Part 87

Dysentery is an ulceration of the intestines, sometimes arising from the translation of tenesmus, or some of the disorders of the bowels formerly mentioned, and sometimes being itself the primary affection; and it is attended with evacuations, at first bilious, and of various colours, then, accordingly, bloody, and at last ichorous, like that which runs from dead bodies. Dysentery, arising from black bile, is necessarily fatal, as indicating an ulcerated cancer. If, therefore, the appearances of ulceration be discharged, mixed with the fæces, and attended with pains and tormina, you may be sure that the ulceration is seated in the small intestines, and is to be remedied by medicines swallowed by the mouth; but if the fæces be passed unmixed with the blood, it is an affection of the large intestines, and will yield rather to clysters. When there is a great discharge of blood by itself, the disease is called the bloody dysentery. Sometimes the blood which is discharged is blacker than natural and shining, owing to the liver’s not digesting properly the food which is sent to it; and owing to an atony of the retentive or of the alterative faculty of the stomach, it is discharged from it like the washings of newly-killed flesh. This is called hepatic dysentery, and will be treated of along with the affections of the liver.

In general, therefore, we must use those things which were recommended for cæliac and other preternatural evacuations; but, in particular, the Lemnian earth cures a spreading dysentery when drunk or injected, the intestine being previously washed out with honied water, and afterwards with salt water; and the juice of purslain is proper for dysenteric affections when drunk, or the purslain itself when boiled in oxycrate and eaten. Plantain also is proper, and the fruit and leaves of the bramble, the decoction of the root of marshmallows, the herb horsetail drunk in water or wine, and the juice of it, the unripe fruit of the mulberry dried, and, still more, bramble-berries when similarly dried. Eggs boiled with vinegar and eaten, dry up fluxes of the belly; but it will answer better if, mixing with them some of the articles which are good for dysentery, you fry them, and give to eat. The wine of unripe grapes is most useful in these cases, and the red sumach, and the juice of it, the rind of pomegranate, galls, grape-stones, medlars, myrtles, cornels, the ashes of snails roasted whole. The following is a compound medicine: Of the ashes of snails, p. iv; of galls, p. ij; of pepper, p. j; reduce to a fine powder, and sprinkle upon the condiments, or give to drink in water, or a white watery wine. It greatly helps dysenteric patients, when the ulcers are not putrid. But the dried dung of dogs who have eaten bones, when drank in milk which has been curdled by having heated pebbles put into it, is of great service. The following are compound remedies: The trochisk from Egyptian thorn, that of Philip, that from hartshorn, that from seeds, and the Trigonus. The pills from macer are excellent remedies. The following is an admirable one: Of opium, of saffron, of Indian Lycium (catechu?), of acacia, of sumach, of frankincense, of galls, of hypocistis, of pomegranate-rind, of myrrh, of aloes, equal parts; give in water to the amount of three oboli.—Another: Of sumach, dr. viij; of galls, of pomegranate rind, of each, dr. iv; give in a spoonful of wine.—Another: Of sumach, dr. viij; of galls, of acacia, of gum, of each, dr. ij; of opium, dr. j; give one drachm in diluted wine. This linctus will suit with them: Of black myrtles, one sextarius; of Syriac sumach, one sextarius; of Theban dates, lb. ij; of the flesh of quinces, lb. j; ten sour pomegranates with their rind; of astringent wine, one sextarius: boil to a third, and, having strained, add of honey, lb. vj; and, having boiled to a proper consistence, give for a linctus. It is clear, that the cataplasms should be made from astringents the materials of which you are acquainted with. On account of the tenesmus, which proves a troublesome symptom in dysentery, injections made from the juice of rice, chondrus, or the like, with the tallow of goats, and likewise those recommended in the section on Tenesmus will prove serviceable. But, if there is a discharge of blood, we must inject the juice of knotgrass, or of plantain, with acacia, hypocistis, or the like. But, if this symptom be urgent, we may inject some styptic, such as the ashes of unwashed wool, or of new sponge, which has been soaked in liquid pitch, or the blood of an ox, or liquid alum; or it may be soaked in the juice of asses’ dung in like manner, and burnt. And the trochisk of Andron is an excellent remedy, and that of Musa, and the like. But suppositories of collyria are among the most effectual remedies, more particularly when the discharges are attended with pain. When there is a spreading ulcer in the intestines, which you may ascertain from the fetid smell and putridity of the discharges, and from its not having occurred at the commencement, but after some interval, we must use escharotic injections, such as the trochisks called Faustiani, that from paper, the Bithynian, the Thronian, and that from cork, injected in the decoction of dried lentils, or of some of the other astringents. And the following enema is of approved efficacy: Of burnt omphacis (it is the cavity from which grows the acorn which the tanners use), of arsenic, of comfrey, of Syriac sumach, equal parts. Mix about two spoonfuls of these when pounded together with the juice of rice, and the juice of alkanet that has the thorny, broad, and black leaf (which they call chærospelethron), and with the white of eggs, to the amount of two or three ounces; and give for an injection. Those epithemes apply which were mentioned for cæliac affection. And, in like manner, those liniments to the belly which are composed of astringent and desiccative materials, with some of the glutinous substances, gum, frankincense, taurocolla, fine flour, may have place with the corresponding cataplasms. The food at first should be eggs mixed with milk, and the spoon-meats made from frumentaceous substances, either alone or boiled with milk. And milk itself moderately boiled is an excellent thing. The use of pot-herbs is not necessary; however, we may allow the patients to taste of boiled endive, of succory, of plantain, of cabbage twice boiled, and of the autumnal fruits, such as are astringent, spitting out the fleshy parts, and whatever else will irritate the intestines. When the intemperament is very hot, we must give raw succory, and make the patients drink of cold water. The other drink should be rain-water; and, when the stomach is languid, wine may be taken. Afterwards they may take the drier and more digestible parts of fowls, and use baths of sweet water. But if the flux is brought on by the use of them, soak a large sponge or pieces of bread made from fine flour in wine of Ascalon, or some of the hot astringents, apply to the whole abdomen, bind it on, and order them to bathe in this state.

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COMMENTARY. Consult Hippocrates (Aphoris., de Affect. Epidem.); Galen (Comment. de Med. sec. loc. ix); Aretæus (Morb. Chron. ii, 9); Celsus (iv, 15); Cælius Aurelianus (Pass. Tard. iv, 6); Alexander (vii, 21 and x, 1); Aëtius (ix, 43); Oribasius (Synops. ix, 14, and Loc. Affect. iv, 88); Actuarius (Meth. Med. i, 41); Nonnus (167); Leo (v, 9); Octavius Horatianus (ii, 31); Marcellus (27); Scribonius Largus (xi); Averrhoes (Collig. iv, 59); Avicenna (iii, 16, 2, 7); Serapion (iii, 26); Avenzoar (ii, 1, 5); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 26; Pract. vii, 22); Alsaharavius (Pract. xvii, 1); Rhases (ad Mansor. ix, 72; Divis. 67; Cont. xiii.)

Hippocrates briefly describes dysentery as being a complaint attended with pain throughout the whole belly, tormina, and discharges of bile, phlegm, and blood. The disease, he says, is occasioned by an overflow of phlegm and bile to the veins of the belly, producing erosion and ulceration of the intestines. His treatment consists of purging the head, emetics, opening the belly, emollient clysters, and a regulated diet. In one of his aphorisms he states that a spontaneous vomiting cures dysentery. Another of his aphorisms is that a dysentery commencing from black bile is mortal. Another is, that when substances resembling flesh are discharged by a person affected with dysentery it is a mortal symptom. (iv.) His commentator Theophilus says, in explanation, that it is because the intestines are ulcerated and do not readily heal. (Ed. Dietz, 401.)

Galen treats separately of hepatic dysentery and of dysentery connected with ulceration of the mucous membrane of the intestines. Of his remedies some are astringents, such as galls, alum, dried roses, and hypocistis; some anodyne, such as opium and henbane; some are detergents, such as myrrh, pepper, spikenard, &c.; and some escharotics, such as arsenic, sandarach, the scales of copper, and the like. These last are to be given only in clysters. Modern physicians will be disposed to condemn them without a trial; and yet, as arsenic may be given by the mouth in properly-regulated doses, there appears no good reason why it may not be safely administered in injections. Rogerius, one of the earlier modern writers, speaks favorably of trochisks of arsenic. (i, 37.) Sprengel, however, decidedly condemns the practice. He says of Athenæus: “Il recommandait dans la dyssenterie un lavement dont un mélange affreux d’orpiment et de realgar formait la base.” (Hist. de la Méd.) See Sect. xxix of this Book.

Aretæus gives a very circumstantial description of the symptoms of dysentery, but unfortunately his chapter on the treatment is entirely wanting. He describes all the varieties of ulcers, the superficial, the deep-seated, the irritable, the callous, and the like; and the discharges from them, whether thin, bilious, fetid, devoid of smell, high-seated, or otherwise. Of the other authorities, Alexander may be mentioned as the one who has most correctly pointed out the importance of attending to the part of the intestines in which the ulceration is seated. The large intestines, he says, are most commonly affected. He approves of bleeding in certain cases. His treatment is judiciously regulated according to the exciting causes; and, in many cases, he prescribes gentle laxatives. One of the varieties of dysentery described by him is said to proceed from disorder of the liver, which is impaired in its attractive faculty. This variety he calls hepatic dysentery, which, instead of attempting to cure, as he says many do empirically, by a combination of aloes with astringents, he recommends to be treated according to the nature of the affection and the humour which produces it. His views of the treatment are given at great length.

Celsus gives a very distinct account of the treatment. He enjoins rest, as all motion proves injurious to the ulcers; recommends astringent cataplasms, frequent washing with warm water in which vervain has been boiled, astringent food, injections of ptisan, milk, oil, the decoction of linseed, the yelks of eggs with rose-water, &c. For drink he directs tepid water to be given, either alone or with an austere wine; or, if these things fail, a draught of cold water to stop the discharges from the bowels. When the disease is seated high up, the belly is to be opened.

Aëtius allows the abstraction of a small quantity of blood from the arm when inflammation is present. He says it allays heat, produces revulsion, and induces sleep. His internal remedies are much the same as those of Galen.

Much of our author’s treatment is borrowed from Oribasius.

Octavius Horatianus, like the others, recommends, when the ulcers are attended with putridity, a powder containing arsenic, quicklime, and burnt paper, administered in an astringent wine, or in a decoction of astringent herbs. Marcellus makes mention of a similar application, which he directs to be used only when symptoms of malignity appear.

Cælius Aurelianus gives a very comprehensive description of dysentery, the principal symptoms of which are fever, anxiety, rumbling of the belly, sometimes retention of urine; tongue rough, furred, and black; tenesmus and pungent pains of the intestines and anus. The disease, he says, consists of a defluxion from the belly with ulceration, and is preceded by diarrhœa, cholera, or inflammation. He animadverts upon the treatment of others with his usual freedom. Thus he blames Erasistratus for using nothing but astringents, whereas many cases of dysentery require laxatives. His treatment is minutely detailed, but is not very different from our author’s.

Leo, for bloody dysentery, like our author, recommends pills of macer, the troche of corals, and the decoction of rhubarb.

According to Sprengel, Nonnus is the first author who distinguishes the white dysentery from the red. It is obvious, however, that the distinction between the two varieties had been made by earlier authorities. We may add that Actuarius treats of the bloody dysentery very fully.

The Arabians follow closely the treatment of the Greeks. Injections containing arsenic are recommended by Serapion, Avicenna, and Haly Abbas. Rhases, like Aëtius, admits of venesection in certain cases. He refers the disease, in general, to debility of the retentive faculty of the liver and derangement of the bile. Haly treats separately and minutely first of intestinal dysentery and next of hepatic. The intestinal, he says, is occasioned by ulceration of the intestines. He also describes the bloody dysentery, like our author. His treatment is directed upon general principles. He recommends various clysters; and, when the ulcers are in the rectum, he directs us, among other remedies, to introduce a tent, soaked in a solution of arsenic, quicklime, hypocistis, &c. Some of his stimulant applications, however, are merely detergents, and do not contain septics. The ingredients of his ordinary injections are either emollients or astringents, according to circumstances. The account given by Alsaharavius is valuable, but too long for our limits. Rhases, in cases of protracted dysentery, directs snow to be applied to the belly. In fact most of the ancient authorities recommend cold applications in cases of chronic dysentery.

SECT. XLIII.—ON COLIC AFFECTION.

The colon, being a part of the large intestine, takes its origin in the right iliac region, and passes across to the left, in the form of a belt. The most violent pains arise in it from various causes, either from a thick and pituitous humour shut up between its coats, or from a thick flatus that cannot find a passage out, or from inflammation of the intestine, or from acrid and sharp humours. Those, therefore, who suffer from a thick and pituitous humour, have a deep-seated pain along the whole abdomen, and especially in the region of the colon; there is a sensation as if it were pierced by a wimble; they are troubled with tormina, eructations, nausea, and vomitings of all kinds, but more especially of phlegm. The belly is greatly constipated, so as not to allow the passage even of wind; and any fæces which are discharged seem like the dung of oxen, light and windy. These symptoms are usually preceded by the continued use of food of a cold and incrassating nature, repletion, indigestion, inactivity, and the like. When the attack proceeds from flatulence, there is rather a sense of distension. When it is from inflammation, there is a sense of heat in the part, and no inconsiderable fever, retention of the urine as well as of the fæces, pulsation in the belly, thirst, and troublesome heat, nausea, and vomitings, more especially of bile, which afford no relief. In short, this is the most severe of the colic affections, and threatens to pass into ileus. When acrid and sharp humours are the cause of the pain, the patients, as in the case of inflammation, have heat, thirst, and sleeplessness; if they have fever, it is less than in the former case; their urine is acrid; the alvine discharges bilious; and often along with the discharge from the bowels the pain is aggravated, and exacerbations thereof take place, more especially after heating food or drink. Pains occasioned by cold, viscid, and thick humours are to be cured by such things as are not violently heating; for by things which are thus heating the humours are dissolved and converted into air. Wherefore we must try to incide and concoct them by carminatives, and such medicines as are attenuant and desiccant, without heating much at the beginning of the complaint. The fæces being evacuated from the bowels by suitable clysters, we must use an injection of oil, in which cumin or rue has been boiled, with the grease of a goose or hen; or of a decoction from the roots of wild cucumber, with a drachm of myrrh and some honey and oil; or from myrrh, honey, and Sicyonian oil. And often, when common oil is injected, the vitreous phlegm is discharged along with it, and instantly removes the pain. If, owing to the violence of the pain, the injection be retained, we must apply a suppository of honey, cumin, nitre, and the dried seeds of rue; or of a stalk of cabbage well shaven down and macerated in salt water; or of the ashes of cabbage mixed with honey; or of colocynth triturated with honey, nitre, and cumin. The suppositories should be six fingers’ breadth in length, so that they may extend beyond the sphincter muscle. The anus is to be anointed with the juice of sow-bread, with honey and nitre, or with centaury along with honey and nitre. When the pain is continued, in addition to the afore-mentioned, these injections are to be used: Of turpentine-rosin, oz. j; or of opopanax, dr. i; or of galbanum, dr. iv; of bitumen, an equal part, with, of nitre, dr. j; and of water, oz. j; of oil of rue, oz. v, or more. Embrocations are to be applied to the affected parts from the oil of cumin, of dill, or Sicyonian oil. Cataplasms are to be applied, composed of the medicine called trispermum with cumin, bay-berries, and parsley-seed. Epithemes are to be applied, namely, that from seeds, that from bay-berries, that from meliot, and the polyarchian. Let the patients sit in a hip-bath of the decoction of fenugreek, marshmallows, chamomile, mugwort, dill, bay, and the like. And they may be made to sit in a hip-bath of warm oil, or in oil and water. They should take potions containing wormwood and cumin, in equal parts, or panacea with water, or of castor, of anise, and of the peppers, dr. j, with oxymel. When the pain does not remit, we must give them a draught, containing the medicine from three peppers, or the theriac; and have recourse to a sinapism and dropax during the remissions, and to the natural baths; but they must abstain from bathing in drinkable water, unless compelled to have recourse to them by the urgency of the pain; when, having previously injected some of the afore-mentioned medicines, we must direct them to bathe, and be fomented within the heated walls of the bath, having been previously rubbed with some of the detergent ointments containing nitre. When the pain is violent, we must use those things which are moderately soothing, such as the trochisk of castor, either injected or taken by the mouth, and such like remedies. But powerful narcotics must be avoided, which allay the pain indeed for a short time, but render the affection more protracted by incrassating the offending matter, and occasioning obstruction of the pores of the intestine. When the phlegm is attenuated, we must purge them with hiera picra, or such pills as these: Of aloes, of euphorbium, of pure granum cnidium, of scammony, equal parts. The dose is two scruples. A heating and desiccant diet will suit with them. At first, indeed, they should abstain from food, but afterwards take acrid food. Wherefore we must give them leeks boiled with prepared wine and parsley, and marsh asparagus, raw garlic, more especially if they do not dislike these things; and they may drink of the prepared wine, and take some bread with it. Afterwards we must give them wholesome and digestible food, avoiding a surfeit and indigestion. If it is a flatulent spirit which causes the pain, after carminative injections and draughts, dry-cupping by means of large cupping-instruments, heated and fixed along the whole abdomen, often effects a cure. When the intestine is in a state of inflammation, we must bleed from the arm; but if dysuria prevails, we must likewise open the vein in the ankle, and use the remedies already mentioned, except those things which are acrid and powerfully cathartic; and we must rather use soothing injections, cataplasms, fomentations, placing the patient in a hip-bath of oil. We may also apply cupping-instruments to them, and lay a cerate upon the abdomen, containing, of wax, oz. v; of chamomile, oz. ij; of rose-oil, oz. ij; of the flour of beans, oz. ss; five yelks of eggs pounded with the juice of linseed. The diet should be light, and such as that applicable in fever, until the inflammation be resolved. But if the pain arise from acrid and sharp humours, we must administer injections of oil, in which has been boiled fenugreek or marshmallows, with plain fresh grease of a goose or hen, or the juice of ptisan with rose-oil, or the juice of linseed. They must take the antidote called picra from aloes in a draught, and use baths of sweet waters, and spoon-meats from chondrus or ptisan, and fishes caught among rocks; and, in a word, the whole regimen should be moistening and cooling. The patient must abstain from all acrid food and medicines, and from hot fomentations, by means of embrocations and cataplasms, and from drinking wine, more especially old. When the pain is strong, we may also use narcotics; for they prove less injurious in this case than in any of the others, incrassating and moderately cooling the thin and sharp humours. I am of opinion that the colic affection which now prevails is occasioned by such humours; the disease having taken its rise in the country of Italy, but raging also in many other regions of the Roman empire, like a pestilential contagion, which in many cases terminates in epilepsy, but in others in paralysis of the extremities, while the sensibility of them is preserved, and sometimes both these affections attacking together. And of those who fell into epilepsy the greater number died; but of the paralytics the most recovered, as their complaint proved a critical metastasis of the cause of the disorder. Those, therefore, who were thus affected, a certain physician in Italy cured, in an incredible way, by putting them boldly upon a refrigerant diet. For he gave them unboiled lettuces previously cooled, and succory, in like manner, to eat until they were more than sated; and also grapes, apples, fish which have hard flesh, and, in short, all the crustacea; also the feet of oxen, the bulbi, and the like, namely, things which were not only cold by their powers, but likewise to the touch. He seldom gave wine, and when he did, he mixed it with cold water. And he gave cold water for drink, or cold oxycrate, and prohibited all warm food and that of the middle kind; and, contrary to all expectation, he cured most people in this way, and even some who had begun to experience a conversion of the disease into epilepsy or paralysis.

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COMMENTARY. See Hippocrates (de Affect. xv); Galen (de Med. sec. loc. ix; de Loc. Affect. vi, 2); Aretæus (Morb. Acut. ii, 6; Chron. ii, 8); Alexander (ix, 1); Celsus (iv, 14); Oribasius (Loc. Affect. Curat. iv, 87); Leo (v, 13); Aëtius (ix, 29); Actuarius (Meth. Med. i, 45); Pliny (H. N. ix, 37); Nonnus (170); Scribonius Largus; Cælius Aurelianus (Tard. Pass. iv, 7); Marcellus (de Med. 29); Serapion (iii, 32); Avicenna (iii, 16, 4); Avenzoar (ii, 1); Haly Abbas (Pract. vii, 28); Alsaharavius (Pract. xvii, 2, 12); Rhases (Divis. 69; Contin. xxi.)

Hippocrates treats very sensibly of the colic pains which occur in summer, recommending for them emetics of tepid mulse and vinegar, warm clysters, the warm bath, fomentations, soporifics, and purgatives, according to circumstances. When the pains are seated in the lower part of the belly, he merely gives clysters and laxatives.

Galen gives a long list of preparations for colic. They consist principally of narcotics, such as opium, henbane, and mandragora, along with carminatives and aromatics, as anise, pepper, valerian, cinnamon, saffron, gentian, and the like.

Aretæus concludes his chapter on ileus with a short account of colic. He remarks that the colon being a larger and more fleshy intestine than the ileum, the pain is less acute, and the complaint in so far less dangerous. The pain, he says, sometimes extends to the side, resembling pleurisy; sometimes to the false ribs, resembling hepatitis or splenitis; and sometimes to the os sacrum, tops of the thighs, and testicles. The complaint is attended with unavailing vomiting; and what is vomited is thin, bilious, and oily. He also describes a more protracted species of colic among the chronic diseases. Among the symptoms he enumerates torpor, loathing of food, watchfulness, and swelling of the face. He says the pain sometimes shoots down to the testicles, whereby ignorant surgeons have been led into the mistake of supposing that the disease was seated there, and have made an incision into the cremasters. Does he allude to the operation for strangulated hernia? or does he mean to say that the disease is confounded with inflammation of the testicle? His treatment of ileus will be given in the next Section.

Alexander insists strongly on the absolute necessity of distinguishing colic from the diseases of the adjoining parts, which, he remarks, is sometimes difficult. He first treats of colic pain arising from a cold humour, and discusses fully the remedies for it. They are nearly such as our author recommends, namely, attenuant food, including white wines in cases of flatulence; avoiding the common bath, which does no good, but using the sulphureous bath if convenient; rubbing the affected parts with calefacient ointments, or applying heated bricks to them; purging with aloes, scammony, and the like; using the hip-bath made with the decoctions of parsley and anise, common oil, and the like; applying epithemes; administering clysters of hot oil, either alone or with some carminative, such as turpentine; giving narcotics, as opium and henbane, when the humours are thin and acrid, but not otherwise; applying sinapisms and calefacient plasters; sometimes giving emetics; and in protracted cases enjoining exercise. When the disease proceeds from flatulence, he applies dry fomentations of millet, calefacient oils, and a cupping-instrument to the belly. When it is occasioned by constipation, he directs us to remove the obstruction by giving water, oil, and mead, and administering the same in clysters. In obstinate cases he directs us to inflate the bowels with a bellows, and afterwards to inject a little nitre and oil and water. He also speaks of pills or pellets of lead. When it proceeds from hot and bilious humours, he gives for food fish, the testacea, the most indigestible parts of quadrupeds; and recommends the common bath, and purging with drastic cathartics, such as hellebore and scammony. When inflammation is the cause, he forbids purgatives, because they only increase the evil, but recommends general bleeding repeated at intervals; and, if the urine is suppressed, bleeding at the ankles; also emollient clysters, external applications of a soothing nature, and baths after venesection, but not before.

Celsus recommends principally dry fomentations, friction of the extremities, and dry cupping. He also mentions a medicine called the colic composition, consisting of poppy tears, pepper, anise, castor, spikenard, myrrh, &c.

The beginning of Cælius Aurelianus’s chapter on colic is unfortunately lost. He approves of venesection, fomentations of sweet oil, and injections of the same; but disapproves of adding rue, anise, or anything calefacient to them; speaks favorably of cupping and leeching, which are to be followed by hot fomentations with sponges squeezed out of warm water, or by the hip-bath. As to the calefacient and acrid things usually given, namely, parsley, cumin, and the like, he properly directs them to be avoided when inflammation is present. In this case he recommends the bath of oil. When the complaint is on the decline, he approves of gestation, of friction of the belly with rubefacients; and of sinapisms, calefacient plasters, and the like. He speaks favorably of a long sea-voyage, and of the use of medicinal springs, especially sulphureous, and directs indigestion and everything of a flatulent nature to be guarded against.

Several of the other Greek and Latin authorities, especially Aëtius, treat of colic with admirable precision; but, as their remedial measures are much the same as those already mentioned, we shall not attempt to give any account of them.

Serapion’s divisions and treatment are nearly the same as our author’s. Avicenna, however, treats of the complaint more fully and circumstantially than any other ancient author, but the length of his description prevents us from giving an abstract of it. We may mention, however, that when the pain is violent he approves of narcotics both by the mouth and in clysters. Among the causes of colic mentioned by Haly Abbas is debility of the intestine, so that it can neither digest the food nor evacuate it. Haly justly remarks that the inflammatory colic is the worst species of the disease, for that in it the patient experiences no relief from evacuations, and the danger is imminent. With regard to the treatment of it, he forbids purgatives, which do but increase the irritation; and recommends bleeding, emollient drinks, plasters, &c. In flatulent colic his remedies are purgatives and carminatives, such as hiera with anise, fenugreek, cucumber, mastich, &c. In all cases he approves much of clysters. Alsaharavius enumerates the following causes of colic: A hot intemperament, hernia, indurated fæces, cold humours impacted in the intestines, and the presence of some poisonous medicine. We dare scarcely venture upon an exposition of the minutiæ of his treatment. When the disease is occasioned by retention of hard fæces, he recommends oily injections, baths, and diluent draughts. When it arises from gross humours, he agrees with Galen in approving of strong wine, clysters of dill, chamomile, fenugreek, and the like, boiled in water. Rhases directs us to give emetics when the disease arises from indigestion. He probably alludes to duodenal disease. He mentions alvine calculi and worms among the causes of colic. He particularly recommends the warm bath and clysters.

Our author’s interesting account of the epidemical colic is copied by Avicenna; but neither he nor any other subsequent authority supplies the smallest additional information. Pliny seems to allude to an epidemical colic which prevailed in the reign of Tiberius, but gives no satisfactory account of it. (H.N. xxvi, 6.) The Jewish physician Moyses Alatinus gives the following description of a pestilential colic resembling that described by Paulus and Avicenna: “Colicam, iliacamque, hujus generis, contagiosas passiones, quas hoc in loco refert Avicenna, memini me olim vidisse in civitate Mantuæ anno 1560, mensibus nimirum Augusti et Septembris, quia publicè tunc temporis ejusmodi passiones contagiosæ per universam civitatem grassabantur, cum sævis symptomatibus, assiduo nempe, ac urgente vomitu bilis porraceæ in magna copia, nec non etiam æruginosæ, lipothymia, assiduâ febre malignitatis non experte, ac siti immensâ, ac in eâdem familiâ plurimi eo morbo oppressi inveniebantur,” &c. (Marciæ Prælect. 276.) See Book Second, Sect. XXXVI.