Part 72

The paralysis of the extremities after colic, mentioned by our author, and after him noticed by Avicenna and Haly Abbas, was, no doubt, the same disease as the palsy after colica pictonum described by modern authors. De Haen has given a masterly description of this disease. (Rat. Med.)

Rhases states decidedly that the skin of paralytics may retain its sensibility, although the muscular motion be lost. In a word, he maintains that the nerves of sensibility and motion may be affected separately. He remarks, however, that a part can scarcely retain its powers of motion when the sensibility is entirely gone. He says that he had known several cases of paralysis cured by a natural diarrhœa. His general remedies are bleeding, purging, and rubefacient applications. He, and several of the authorities referred to by him, recommend the warm salt-water bath for the cure of paralysis.

SECT. XIX.—ON CONVULSIONS, OR SPASMS.

The consideration of spasms naturally follows that of paralysis, because both are affections of the nerves; and, for the same reason, we shall next treat of tremors. When, therefore, spasms come on at the commencement of the complaint, or nearly so, and are protracted, they have their origin in plethora; but when they supervene after copious sweatings, vomitings, discharges from the bowels, hemorrhages, watchfulness, hunger, or much and violent exercise, they proceed from depletion. If they suddenly attack a person in health, they must necessarily proceed from plethora. But when from ardent fevers the nerves and whole body are dried, and then spasms come on owing to the dryness, this is one of the worst possible cases, and is almost incurable. Wherefore, we must, in the first place, bind gently the limbs which are contracted, and resist their inordinate motions, and rub them with oil of rue, Sicyonian or old oil, or the like; and the patients must take propomata of honied water. In convulsions from depletion, warm oil, or oil and water, are to be poured upon the patients, and if nothing contra-indicate, they may be put into a bath. We may use a tepid hip-bath with oil, and the gentlest friction. For food, they must take spoon-meats of chondrus and alica; and we may allow them a thin watery wine of easy diffusion if they have no fever. Then we must use the juice of ptisan and promote sleep. Spasms occasioned by plethora or inflammation, we may cure by diminishing the fulness, and removing the inflammation by suitable remedies. Spasms come on also during the agitations of violent vomitings, which cases are benefited by drinking infusions of the root of cotton-thistle, or of the white thorn, or of the Egyptian thorn; but some give the juice of the slender centaury to drink when the convulsions arise from plethora; and one should not only drink it, but rub the skin externally with castor and Sicyonian oil. If they do not cease, cupping-instruments, with scarifications, should be applied; when the legs are affected, along the ischium and the last vertebra; and when the arms are convulsed, to the back, to its first vertebra, and the one above the shoulder. When the rest of the body is not affected, but one of the lips, eyebrows, or tongue, is contracted, the symptom is to be reckoned dangerous and alarming, although the parts affected be but small in size. Wherefore you must abstract blood from the hind-head, and from over the first vertebræ.

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COMMENTARY. See Hippocrates (Aphor. v, 70); Galen (Comment.; de Loc. Aff. iii; Meth. Med. xii); Celsus (ii, 1); Cælius Aurelianus (Morb. Acut. iii, 6); Aretæus (de Morb. Acut. i, 6); Leo (ii, 17); Nonnus (38); Octavius Horatianus (ii, 10); Aëtius (vi, 38); Oribasius (Synops. viii, 16); Avicenna (iii, 2, 5, 6, 7); Serapion (i, 27); Avenzoar (ii, 3, 10, and i, 10, 3); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, 21); Rhases (Divis. i, 16, and Contin. i.)

Aëtius and Oribasius treat of spasms in nearly the same terms as our author. We shall give an account of the doctrines of Aretæus and Cælius Aurelianus in the next section. The principles of our author’s treatment are mostly derived from Galen. The Arabians adopt his views without the slightest modification.

SECT. XX.—ON TETANUS AND ITS VARIETIES.

Tetanus also, being a spasm, takes place from the muscles of the body, and more particularly those about the spine, being as it were congealed by a cold humour, fixing both within and without; and hence they are incapable of bending themselves. But when the parts of the body are bent forwards, the affection is called emprosthotonos; when backwards, opisthotonos; and, when the parts are stretched equally both ways, the affection is called tetanus. Pelops says that these affections consist of a tension and contraction of the muscles and nerves about the neck, by which stooping, nodding, and turning of the head are performed; that if the affection be seated in the posterior muscles of the neck, the disease is, from this circumstance, called opisthotonos; when in the anterior, emprosthotonos; and if both are affected, tetanus. The cause, he says, is a flatus, and thick and nebulous air filling the muscles. He says that it is very cold and congealed, and that this is the cause of the difficulty of motion; and that, therefore, dry fomentations, and not moist, are most suitable to them. And these are the varieties of tetanus. “But,” he adds, “the cure of all is the same, and does not change with the varieties. Wherefore, the most potent remedy for them all is a fever supervening, when there was none at the commencement.” The symptoms are a moaning respiration, pulse rare and small, and sometimes a sardonic laugh comes on; the face is red, and their eyes appear larger than natural; their urine is either wholly suppressed, or it resembles common water, or is somewhat bloody, and contains certain bubbles; the belly is dried up; they cannot sleep; and often, from the violence of the spasms, they are in danger of falling out of their beds; they sometimes have singultus, and pains in the head, or between the shoulders and loins; and some have tremors. The disease is occasioned sometimes, though rarely, by fatigue, by lying upon the ground, lifting of weights, a fall, a wound, a burn, and a blow, or any other thing which can bring on such an injury of the nerves. The disease is to be cured like convulsions from depletion.

The cure of the varieties of tetanus. In treating tetanic spasms, we must begin with phlebotomy, and wrapping the parts in wool which has been dipped in oil, namely, the Sicyonian and castor with old oil; or a broad bladder containing hot oil may be applied to the tendons. Cupping, with scarifications, is to be applied; for dry cupping is hurtful. The neck, both sides of the spine, the muscular parts of the breast, the hypochondria, and the region of the bladder or kidneys, should be cupped. We must not be sparing of the detraction of blood, nor yet take away too much at a time, but at intervals. The sweats should be absorbed by the wool dipped in oil, lest the patient happen to catch cold. If the attack of tetanus continue long, the patient must be put into a hip-bath of oil twice a day, but not allowed to remain long in it; for, of all applications, the bath of oil is the most debilitating. Let him drink tepid hydromel boiled to the one half; and the robust may take a drachm of opopanax; or, if not so much, three oboli, or at least one obolus, if we are afraid of its proving injurious to the stomach. We must also give gum ammoniac; or the Cyrenaic juice, to the size of a tare, made up with well-boiled honey, may be swallowed. Two spoonfuls of the root of laserwort may be given in three cyathi of honied water, or in its decoction; or one drachm of myrrh, in honied water, or the decoction of hyssop. But the least dangerous and most effectual remedy is castor, to the extent of two or three spoonfuls, in divided doses. And it will do no harm, if you give it after a meal; but the drink and the other things should be taken slowly and by degrees; for if swallowed with difficulty, the drink regurgitates at the nose, the violent agitations of which bring on convulsions. The anus should be smeared with oil of rue, along with opopanax, and the same things are to be given in a clyster. The affusion of cold water being, as Hippocrates says, exceedingly hazardous, and, for that reason, I suppose, rejected by succeeding authorities, we too are disposed to condemn.

A liniment. Of nard (valerian), one sextarius; of wax, oz. ij; of malabathrum, of amomum, of storax, and of mastich, of each, oz. j; of castor, of adarce, of euphorbium, of pepper, of each, oz. j; of spikenard, of opobalsam, of each oz. j.

A potion for opisthotonos. Of the root of panacea, of white pepper, of costus, of myrrh, of poppy juice, equal parts. Give to the size of the vetch called aracus at bedtime. It is also a remedy for orthopnœa. Let the diet be attenuant, of easy diffusion, and by all means not excrementitious.

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COMMENTARY. Consult all the works referred to in the preceding Section; also, Celsus (iv, iii); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 10, 11, Pract. v, 31); Alexander Aphrodisiensis (Prob. i, 53.)

Hippocrates, Plato, Galen, Horatianus, and Avicenna agree in stating that a fever coming on tends to remove the tetanic affection. Cælius Aurelianus seems to question the truth of this ancient aphorism. According to Hippocrates, tetanus generally proves fatal within four days, or, if not, recovery takes place. He disapproves of the cold affusion in cases of traumatic tetanus (Aph. v, 21); Alexander Aphrodisiensis, however, speaks rather favorably of it.

Aëtius, Oribasius, and Nonnus, like our author, recommend bleeding, emollient fomentations, and the bath of oil. Archigenes (ap. Aëtium) directs the bath to be prepared by adding a fifth part of oil to the water.

The treatment recommended by Celsus is judicious and not unlike our author’s. He expresses himself hesitatingly about venesection, and forbids the early use of wine. He approves of opening the bowels.

Aretæus says that tetanus is a painful spasm, sometimes proving speedily fatal, and always difficult to cure. Like the moderns, he mentions the three varieties of it, namely, emprosthotonos, opisthotonos, and tetanus. The disease, according to his account, may arise from a variety of causes, such as a wound of a muscular or nervous part, abortion, and excessive cold. When it arises from the two causes first mentioned, it is said to be generally fatal. His description of it is given in his usual graphic manner. He advises the physician not to compromise himself by meddling with the case when the disease is fairly established. His treatment is altogether soothing and relaxant. He recommends us to lay the patient upon a soft warm bed, and, from whatever cause the complaint arise, to begin with abstracting blood from the arm. Then soft liquid food is to be given, and the whole body wrapped in wool moistened with some calefacient oil; or bladders half filled with tepid oil are to be applied to the parts most affected. He directs us to cup the back part of the neck, but cautions against exciting irritation by the application of heat. To the wound he recommends suppurative applications containing frankincense, turpentine-rosin, and the like; for he remarks (and the fact is confirmed by the experience of the late M. Larrey, who recommends a similar mode of practice) that, when tetanus supervenes, the sore becomes dry. He praises castor and assafœtida as antispasmodics; and, if these cannot be swallowed, they are to be given in an injection. He advises also hiera to be given in an injection.

Cæelius Aurelianus enumerates nearly the same causes as Aretæus, and describes all the symptoms of the disease with the greatest precision. His treatment also is nearly the same as that of Aretæus, namely, emollient applications to the neck, venesection, and oily clysters. He even enjoins the bath of oil, which has fallen into disuse in modern practice, most probably solely on account of the expense with which it would be attended. He also permits sometimes the use of the common bath, but not of cold water. He allows wine in certain cases. He condemns Hippocrates for giving both wine and emetics, and having recourse to venesection, without due discrimination. He blames him also for recommending the affusion of cold water, inasmuch as he himself had pronounced cold to be injurious to the nerves, bones, &c. Galen, however, remarks, in his Commentary upon this Aphorism of Hippocrates (sect, v, 21), that cold, in this case, is not the direct cause of the benefit derived from this remedy, but (if we understand him right) that the shock which it imparts to the system proves beneficial, by rousing the vital heat and energies of the patient. Hippocrates, however, as stated above, forbade the cold affusion in traumatic tetanus. Our author’s opinion of this practice is just such as the profession in general now entertain, after it has received another trial upon the recommendation of the late Dr. Currie. (See ‘Medical Reports,’ and Larrey’s ‘Mémoires de Chirurgie’, t. 1.)

Octavius Horatianus recommends bleeding, emollient applications, purgative clysters, the tepid bath, antispasmodics, and soporifics. The use of the last-mentioned class of remedies does not appear to have been sufficiently understood by the ancients; at all events they were less partial to them in this case than the moderns.

The Arabians enjoin nearly the same treatment as the Greeks. Avicenna and Mesue join the preceding authorities in recommending strongly the use of castor and assafœtida as antispasmodics. Avicenna, like all the others, praises the bath of oil. Serapion speaks of a bath prepared with emollient herbs. Haly Abbas describes minutely the two varieties as occasioned by repletion and inanition. For the former, he approves of purging with hot drastic purgatives, of rubbing the part affected with hot oils, and of using the warm bath with friction after it. He also approves of castor. For the other variety, he praises the affusion of plain water in which lettuces, barley, &c. have been boiled. He recommends the internal use of milk and other demulcents, and the bath of oil, and rubbing the body with oil of violets. The treatment recommended by Alsaliaravius is very similar. Rhases mentions Hippocrates’ proposal of the cold affusion; but, like our author, he rather disapproves of it. He himself recommends bleeding, when there are symptoms of repletion, emollient applications to the neck, the bath of oil, the application of leeches to the part affected, purging with aloes, &c. and the administration of antispasmodics, such as castor, assafœtida, and the like.

SECT. XXI.—ON TREMBLINGS.

Trembling is generally occasioned by a weakness of the nerves (old age is a proof of this); but there are many particular causes which occasion it; for it arises from a cold intemperament, from draughts of cold water, more especially if taken unseasonably during a fever, also from a redundance of cold and viscid humours, and from the too liberal use of wine. Those, therefore, who have tremblings from any obvious error in regimen, must abstain from the things which prove injurious to them. And, again, when the tremor remains during fevers, we must first rub the body with Sabine oil; but in the remissions of the attacks with old or Sicyonian oil. Let the extremities after being anointed, be wrapped in soft wool, and then let cupping instruments be applied along the spine, from the first vertebra to the loins; these parts, together with the hypochondria, being previously covered over with raw barley-meal. Let them also be wrapped with wool out of old or Sicyonian oil. But if the fever continue, every alternate day let them be put into a hip-bath of oil, or oil and water, and use soft frictions. But if the affection be prolonged, and cold is suspected, they should take a propoma, or sweet potion, of honied water and castor, and be carried about in warm places; and we ought to give them food of easy distribution, at first spoon-meats, and afterwards such fowls and fishes as have tender flesh. When the fever is gone, they must be washed, avoiding the cold bath and wine. But, if there be a fulness of thick and viscid humours, we must use remedies of an incisive and attenuant nature. They are these: Of the shoots of rue, of cow-parsnip, as much as can be contained in three fingers; of castor, of nitre, of each two oboli. Give every day one spoonful with oxymel, for three days while fasting; or of panacea and pepper, five grains; take in a draught of a cyathus of honied water. The following simple things in proportion relieve tremors: Castor, the brain of a hare eaten, the decoction of the root of marshmallows, of the leaves of water plantain, dr. iv, in honied water, hemp agrimony with water. When the cold prevails, we may use the liniment of Zosimus, and the restoratives, liniments, and rubefacients described above for paralysis, also exercises and frictions. Those who have tremblings from drinking wine must abstain from wine altogether, until a complete cure take place.

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COMMENTARY. See Galen (de Tremore, et alibi); Nonnus (40); Cælius Aurelianus (de Morb. Acut. iii, 7); Mesue (de Ægr. Cap. 5); Serapion (i, 3); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 11, Pract. v, 32); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, 24); Rhases (ad Mansor. ix, 8.)

Galen, in the work referred to above, explains the rationale of this affection with his usual penetration, but at too great length to allow of our entering upon an exposition of it. The others treat of it similarly to our author. Thus Haly Abbas mentions various causes of tremors, such as old age, drinking cold water unseasonably, excessive indulgence in wine or venery, inanition, and the like. He recommends aloes and castor, the hot bath, friction with calefacient oils, and other such remedies. Serapion gives a sensible account of the nature of the affection, and recommends fetid or antispasmodic remedies internally, and friction with calefacient oils externally. When it is occasioned by exposure to cold, Rhases recommends the hot bath and insolation. We may mention here that Hippocrates has given a very accurate history of a case of delirium tremens. (Epid. iii, 5.)

SECT. XXII.—ON DISEASES OF THE EYE; AND FIRST OF PAIN, FROM GALEN.

When violent pains in the eyes take place, consider from what diathesis the eye happens to be pained in the inflammations; for they are either occasioned by the pungency of an acrid defluxion, or from the coats being over filled and stretched, or from the distension of thick humours or of flatulent spirits. When the pains proceed from pungency, they are to be cured by evacuating with purgatives, and by injecting into the eye the white of an egg. When the inflammation is concocted, if the body be free of impurities, the most befitting remedies are baths. Inflammations from plethora are to be cured by the detraction of blood, purging the belly, and applying friction to the inferior extremities. Those from distension are to be cured by first evacuating the whole body, then by occasioning a revulsion downwards of the humours, and afterwards by using topical applications of a discutient nature. The eyes must be fomented, and the decoction of fenugreek poured into them. When the vessels of the eye are distended with thick blood, while there is no plethoric diathesis in the general system, the patient must drink wine which has the power of heating, evacuating, and removing obstructions.