcissus, 117-118

Poison, 249-250

Polyanthus, 107

Pomegranate, 35, 215-219, 319

Pomegranate-trees, 20

Poppy. Poppies, 14, 22, 84, 203-206, 319

Portia, 87

Potpourri, 156, 324

Prickly Coral Tree, 83

Primerolles, 101

Primevera, 93

Primrose. Primroses, 21, 22, 30, 62, 73, 83, 93-101, 319

Primula eliator, 107

Primula veris, 122

Primula vulgaris, 93

Prior, Dr., quoted, 100-101

Proserpine, 116, 123, 129, 218, 234

Prospero, 268

Pseudo narcissus, 110

Pteris aquilina, 175

Puck, 101, 144, 200, 247

Pulsatillas, 135

Punica, 215, 218

Pyracantha, 77, 83

Queen Elizabeth, 22, 102

Queen Elizabeth, gardens of, 26

Ragged Robin, 214, 208

Rails for beds, 20

Rambouillet, Julie de, 171

Ranunculus, 17, 82, 198, 208, 266

Rape of Lucrece, 118, 191

Rapin, quoted, 119, 221, 224-228, 238-239

Renaissance, Influence on English Gardens, 38-39

Richard Cœur de Lion, quoted, 12

Richmond Green, 245

Richmond Palace, Garden of, 26

Rimmon, 217

Rocket, 22

Rock-garden, 302

Roman de Berte, 12

Roman de la Rose, 4, 8-9, 19

Romans, 4-13

Romaunt of the Rose, 4, 8-9, 19

Romeo, 86, 248

Romeo and Juliet, 31, 225, 248

Rosarubie, 136

Rosa alba, 147-148

Rosa Anglica alba, 147

Rosa Anglica rubra, 146

Rosa canina, 153

Rosa centifolia, 151, 159

Rosa damascene, 152

Rosa eglanteria, 150

Rosa Junonis, 162

Rosa Moschata, 148

Rosa versicolor, 154

Rosary, 160

Rose. Roses, 7, 8, 10, 14, 18, 21, 22, 30, 49, 50, 73, 78, 145-160, 293, 319-322

Rose canker, 153

Rose, damask, 146, 147, 152-153, 160, 297

Rose, dog, 153

Rose, Hundred Leaf, 151-152

Rose, musk, 44, 45, 73, 148-150, 320

Rose, Provençal, 151-152

Rose, red, 146-147 white, 147-148, 160 variegated, 154-155 yellow, 156 yellow, double, 37 York and Lancaster, 154-155

Rose of Sharon, 115

Rose-water, 156, 159

Rosemary, 14, 22, 48, 72, 74, 241, 322

Rosmarinus officinalis, 224

Roxburgh Ballad, quoted, 222

Rue, 14, 72, 225-228, 322

Rushes, 52

Ruskin, quoted, 158, 165-167, 203-204

Ruta graveolus, 228

Sable Flag, 35

Sable Flower, 81

Saffron, 14, 210

Saffron Crocus, 210

Saffron flowers, 79

Saffron Hill, 212

Saffron lily, 115

Saffron Walden, 212

Sage, 14

Salads, 237

Salisbury, Earl of, garden of, 35

Sappho, 157

Satureia, 242

Saturnalia, 253

Savory, 237, 242, 322

Scent, 72, 55, 106, 108, 124, 125, 126, 128, 153, 156, 159, 161, 193, 199, 227, 232, 237, 239, 241, 245, 264. See Perfume

Scilla nutans, 136, 207

Seats, garden, 284

Seeds, 67-68, 278-279

Sejanus, 249

Semele, 259

Serving-man's Joy, 230

Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit, 18, 142

Shallow, 51

Shakespeare, 3, 33, 41, 43, 80, 94, 98, 101, 103, 104, 109, 111, 118, 123, 124, 125, 132, 133, 143, 145, 148, 153, 157, 162, 172, 174, 178, 203, 207-208, 215, 219, 230, 248, 256, 257, 264

Shakespeare, quoted, 44, 45, 49, 51, 97, 98, 101, 103, 108, 109, 111, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 143, 145, 155, 161, 174, 175, 178, 190, 191, 207, 225, 230, 231, 237, 239, 244, 247, 257, 258

Shelley, quoted, 124, 158, 161

Shepherd's Calendar, 181, 182

Sidney, Philip, 23

Sidney, Philip, quoted, 28

Simples, 14

Sir Andrew Aguecheek, 86, 264

Sir Toby Belch, 86, 264

Sir John Lubbock, 139

Skeat, 106

Smilax, 213

Snapdragon. Snapdragons, 22, 84

Soil, 278

Solomon, quoted, 18

Sonnet, XCIX, 125, 237

Sonnet, LIV, 157

Sops-in-Wine, 30, 182, 183

Sops-in-Wine, yellow, 36

Sophocles, quoted, 116

Sorcery, plants associated with, 176, 177, 179, 228, 247

Sowbread, 81

Spanish Gipsy, 191

Spenser, Edmund, 48, 143, 224

Spenser, Edmund, quoted, 22-23, 50, 181-182, 191

Sphinx, 172

Spinks, 131

Sports, 37

St. Barnabas, 214

St. Catharine, 219

St. Clotilde, 174

St. Dominick, 160

St. Francis de Sales, quoted, 126, 194

St. John the Baptist, 176, 267

St. John's Eve, 175

Stage-Setting, elaborate, 327

Star of Bethlehem, 166

Stevens, Charles, 68

Still-room, 54

Stock gilliflowers, 22

Strand, gardens in, 33

Strawberry. Strawberries, 18, 62

Strawberry leaves, 44

Strewing, 52

Strewing-plants, 225, 233

Summer's Last Will and Testament, 259

Sun-dials, 21, 274, 286, 288-289, 292

Sun-flower, 7, 196

Sun, flowers associated with, 190, 226, 230

Surflet, Richard, 68, 226

Sweet Balm, 243-244, 323

Sweetbrier, 62, 150-151, 321

Sweet Johns, 30, 85, 188, 189

Sweet Marjoram, 238

Sweet-williams, 21, 22, 62, 85, 188, 189, 298, 323

Sylva, 249

Symbolism, 19

Symbols, floral, 18, 19

Syringa, 82

Taming of the Shrew, 52

Tamora, 264

Tempest, 144, 258

Temple garden, 155

Temple, Sir William, quoted, 56-59

Tennyson, quoted, 103, 209

Terrace, 39, 40, 272-273, 289-292

Thaxter, Celia, quoted, 180, 204-206

Theobald's garden, 27, 33, 39, 51, 301

Thomas, H. H., quoted, 278, 282-284, 294, 295, 315

Thornbury, quoted, 53-55

Thorpe, John, 23

Three-Faces-Under-a-Hood, 201

Thrift, 78, 295, 298

Thyme, 14, 45, 62, 233, 239-241, 295, 323

Thymus serpyllum, 239

Tiger lilies, 163

Tisio, Benvenuto, 187

Titania, 45, 49, 101, 102, 108, 123, 148, 178, 200, 239, 247, 257

Titus Andronicus 264

Tools, gardener's, 8

Topiary work, 15, 39, 48

Tradescant, John, 35, 110, 216

Traveris, Peter, 34

Tricolor, 201

Trinity (clover), 18

Trouvères, 3, 11

Twelfth Night, 44, 86, 123

Two Noble Kinsmen, 94, 108, 120, 197, 239

Tubs, 284-285

Tudor mansions, 23

Tuggie, Mistress, 35

Tuggie, Ralph, 33, 35

Tuggie, Ralph, gardens of, 184

Tuggie, carnation named for, 184

Tuggy. See Tuggie

Tulips, 80

Turkey cocks, 149

Turk's Cap, 36, 162

Turner, William, Dean of Wells, 26, 34

Turner, William, quoted, 176-177, 250

Tusser, Thomas, 34

Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 100, 211, 258

Tussie Mussie, 43, 199

Ulysses, 228

Underworld, 116, 218, 264

Urns, 41

Vases, 41, 284-285

Vegetables, 7

Venus, 119, 133, 159, 160, 219, 221, 234, 238

Venus and Adonis, 133

Vermouth, 248

Viola odorata, 122

Viola tricolor, 200

Violet. Violets, 7, 8, 10, 14, 18, 21, 22, 30, 62, 73, 84, 122-129, 158, 178, 323

Virgil, 261

Virgin, flowers associated with, 130, 160, 164, 190, 234

Viscum album, 261

Vredeman de Vries, 301

Wake Robin, 209, 210

Walks, 41

Wall, 19, 40

Wall flowers, 22, 83

Walpole, Horace, 56

Wanstead, 23

Ware Park, 47

Warden pies, 210

Wars of the Roses, 38

Water-lilies, 166

Watson, Forbes, quoted, 95-97, 104-106, 108, 116-118, 126, 158-159, 171, 212

Whitehill, Fountain at, 286

Windflower, 80, 133

Windsor Castle, 243

Wine, flowers in, 129, 181, 248

Winter cherry, 22

Winter's Tale, 98, 108, 109, 111, 123, 152, 190, 225, 237

Wither, George, quoted, 195

Wolfsbane, 81, 248, 250

Wolsey Cardinal, 274

Wolsey, Cardinal, garden of, 20

Woodbine, 50, 73, 74, 178

Wordsworth, 132

Wordsworth, quoted, 112

Wormwood, 8, 248

Wotton, Sir Henry, quoted, 47, 158, 276

Wreaths and garlands, 13, 128, 181, 221, 234, 265

Yellow Rose of Constantinople, 37

Yellow Lark's heels, 199

York and Lancaster rose, 154

York and Lancaster song, 155

Zouche, Lord, garden of, 35-36

Transcribers Notes:

Italics are shown thus: sloping.

Small capitals have been capitalised.

Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.

Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.

Obvious typos were silently corrected.

Katharine of Arragon was corrected to Katharine of Aragon in the Index.

Rosemarinus was corrected to Rosmarinus and placed accordingly in the index.