Part 65

Having first scrubbed the head, anoint the hair with the root of cow-parsnip in undiluted wine.—Another: Having shaved the head, and scrubbed it, take a young pine kernel, and burn it until it be reduced to ashes, put it into a mortar and pulverize it, adding myrtle ointment, until it be of the thickness of honey, and thus anoint the head with it.—Another: Rub in equal parts of myrtles and beet, with oil.—Another: Twenty galls; of maiden-hair, oz. ij; pound with sea-water until they attain the thickness of honey. Having rubbed the hair with urine, or lixivial ashes, and cleaned it with warm water, anoint it with this medicine for two days, then stopping, on the third day clean it, and, having shaved, anoint with myrtle oil. This will render the hair smooth, and curled, and black; but it will be more curled if you shave before using it.

Preservatives of hoary hairs, and other compositions for dyeing them black. Of the oil of unripe olives, three sextarii; of spikenard, dr. j; of unguis aromaticus (sweet-hoof?), dr. iv; of schænanth, dr. iv. Boil with oil, and separately pound and dissolve carefully one ounce of the juice of acacia in wine. When only a third part of the oil remains, strain it, and mixing with the acacia, lay it up in a vessel, and anoint with it every day.—Another: Of the bark of green walnuts, oz. iij; of the root of the ilex, oz. iij; of dark-coloured wine, three sextarii; boil to a third part, and, having strained, pound the remainder with one sextarius of myrtle oil. To be used every day.

An infusion for dyeing the hair black. Of galls, one sextarius, of elm-leaved sumach (rhus coriaria), two sextarii; of the leaves of privet, an equal quantity; of black myrtle leaves, the same; of cinnaris a handful; of poppy-heads the same; of lake water, twelve sextarii. Macerate for many days, boil to a third, then rub and anoint the head. When the hairs are dry anoint with an acetabulum of Cimolian earth, and an equal quantity of quicklime. Dissolving these things in the juice of boiled beet, anoint with it, and then, for the sake of protection, put over it the leaves of beet, and, when they adhere properly, wash in the bath with it.

For dyeing tawny hairs, and making them of a bright yellow colour. Take of myrrh, one part; of the flower of salt, one part; pulverize carefully, and, having made it of the thickness of the sordes of a bath, scrub the head, anoint it with the ointment, and allow it to remain a night and a day, and then order it to be wiped off.—Another: Rub in unripe lupines with water.—Another: Of litharge, dr. j; of Cretan earth, dr. iv; of quicklime, dr. j; with water make to the thickness of bath sordes, and anoint. Apply the leaves of beet for two or three days, and then clean.

For making black hairs yellow. Add the lees of wine to the sordes of a bath, and, having made it to the consistence of cerate, use it when you are going to sleep, and in the morning the hairs will be yellow.—Another: Macerate the leaves of privet in the juice of Fuller’s herb (struthium), and use the infusion.

A gold-coloured dye. Of alum, dr. vj; of red arsenic, dr. vj; of saffron, dr. ij; of the thapsus used by dyers, called herba rubia by the Romans, dr. viij; of the lixivial ashes used by the bonnet-makers, four sextarii; boil the ashes and the thapsus pounded together, and, when but one half remains, squeeze out the juice, and dissolve in it the alum, red arsenic, and saffron; put it into a glass vessel, and, at the time of using, first scrub the head, and then anoint with it. When it is all drunk up, clean with the decoction of fenugreek, barley, and cumin, having previously washed them with a sufficiency of tepid water, and add as much soap as is required.—Another: Mixing together the burnt lees of wine and the oil used in the baths, anoint the hairs.—Another: Scrub with Gallic soap and water at each bath.—Another very fine: Of red sumach, one sextarius; of galls, lb. iss; of sheep’s dung, oz. ij; of the golden-coloured herb, called rubia by the Romans, oz. ij; of maiden-hair, two bunches (fasciculi); of wormwood, one bunch; of lupines stripped of their outer coat, two cyathi; of water, six sextarii; put all into a glass vessel, and allow to macerate for nine days, stirring it twice a day. At the time of using, strain out what is required, and, soaking a sponge in it, rub the hairs, and when they are moistened allow them to drink it up. When dried, wash with a solution of soap in warm water.

For making the hairs white. Burn the flowers of the white petty-mullein, moisten with vinegar, and mix for a detergent ointment.—Another: Of the fruit of petty-mullein, dr. j; of alum, dr. j; of the rind of radishes, dr. j; pound, and mix of bull’s glue, dr. iv.

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COMMENTARY. Galen, when about to treat of compositions for the hair, remarks that the application of these does not belong properly to the physician, but that he may sometimes be obliged to furnish them to royal ladies, whom, under certain circumstances, he cannot venture to disobey. That the ladies, in ancient times, were in the practice of painting their hair, is evident from Achilles Tatius (ii, 149), and Juvenal (vi, 354.) Eustathius mentions that antimony was very much used for painting the eyebrows black. (Comment. in Iliad, viii, versus finem.)

For further information upon this subject, with which we must confess ourselves wholly unacquainted, we refer the reader to the following works: Alexander (i, 3); Oribasius (iv, 7, 8); Aëtius (vi, 58); Nonnus (2, 3); Octavius Horatianus (i, 1); Avicenna (iv, 7, 1); Alsaharavius (Pract. xvii, 7); Rhases (ad Mansor. v, and Contin. xxxvi.) Vegetius, the great authority on Veterinary Surgery, gives prescriptions for dyeing the hair of cattle. (Mulom. ii.)

The thapsus mentioned in this Section occurs in Theocritus (Idyl. ii, 88,) and is said by the scholiast to be a Scythian wood for dyeing the hair. It also occurs in Nicander (Ther. l, 529). His metaphrasist, Eutecnius, says that it grows in Sicily. Lucan, in like manner, calls it Erycina thapsus, i. e. Sicilian thapsus. (Pharsal. ix, 916.) It is impossible to determine exactly what tree it was.

The opinions of the philosophers regarding the hair may be learned from Aristotle (H. A. iii), and Pliny (H. N. xi, 94.) Both state that the hair and also the nails grow after death; and Philoponus mentions this circumstance as a well-known fact. See Comment. in Aristot. de Anima, Præfat. It may be proper to mention that Bichat and other modern physiologists have been of the same opinion.

SECT. III.—ON PITYRIASIS.

Pityriasis is an eruption of small furfuraceous substances on the skin of the head, or the rest of the body, without ulceration. It is occasioned, either by depraved humours which have been determined to the head, or by a saltish phlegm, or by bilious or melancholic blood. After the general system has been evacuated, as formerly described, we must use some of the under-mentioned remedies. Having first macerated Cimolian earth in water, mix with the juice of beet, and anoint it, allowing it to remain until dry, then wash it away, and, having pounded frankincense with wine and oil, anoint with them. Next day, rub in stavesacre with oil.—Another: Of nitre, of the burnt lees of wine, of ben-nut, of each, lb. j; of stavesacre, lb. iss. Dissolve in wine, and rub the head; or, if the rest of the body be affected with tingling, it may be used dry. When the pityriasis is more humid, wash with brine or the decoction of lupines. Of this remedy I have had ample experience.

On psydracia and exanthemata of the head. The psydracia are small protuberances, like blisters, elevated above the skin. The exanthemata are superficial ulcerations, somewhat red and rough. Both are to be cured by the under-mentioned remedies: Of litharge, dr. ij; of ceruse, dr. iv; of alum dr. ij: of the green leaves of rue, dr. ij; pound with vinegar and myrtle-oil, and anoint.—Another: Pounding rue and alum with honey, anoint with this the head, after having first shaved it. If the head is excoriated, apply olive leaves boiled with honey.—Another: Of litharge and ceruse, of each, dr. xij; of native sulphur, dr. viij; mix with myrtle cerate.

For the thick and red ulcers of the head, resembling papulæ, or small nipples, from which ichor is discharged. Having first shaved the head and scrubbed it with water and nitre, use native sulphur livigated with human urine; or anoint with melanteria and vinegar.

For achores and favi. The complaint called achor is one of those which affect the skin of the head, corroding the skin by very small perforations, from which a discharge of viscid humour takes place. The complaint called favus is nearly allied to it in appearance, since it consists of larger perforations resembling the combs of bees, containing a honey-like fluid. They are occasioned by a nitrous and saltish phlegm. In such cases, the diet should consist of wholesome food; and everything that is acrid and saltish should be avoided, more particularly if the attack be inflammatory. After the proper evacuation of the prevailing humour, having shaved the hairs, foment twice, thrice, or oftener, with warm water, in which has been boiled myrtle, bramble, or lentil, or bitter lupines, or the root of asparagus. When the ichorous discharge is greater, apply a cataplasm of the leaves of willow, with water, or of lentil. The ointments used should consist of Cimolian, Cretan, or Samian earth, or pompholyx, or spodium, or litharge, or cadmia, or burnt paper, or the powder from pepper. All these are to be applied with vinegar. We may use the following smegma: Of sulphur, of the herb perdicias, and soap, of each equal parts. The following are compound applications: Of litharge, dr. xvj; of the leaves of rue, dr. viij; of the stavesacre, dr. iv; of copperas, dr. ij; with vinegar and myrtle oil; make to the consistence of bath-sordes, and anoint with it.—Another: Of sandyx (calcined ceruse?), dr. iv; of myrrh, dr. iv; of native sulphur, dr. ij; of manna, dr. iv; rub into the part with old oil.

For achores. When they discharge ichor, triturate the dross of silver, or yellow ore of lead (molybdœna), and sprinkle upon them.—Another, for achores and humid psora: Of the roses of the rhododaphne, oz. iv; of native sulphur, oz. iv; of liquid pitch, oz. iij; of dry pitch, oz. iij; of wax, oz. vj; of myrtle oil, q. s. For children, dissolve in milk, and anoint.

For fici. We give the name of fici to ulcerous excrescences which are round, somewhat hard, red, and accompanied with pain. They arise for the most part on the head, but also sometimes on the other parts of the body. The best application for this complaint consists of fissile alum, of the calcined flowers of copper, of taurocolla, of each equal parts, with double the quantity of the flakes of copper; triturate with vinegar, and anoint. A proper application is also prepared from the burnt heads of the cackrel fish, the bulbi boiled, and their ashes mixed with vinegar.

A dry application for ficose eruptions of the head and chin. Of misy, dr. iss; of chalcitis, dr. iiss; of squama æris, dr. j; of fissile alum, dr. j. Having washed, apply this powder in a dry state unsparingly, and allow it to remain. Next day, having again washed, wipe the part with a sponge, and apply it again. A thick scab will then fall from the ulcer. Repeat the same application the following days. The cure will be effected in a few days without leaving a cicatrix; but this medicine operates strongly.

For lice in the head. Direct the head to be scrubbed with the decoction of lupines; or pound together stavesacre and sandarach, and rub them in along with oil or vinegar; or a small quantity of pepper may be added to old oil, so as not to occasion ulceration; or the juice of ivy with honey may be used; or mustard and vinegar; or the gum vernix, or liquid pitch with alum; or the expressed juice of the bay berries; or oil of radishes. I have always succeeded by pounding stavesacre with vinegar and oil, and anointing with this.

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COMMENTARY. Drs. Willan and Bateman agree with all the best medical writers of antiquity in describing, by the name of pityriasis, a disease consisting of slight, scaly, and branny exfoliations without ulceration. See Galen (Sec. Loc. i); Alexander (i, 3); Oribasius (Synops. vi, 25); Aëtius (vi, 66); Actuarius (de Sig. Morb. ii, 5); Nonnus (4.) Actuarius, who gives a very distinct account of the disease, states in strong terms the danger of repressing the cutaneous eruption. (l. c.)

It is the porrigo sicca of Celsus (vi, 2), who recommends for it shaving the head, and using slightly repressing applications, “quale est nitrum cum aceto, vel ladanum cum myrteo et vino, vel myrobalanum cum vino.” Marcellus distinguishes the pityriasis from porrigo. (De Med. 4.)

The Arabians, especially Serapion, direct very active general treatment, such as venesection, masticatories, cathartics, and the like. (i, 4.) It is described under the name of furfures capitis by the translator of Haly Abbas. (Theor. viii, 18.) Like the Greeks, he represents it as consisting of small furfuraceous scales without ulceration. Alsaharavius uses the same name, and recommends bleeding, cupping, purging, and external applications of a detergent nature, such as flour of vetches, with vinegar and the like. Avenzoar recommends pills of drastic purgatives, and the ordinary lotions. (i, 1, 10.) See also Avicenna (iv, 7, 1, 24); and Rhases (ad Mansor. v, 1; Contin. xxxvi.) In the ‘Continens,’ the disease is described by the names of furfures and impetigo, for which Rhases recommends liniments containing nitre, sulphur, hellebore, vinegar, &c.

Willan and Bateman describe the psydracia as being small pustules irregularly circumscribed and terminating in a laminated scab. Most of the above-mentioned writers treat of them in the same terms as our author. They seem to be the balchie of Avicenna (iv, 7, 6, 1) who calls them a malignant species of achor. See Galen (l. c.)

Galen, Alexander, Aëtius, and our author describe the exanthemata as being small superficial ulcerations. Drs. Willan and Bateman use it as a generic term for rashes. The exanthemata seem to be the alraba or pustulæ dulces of Alsaharavius (i, 10.) See Book First, Sect. VI, and Book Fourth, Sect. VIII, of this Work.

Willan and Bateman apply the terms achor and favus in the same sense as Paulus and the other ancient authors. Octavius Horatianus uses the terms acora and cerio. He says, “Acoræ et ceriones distant, quod ceriones plures cavernas egestionis habent et humorem multo pinguiorem emittunt; acora autem unam cavernam habet, et humorem egerit aquatiorem.” (i, 5.) Galen has treated of these complaints very fully, and his applications are similar to those of our author. See also most of the authorities on pityriasis. The favus is the first species of tinea described by Haly Abbas. It consists, he says, of cells, and discharges a fluid-like honey. The achor is his amada, or third species of tinea, consisting of smaller cells than the former. Alsaharavius describes the favus by the name of alsahara. It contains, he says, a viscid fluid like honey. He recommends for it purgatives, and detergent applications containing nitre, lees of wine, &c. (Pract. i, 9.) The achor is called alsahafa by him. The description which Actuarius gives of papulæ, favus, and ficus is sufficiently distinct, but not different from our author’s. (De Diagnos. ii, 5.)