Part 97

Soranus, in like manner, gives a very accurate detail of the symptoms and treatment of uterine hemorrhage.

Rhases recommends venesection (but does not point out the cases in which it is applicable); astringent trochisks containing the recrementum ferri; cupping-instruments applied to the breasts; stuffing the vagina with wool smeared in the mixture of frankincense, wild pomegranate-flowers, galls, antimony, acacia, and alum. He also recommends epithemes, and when these things do not succeed, pessaries made with escharotics. In uterine hemorrhage after delivery, he recommends cold astringent applications, and bandages to the extremities. Haly Abbas correctly remarks that uterine hemorrhage sometimes proceeds from plethora of the system, in which case he properly recommends bleeding. When connected with thinness of the blood, he recommends incrassant food. He also makes mention of the usual astringent applications consisting of galls, vinegar, and the like. Serapion and Alsaharavius lay down similar rules of practice. Avicenna, however, is the fullest of the Arabian authorities upon menorrhagia. Like Haly, he states that it sometimes proceeds from plethora, when he recommends us to produce revulsion by bleeding at the arm. When connected with debility, he prescribes astringents. When it proceeds from ulcers, he approves of a combination of agglutinative, astringent, and narcotic medicines. His general treatment during an attack is almost the same as that recommended by Paulus. He mentions acidulated water, vinegar, camphor, alum, galls, &c. Some of his prescriptions contain opium, which is an anticipation of the modern practice in such cases.

SECT. LXIII.—ON THE FEMALE FLUX.

This is a defluxion of the uterus, by which the whole body is purged. Wherefore that which is evacuated is of the same colour as the prevailing humour. It is red when from the ichorous part of the blood; white, from phlegm; pale, from bitter bile; and black from black bile; and sometimes it is watery. If the blood is discharged pure as in venesection, we must attend carefully, lest there be any erosion of the uterus. The flux is recognized by the following symptoms: The parts are moistened with fluids of various colours; the patient is pale; is not nourished; and loathes her food; and is affected with difficulty of breathing when she walks; her eyes are swelled; and the discharge sometimes is accompanied with pain, and sometimes without it; with ulceration or without it; and the ulceration is inflammatory, foul, or clean. Wherefore, when the affection is of a humid nature, we must endeavour to remedy the general system by administering such things as are desiccants, without being manifestly of a heating nature. The whole body is to be rubbed, and anointed with honey properly boiled, and we must give diuretic medicines, such as water in which asarabacca and parsley have been boiled, and evacuate the whole body by the bowels. In addition to these, purslain when eaten, and the juice of it when drunk, are beneficial. Also the flowers of the wild pomegranate, the fruit and flowers of bramble, that part of an oak which is under the membranous part of the trunk, and that which is below the peel of the acorn. Horse-tail in particular stops a red discharge, when drunk with water or wine; or hypocistis; the fruit of lentisk sodden with wine and drunk; Samian aster, Lemnian earth, the rennet of a hare, or of a kid, or of a lamb, or of a calf, or of a stag; grape-stones triturated, myrtles, dried unripe grapes, the bark of the pine, and those things recommended for uterine hemorrhage, unless the most drastic. When the flux is attended with pain, we must inject with an uterine syringe, or clyster instrument, the juice of alica, or of ptisan, or of tragus, or of rice, with some of the anodyne medicines. And during the exacerbations we must soothe; but during the remissions (for it has its periods) we must try to alter the system by different kinds of gestation, walking, vociferation, anointing, cupping, dropaces to the parts above, insolation, friction, depilatories, detergent ointments, sinapisms, emetics from radishes, a restorative regimen, baths, wine, and variety of food.

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COMMENTARY. By the term female flux, Ruffus describes the complaint now called the whites; but our author applies it to any vitiated state of the menstrual discharge.

Hippocrates has given a very good description of the symptoms which sometimes attend leucorrhœa, namely, swelling of the face, paleness of the countenance, enlargement of the belly, anasarca of the limbs which pit upon pressure, short breathing, debility, and so forth. He admits the difficulty of curing such complaints, but directs it to be attempted with diuretics, epithemes, masticatories, a desiccative diet, and exercise. He details many interesting histories of the complaint.

The account which Aretæus gives is nearly the same as our author’s. It is sometimes, he says, attended with a white discharge, and sometimes with a red, of which there are several varieties. It occurs at irregular periods, and in some instances when it continues long it will prove fatal by hemorrhage. The symptoms are various according to the nature of the discharge. His chapter on the treatment is lost.

Aëtius has treated of the red flux and of the white separately. When the discharge is red, he begins with venesection, and then applies to the parts sponges soaked in astringent decoctions, the preparation of which he has described at great length. When the discharge is white, he recommends gestation, vociferation, walking, friction, and applications which are both astringent and detergent. Galen correctly remarks that women of a loose phlegmatic habit of body are most subject to the whites.

Oribasius and Nonnus are little different from our author.

Octavius Horatianus approves of an astringent and desiccative regimen. His advice is to produce vomiting frequently with radishes, to use exercise gradually increased, to change the air frequently, and to apply depilatories, calefacient plasters, and sinapisms to the part. If the discharge is copious, and attended with pain, he advises bleeding.

Eros recommends fumigations with the vapours of various herbs, after which calefacient oils are to be applied upon wool to the part.

The works of the Arabians contain nothing remarkable on this head. Haly Abbas recommends venesection when the discharge is bloody; but, if it consist of other humours, he directs us to administer medicines which promote their discharge; and also to use astringent and stimulant pessaries. Alsaharavius recommends the same medicines, and likewise in particular the warm bath.

SECT. LXIV.—ON INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS, AND CHANGE OF ITS POSITION.

Inflammation of the uterus takes place from several causes; for it may arise from an injury, from retention of the menses, from cold and inflation, not unfrequently from abortions, and from parturition after a misconception. Inflammation of the uterus is accompanied with acute fever; pain of the head and tendons, of the balls of the eyes, of the wrists and of the fingers; retraction of the neck, and retroversion; sympathy of the stomach; and the mouth of the womb is shut up; the pulse small and dense. If the inflammation be weak, they have not violent pain in the uterus; but if it be strong, the pain is of the pulsatory kind, which, when the whole of the uterus is affected, darts through the whole of it, but when the inflammation is confined to a spot, the pain indicates the seat of it. When, therefore, the posterior parts only are inflamed, the pain is in the loins, and hardened lumps of fæces are confined by the compression of the rectum; but when the anterior parts are affected the pain is seated at the pubes, and there is strangury or dysuria from pressure on the bladder. When the sides are inflamed, there is tightness of the groins and heaviness of the limbs; but when the fundus is affected the pain is principally near the navel, with swelling thereof; and when the inflammation is in its mouth there is pain in the hypogastrium, and if the finger be introduced per vaginam, the mouth of the womb will feel hard and unyielding. As to the treatment we must, in the first place, use embrocations of wine and oil, or of wine and rose-oil to the pubes and loins, by means of folds of clean wool without a bandage; and abstinence from food is to be persevered in for three days, after which we are to let blood from the arm, if nothing contraindicate. The patient is to be supported with chondrus out of honied water, bread, or soft eggs, every alternate day. But after the fifth day we are to apply a cataplasm made of fine flour, linseed, or fenugreek, with honied water, in which the heads of poppy have been boiled and thrown away, and oil along with them. But if the inflammation be of an erysipelatous nature, and cannot endure heat, boil melilot in must, and having pounded, add the yelks of roasted eggs, with rose-oil, oil of apples, or of saffron, and apply as a cataplasm; or having boiled dates in diluted wine, pound with fine polenta, and some of the afore-mentioned ointments, and apply as a cataplasm; and when the complaint is on the decline add the cerate of nard or of privet. Throughout the whole treatment the patient must sit in hip-baths prepared from the decoction of fenugreek, linseed, mallows, mugwort, and oil; and those who cannot bear these heating things must use rose-oil dissolved in hot water. Recourse must be had to pessaries, and injections prepared from the sordes of unwashed wool and butter, stag’s marrow, the grease of geese, the ointment called Susinum, and Tuscan wax. When the patients can endure heating things, the pessary called the Golden will suit with them, and the Enneapharmacus; but when they cannot endure heating things, the pessaries are to be prepared from eggs, rose-oil, the fat of geese, or of domestic fowls. For inflammations attended with a greater degree of heat, melt diachylon-plaster in a double vessel with rose-oil, and add the juice of plantain, or of endive, of succory, or of intybus. Or use the following: Of the fresh fat of geese, or of swine, dr. iv; of the cerate of roses, or of the Susinum, oz. ij; of the yelks of roasted eggs, oz. j; of saffron, dr. j; of myrrh, three oboli; of opium, two oboli; or, instead of opium, the decoction of poppy-heads. When the pain is great, give poppy-juice (opium) to the size of a lentil, with woman’s milk, or the juice of fenugreek, as an application per vaginam. For inflammation with hardness, dissolve the ointment called Tetrapharmacum in rose-oil, and introduce or inject. And when there is derangement of the position of the uterus, it is to be treated like inflammation during the violence of the attack; but, during the remissions or decline, emollients are to be applied; and when the complaint is protracted, alteratives (metasyncritica) are to be used. But if there is hardness externally, we must have recourse to malagmata; that from melilots, that of Muasræus, the Icesian, that from apples invented by Serapion, and that from wheat. The diet at first should be light; but when the complaint begins to decline the patient may use the bath, and take a more varied and generous diet.

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COMMENTARY. Aëtius has given from Philumenus a very circumstantial account of the symptoms and treatment of inflammation of the uterus; but, upon the whole, it is little different from our author’s. He also gives, from Aspasia, a fuller account of displacement of the uterus. Without doubt he alludes to retroversion and anteversion of the uterus, as they are called in modern works on midwifery. These cases generally occur in the first months of pregnancy, but there are instances of their happening in the unimpregnated state. (See Burns’ Midwifery, i, 19.) The symptoms, as described by Aëtius, are sufficiently well marked; retention of the fæces, owing to the rectum being obstructed by a tumour; pains in the region of the pubes, and sometimes retention of urine. He directs us to draw off the water by means of a catheter, and to bleed, give emmenagogues, and apply pessaries according to circumstances. Avicenna and Haly Abbas make mention of displacement of the womb, but they appear to have derived all their information from Aëtius.

We shall give a brief outline of Serapion’s treatment in cases of uterine inflammation. He properly begins with bleeding first from the arm, and afterwards at the ankle. He then gives a laxative medicine, and applies a plaster to the region of the uterus. When the complaint is at its acme, he directs us to use fomentations prepared by adding sedatives to such medicines as pomegranate-rind, endive, fleawort, fenugreek, chamomile and dill. When the inflammation does not abate, he directs us to encourage suppuration by the combination of maturative with calefacient medicines, such as a plaster containing fenugreek, barley-flour, figs, pigeon’s dung, &c. Haly’s plan of treatment is little different: General bleeding according to circumstances; cooling draughts composed of purslain, violets, spinage, &c.; plasters of violets, camphor, &c.; hot baths prepared with melilot, mallows, linseed, &c. When there is heat in the parts, he directs us to introduce oil of roses, with the whites of eggs, the grease of hens, &c. to which opium may be added. When the pain is violent, he particularly recommends cooling injections. Alsaharavius recommends bleeding from the arm and at the ankle, diluent and cooling draughts, local applications containing opium, seed of fenugreek, plantain, house-leek, &c. and the tepid bath.

Rhases says that when the womb is displaced, there is vehement pain with distension of the parts; the woman cannot rise nor sit but with difficulty; the urine is retained and sometimes the fæces. He directs us to restore the uterus to its position by drawing its mouth in the opposite direction. Displacement of the womb is also briefly noticed by Hippocrates (de Morb. Mulier. i); by Dioscorides (Meth. Med. i, 37); and by Soranus (Ap. Phys. et Med. Min. ed. Ideler, 256.)

Many of the ancient authorities describe the uterus as consisting of two cavities, separated from one another by a membrane. See, in particular, Theophilus (Comm. in Hipp. Aph. ii, 469, ed. Dietz.) Galen, however, would appear to have been better informed (t. v, 789, ed. Kühn.) The uterus, moreover, is correctly described by Soranus (Ap. Phys. et Med. Min. 256), and by Moschion. (vi.)

SECT. LXV.—ON ABSCESS OF THE UTERUS.

When the inflammation is converted into abscess, all the symptoms formerly mentioned become more intense; and, besides, there are irregular attacks accompanied with rigor, which at first are attended with intense pain; but when suppuration has fairly taken place, there is some remission of it. About the time of the abscess’ bursting, the pains, however, become more keen and seem to attack in a pungent manner; the fevers formerly slight become more oppressive; sometimes there is obstruction of the urine, and sometimes of the fæces, occasioned by the pressure of the affected part of the uterus. Sometimes there is swelling in the region of the pubes, and a sense as it were of fluctuation, when the abscess is large. Abscess in the more exposed parts is discovered by means of the surgical instrument called dioptra, or the touch of the finger, and from the pains being more violent, owing to the nervous nature of the mouth; as when the collection is in the fundus and vagina it is attended with less pain, and no swelling is felt heavy upon the finger, and the mouth of the womb appears less tumid. Wherefore we must promote suppuration by cataplasms of fenugreek, linseed, barley, or wheaten flour intermixed with boiled figs, and sometimes with pigeons’ dung. Let the patient often use the hip-baths recommended for inflammation, and pessaries of turpentine, myrrh, grease of wool and butter. When the abscess bursts, if the matter pass to the bladder, we must give milk to drink, and draughts from the seeds of cucumber; but if it is discharged into the rectum we must throw up injections of lentils and pomegranate-rind. But if it burst into the womb, provided the pus be pure, we may inject rose-oil, or whitened oil, or the ointment composed of four ingredients, which is called basilicon, or fresh butter; but if a thin fetid ichor is discharged, as from a spreading ulcer, we must use an astringent injection of myrtles, dates, and dried lentils; and after the discharge of the humours, if there he inflammation, we must persevere with the cataplasms and hip-baths. When the aposteme is seated about the mouth of the uterus, and does not burst, after the parts which cover the pus have become thin, we must endeavour to procure the evacuation of the pus by a surgical operation, as will be explained in the Surgical part of the Work.

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COMMENTARY. Our author abridges the account given by Aëtius, but has omitted some things of importance. Aëtius directs us, when the abscess is forming, to apply fomentations by introducing a piece of sponge into the vagina, and to steam the uterus by means of a tube calculated to convey the fumes to it. When the pain is violent, poppy-heads are to be added to the cataplasms. The poppy is an ingredient in several of the cataplasms mentioned by Serapion. Avicenna’s treatment is perfectly similar. Oribasius remarks that an abscess may burst by the os uteri, the bladder, or into the rectum. When it makes its way into the rectum, Haly Abbas prescribes clysters composed of such articles as lentils, pomegranate-flowers, Armenian earth, rose-oil, ceruse, dragon’s blood, gum arabic, the yelk of an egg, and vinegar. His general treatment consists of pessaries, plasters, injections into the vagina, and clysters of various cooling and emollient articles.

SECT. LXVI.—ON ULCERATION OF THE WOMB.

The uterus is often ulcerated from difficult labour, extraction of the fœtus, or forced abortion, or injury of the same occasioned by acrid medicines, or by a defluxion, or from abscesses which have burst. If, therefore, the ulceration be within reach, it is detected by the dioptra, but if deep-seated, by the discharges; for the fluid which is discharged varies in its qualities. When the ulcer is inflamed, the discharge is small, bloody, or feculent, with great pain; but when the ulcer is foul, the discharge is in greater quantity, and ichorous, with less pain. When the ulcer is spreading, the discharge is fetid, black, attended with great pains, and other symptoms of inflammation; irritation is produced by relaxing medicines, and relief by the opposite class. When the ulcer is clean, the fluid is small in quantity, consistent, without smell, thick, white, with an agreeable sensation. When the ulcer is inflamed, we must use those things recommended for inflammations. When it is foul, we must inject the juice of ptisan with honey, or basilicon ointment with the oil called Susinum; or honied water, having fenugreek, mallows, bran, or lentil without its husk, boiled in it; and in order to clean it the more, horehound or vetches may be added; or mixing with honey the flour of vetches, or iris, or round alum, or the like, we may inject them; and externally we may apply cataplasms of the same things mixed with honied water. And this medicine is particularly applicable: The finest saffron is triturated with a woman’s milk, and being added to rose-cerate with the grease of a goose, is rubbed upon flocks of wool. But the following is a more effectual application, and one proper for violent pains: Poppy-heads are mixed in diluted must for three days, and then boiled until they become soft; then rose-leaves, dr. v, and saffron, dr. iij, are pounded together, and the decoction of the poppy-heads mixed with them; then wax, dr. ij, melted with rose-oil, are poured on them, and applied on a pessary, anointing with rose-oil. The same good effects may be derived from the preparation of eggs, saffron, rose-oil, the grease of a goose, and stag’s marrow. And the Egyptian ointment without the verdigris answers admirably for the cure of ulceration. When the ulcer is spreading and attended with inflammation, we must apply a cataplasm of warm bread mixed with hydromel, oil, marshmallows, fenugreek, and fatty dates. We must inject also the juice of plantain, of nightshade, of knotgrass, and of endive, first by themselves, but afterwards with austere wine or vinegar. When the ulcer spreads and is without inflammation, we may inject more tonic remedies, such as the decoction of pomegranate-rind, of roses, of olive shoots, of cypresses, of quinces, of bramble, of myrtles, of lentisk, of buckthorn, of sumach, in astringent wine, and afterwards with alum, acacia, lycium, and hypocistis. A hip-bath is also to be prepared from these decoctions. When these things do not succeed, we must use an injection, at first of paper with oxycrate, and then of vinegar, or of the powder called anthera, or of chalcitis, or of copperas, in the same liquids; or of the remedies for dysentery. We must allow wholesome food in small quantities. When the ulcer has become clean, we must bathe more frequently, administer food freely, and give wine, so that the body may soon recover its flesh. In place of a pessary, we may inject the preparation from mulberries, mixed with calamine, Cretan cistus, or plumbago. Externally we may apply the epulotic plaster to the abdomen and loins; for the powers of cataplasms, as well as those of plasters, may be thus communicated by the insensible pores of the skin.

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COMMENTARY. Our author has described the treatment of ulcers in the womb so fully and judiciously, that little of importance can be added to it. It is mostly compiled from Aëtius, who, in his turn, professes to have copied from Archigenes, Aspasia, and Asclepiades.