Part 57

Some are seized with fever while having a great collection of crude humours, and while the mouth of the stomach is at the same time disordered. In them the hypochondrium is distended with flatulence, the orifice of the stomach is more swelled than natural; in some the complexion is turned to a more white and watery, and in others to a blacker. None of these can bear the abstraction of blood without the most imminent danger; but they require evacuation, although they cannot endure phlebotomy nor purging, for even without them they are disposed to fall suddenly into a state of syncope. They are to be cured, then, by friction. It will be proper, at the commencement of the disease, to begin with rubbing the limbs from above, downwards, with moderately rough linen cloths, and afterwards, the whole arms from above, downwards. But when the limbs have been sufficiently warmed, and there is danger of a sense of lassitude, we must use a relaxing oil, and avoid all astringents. When it is winter, we must also use a sudorific one, such as the Sicyonian oil, or that of chamomile. After rubbing the limbs freely, we must next rub off the oil, and proceed to the spine, which we must rub in like manner, and then immediately return to the legs, and from them to the arms again, and afterwards to the spine again, continuing this practice for a whole day. Honied water, in which hyssop has been boiled, is most beneficial in these cases. And they must neither get farinaceous food, nor soup, nor water, nor be permitted at all to drink freely; but they ought to be contented with honied water alone for the first three days, and be rubbed in succession. If the strength be moderately good, and the contents of the stomach do not pass properly downwards, you may venture with a clyster. But if there is a greater overflow of the superfluities than proper upon the stomach, you must first boil the honied water well, for thus it will be less laxative; but when the belly is looser than proper, you must not thus stop it, but, instead of the honied water, give the juice of ptisan. But if the discharge still continue, we must support with a gruel made from chondrus. But if we ascertain from the weakness of the pulse that the powers of the system are prostrated, it will be proper to give bread out of diluted wine, provided there be no inflammation of the stomach or liver. But should they be inflamed at the same time that the body is loaded with crude humours, the state of the patient is hopeless. If you perceive that the humours are thick, give oxymel always instead of honied water; if it is summer, the patient hot, and fond of cold drink, give him cold oxymel; but when in winter, it must be hot. Baths are most prejudicial to such persons. If, when you are called, syncope has already come on, and the parts which I have mentioned are free from inflammation, give a small bit of bread out of wine, and proceed straightway to the friction in the manner I have described. In those cases in which the syncope is occasioned by yellow bile infesting the mouth of the stomach, we must give cold drink, and administer wine that is thin, of a bright yellow colour, and old.

* * * * *

COMMENTARY. This Section is taken either from Oribasius (Synops. vi, 27), or Aëtius (v, 97.) These authors, however, merely abridge the account of this subject which is given by Galen. (Meth. Med. xii, 5, and Therap. ad Glauc. i.) Syncope, according to the explanation of Galen, is a sudden prostration of the vital powers, without suspension of the respiration, as in deliquium animi. Our author has given a very correct account of Galen’s treatment. He states that, the system labouring under a load, the great indication is evacuation, but that venesection cannot be borne in such cases. In short, he insists that our great dependence must be placed on friction, for the application of which he gives very minute directions. When the pulse suddenly sinks and becomes irregular, he administers wine, unless there be inflammation of the stomach or liver. In cases complicated with crude humours, he pronounces the bath to be most prejudicial, and also disapproves of very cold or very warm air. He is most particular in his directions for the selection of the most proper wine to be used, and gives some interesting observations on the principal Greek and Roman wines used in his time. He concludes his remarks with stating that thick wines ought to be avoided as injurious, and such as are watery and thin as ineffectual, whereas those of a middling kind are to be selected. He particularly praises the Ariusian and the Lesbian. The Falernian he condemns, as being too fragrant and austere, which qualities render it injurious to the head.

Alexander disagrees with Galen as to several of the points of treatment laid down by him. He insists that Galen’s rigid rules for applying strong friction, at the same time that abstinence is enjoined, are such as no ordinary powers of constitution could bear up under; and, therefore, he recommends to rub first, and then to give some light nourishment, such as thin ptisan, oxymel, and bread soaked in wine, when the strength is greatly overpowered. Nay, when the powers of the constitution are in danger of sinking under the weight of the load, he suggests the propriety of having recourse to venesection; and accounts for the benefit derived from this evacuation upon the same principle that a fire which is like to be extinguished by an excessive load of green fuel burns brighter when part is taken off. This is an ingenious explanation of the manner in which bleeding proves useful in cases of congestive fevers. Respecting the use of wine and the bath, his views are similar to those of Galen. He approves very much of administering a light-coloured diffusible wine when the powers of the system are much sunk.

Avicenna adheres closely to the principles of treatment laid down by Galen; and, therefore, says nothing of venesection. (iv, 1, 2, 58.) Rhases treats this complication of fever in like manner. He calls it “Febris syncoptica, ex humorum copiâ et cruditate nata.” (Ad Mansor. x, 14.) He mentions emetics, but approves most particularly of friction. (Contin. xxx.)

Averrhoes contends that, in such a case, it is lawful for a Mussulman to drink wine, although forbidden by the Prophet. He approves also of friction. (Collig. vii, 16.)

Prosper Alpinus informs us that the Methodists, in such cases, gave wine and aromatics, and used every means to rouse the system. (Med. Method, vi, 9.)

SECT. XXXVIII.—OF THOSE WHO HAVE FALLEN INTO SYNCOPE FROM THIN HUMOURS.

Those who have fallen into a state of syncope from thin humours, must be treated quite oppositely to the manner described, for you will find the diagnostic symptoms quite different. They must be supported by taking a little food frequently. And their case is to be thought hopeless when the liver or stomach is inflamed at the same time that the powers are gone. In these affections, the expression of the countenance speedily becomes death-like. It is necessary to support their strength with food, but their skin must be condensed instead of being rarefied as in the former case. The air must be cooled, and they must be rubbed with astringent ointments. They must be furnished with food not very laxative, also bread and gruels from chondrus, with autumnal fruits that are austere, and not apt to spoil; these, either by themselves or with bread. A watery wine taken from the beginning with the food will be beneficial.

* * * * *

COMMENTARY. This is taken from Galen. (Meth. Med. xii, 6.) See also Oribasius (Synops. vi, 27); Aëtius (v, 98.) In this case Alexander recommends nearly the same plan of treatment as Galen. He recommends for food things which are incrassant and anti-discutient, such as the juice of halica, succory, lettuces, apples, pomegranates, pears, &c. They must be administered, however, in small quantities. He approves of giving a weak watery wine, not very old. He recommends friction with tonic and incrassant oils, such as the oil of apples, and other applications of a like nature.

Avicenna, Averrhoes, and Rhases treat the case exactly as our author.

SECT. XXXIX.—ON THE OTHER CAUSES WHICH OCCASION SYNCOPE.

There are four other causes from which men fall into syncope; namely, violent pain, watchfulness, too great evacuation, and sometimes motion when in a state of delirium. To these, if you please, you may add a fifth, namely, an intemperament of the primary organs. Death takes place most quickly when the heart is affected, next, when the brain, but not so when the liver.

* * * * *

COMMENTARY. See, in like manner, Galen (Meth. Med. xii, 7); Oribasius (Synops. vi, 28); Aëtius (v, 99.)

From the Commentaries on the last three Sections it will be seen that Galen and his followers, whether Greek or Arabian, consider syncope in the light of a symptom or complication of fever. But it is treated of as a distinct disease by Celsus, Cælius Aurelianus, and Aretæus; by the former two under the name of morbus cardiacus, and by the last under that of syncope. We think ourselves called upon in this place to give a brief exposition of their views.

Celsus treats of morbus cardiacus after phrenitis, because, as he says, persons affected with phrenitis are apt to fall into the other. He calls it a great weakness of the body, which, owing to the languid state of the stomach, is melted by immoderate sweating. It is recognized by a small and weak pulse, immoderate sweats, breaking out from the chest and neck, the feet and legs alone being dry and cold. He adds, it is a sort of acute disease. His treatment consists in applying a repressing cataplasm to the præcordia, and next, in stopping the sweats by friction with sour oil, roses, &c., or with some cerate similarly prepared. If the sweating gains ground, the body is to be anointed with parget, litharge, Cimolian earth, or sprinkled with the powder of them. The patient is to be lightly covered, laid in a place not too warm, with open windows, so that a current of air may reach him. Light food is to be frequently administered, and also, if necessary, wine neither too strong nor too weak, which may be given with barley-meal, if the patient has not taken other food. If he cannot take food, he is to be first treated with the affusion of cold water; and if his stomach have lost its tone, he is to be allowed to vomit before taking food. If the stomach still reject the food, he is first to take a cupful of wine, which is to be repeated after an hour, and then the whole body is to be anointed with pounded bulbi (onions?), which will have the effect of making the stomach retain the wine, and thereby heat will be restored to the whole body and strength to the veins. As a last resource, he recommends an injection of ptisan or gruel. Fragrant things may also be applied to the nose, such as roses and wine; and if the extremities be cold, they are to be chafed with hot hands smeared with oil. If the violence of the sweating be thus checked, and life prolonged, the time thus gained will be of some assistance. Means are afterwards to be taken to prevent a relapse. (iii, 19.)

Cælius, the Methodist, treats so fully of the cardiac passion, that we feel at a loss how to give a competent outline of it within our limits. The followers of Asclepiades, he says, held it to be a swelling about the heart, connected with congestion; but, according to Soranus, the great master of the Methodists, the heart is not primarily affected; and he holds it to be an acute and sudden prostration, by which the distribution of particles over the passages of the body is stopped. The causes of it are many; such as protracted indigestion, intoxication, baths after food, vomiting after supper, and depressing passions, by which the body is dissolved into sweats. It takes place most frequently, he says, in continual, ardent, and inflammatory fevers on the sixth day. His description is too lengthy to find a place here. Suffice it to say that when the affection is at its height, the pulse is small, tremulous, and creeping; there is a profuse, viscid, and fœtid sweat over the chest, face, and perhaps the whole body, with failing respiration, pallid countenance, hollow eyes, and so forth. Some of the preceding authorities, such as Asclepiades and Themison, held that it was generally, but not always attended with fever; and with them he pretty nearly agrees. As we have already hinted, he is not disposed to admit that it is a primary affection of the heart, but rather holds it to be a disorder of the general system. Having discussed, in two chapters, the diagnosis, first, between it and affection of the stomach, and then between it and critical sweats, he comes to the treatment. The patient is to be laid in a cool and well-ventilated apartment, to be covered over with light clothes, and to have his face, neck, and chest sponged with cold water and vinegar; and if the sweating continue, astringents and obstruents, such as alum and Samian earth, are to be added; or the body may be anointed with astringent oils; but, in particular, various applications of a fragrant and astringent nature are to be made to the chest. He recommends great caution in the administration of food and drink; directs that the mouth should be rinsed with something cooling; and, in process of time, that various articles of a restorative nature should be given for food, and at last, wine, about the choice of which he is very scrupulous, approving, in general terms, of such as is white, well clarified, and subaustere, and in particular of the Surrentine, the Falernian, the Chian, and the Lesbian. He cautions, however, not to give too much at a time. When there is great prostration of the vital powers, he approves of ligatures to the extremities, and the application of cupping instruments, with great heat to the præcordia. When all other means fail, the patient is to be supported by administering nourishing things in clysters. Such is his own mode of treatment. He afterwards animadverts freely upon the practice of the other sects.

Although Aretæus treats of syncope as a separate disease, he holds that it derives its origin from causus, or ardent fever. He pronounces it to be a loosening of the vital cords, and that its seat is the heart; hence his chapter on the treatment is entitled, on the cure of cardiacs. The symptoms, he holds, mark an affection of the heart, namely, small and weak pulse, great palpitation, throbbing of the heart, fainting, unrestrainable sweats, &c.

His treatment is little different from that of Alexander in syncoptic fever. Thus he begins with venesection, unless otherwise contra-indicated, justifying this practice by the pithy remark that the powers of the system may be reduced by suffocation as well as by want. He recommends, however, that blood should be taken in moderation, and that some wine should be given immediately afterwards, unless inflammation be present. Wine, he remarks, in inflammations, adds to the disease, but, in ordinary cases, to the strength. When general bleeding cannot be borne, he advises cupping in a guarded manner. He approves of bathing the head with cooling things, of cool air, and of all things that are grateful to the senses. When the system is quite sunk, and the extremities cold, he recommends wine guardedly with light soups. The wine, he says, should be fragrant and not very astringent, but should be given with moderation, unless the sweats are very profuse and the skin cold, when he advises wine to be given to any extent, wine in such cases being the last hope of life. He directs further that the patient should be kept up with encouraging words, and the application of fragrant and astringent things, such as alum, rose-water, and the like. He is to be exposed to fragrant and cool air, and, if the sweats persist, obstruent substances, such as Samian earth, &c., are to be added to the applications, and a sponge soaked in cold water is to be applied to the face. Stimulants and rubefacients are to be applied to the extremities. He concludes with remarking that convalescence is often prevented by latent inflammations, which end in marasmus, in which cases the physician must endeavour by gestation, friction, baths, and the administration either of a woman’s milk or that of an ass to support the strength. (De Cur. Acut. ii, 3.)

Aëtius also has a separate chapter on cardiacs, although he holds syncope to be symptomatic of acute fever. We need not enter upon an exposition of his views further than to mention that he is of opinion that the part originally affected is the cardiac orifice of the stomach. (ix, 1.)

By cardiac disease in fevers the ancients would seem to have meant to describe a febrile affection, attended with congestion and great nausea. Such a variety of remittent fever is described by the late Dr. Robert Jackson as still occurring in warm climates. The symptoms are great nausea, sluggishness, obscure, weak pulse, and deep respiration. He recommends bleeding, and afterwards stimulant applications to the extremities. (On Fever, p. 193.)

Since writing the above we have had an opportunity of consulting Hecker’s ‘Epidemics of the Middle Ages,’ and beg to refer our readers to it (p. 306) for an ingenious disquisition on the cardiac disease.

SECT. XL.—ON PAIN.

A torpid pain is occasioned by a cold affection; a throbbing is characteristic of a strong inflammation. But, if a person feel as if pierced by a sharp-pointed instrument, or bored by a wimble, this kind of pain is peculiar to the thick intestine, i. e. the colon. The pungent is seated in the membranes. The darting pain attends the most vehement attacks, not only of hemicrania, but also of cephalæa. It is said to be darting when it commences in the seat of the affection, as from a root, and spreads quickly to the surrounding parts. Stretching pains take place in the nerves, when they are affected and stretched towards both extremities. But the nerves are not liable to be affected with lateral distensions. The membrane under the skin when distended occasions tensive and torpid pains; those between the flesh, as it were, divellent. For they are many, have irregular insertions, and surround the flesh. But the pains proceeding from the membranes which surround the bone, are deep-seated, and seem to proceed from the bones themselves. Wherefore, when no external cause of the pain is apparent, you must consider the patient’s preceding regimen. If it has been more inactive than usual, or if he has been taking more nutritive food than common, or if any evacuation has been suppressed,—if any or all of these circumstances be observed, plethora is the cause of the pain, and you must evacuate him as quickly as possible; for, by this means you will be enabled with all safety to use such remedies as are fitted to repel the defluxions from the affected parts. If the part be distended with a fulness of blood, open a large vein near it immediately; but when bad humours alone are the cause, you must purge; and, when both meet together, you must use both evacuations, beginning with the bleeding. If, after both these remedies have been tried, the pain continue, it is clear that the offending matter has become fixed in the part affected; and it is also clear, that the cure will be accomplished by discutient remedies. In like manner, we may cure pains from flatulence, by soothing them with attenuant food and injections, and opening the pores of the containing part with cataplasms, irrigations, and fomentations. If a swelling bearing down and pressing upon the part be the cause of the pain, it must be removed; but, if it proceed from a pungent humour, attenuant and calefacient things are most improper. Dill boiled in oil is anodyne and soporific, and the green more than the dry.

* * * * *

COMMENTARY. This Section is taken from Oribasius (Synops. vi, 29), or Aëtius (v, 100.) All these authors, however, merely abridge the account given by Galen. (Meth. Med. xii, 8, and de Locis Affect. ii.) In the latter work he gives a most ingenious dissertation on the different kinds of pain, and the states of the body in which they occur; but, as our author has given a summary of his observations, we think it unnecessary to go over the same ground. We shall, therefore, merely notice some of his remarks on the treatment, as delivered in the other work. When the pain is connected with flatulence, it is to be removed by food, drink, cataplasms, and fomentations of an attenuant nature. When pungent humours are the cause of the pain, they are to be treated by evacuants, diluents, or narcotics. When occasioned by thick and viscid humours, he forbids narcotics, the action of which, being frigorific, renders them thicker, and the containing parts more compact. In all such cases, therefore, he holds that opium and hyoscyamus, although they afford a temporary relief from pain, act prejudicially. He also proscribes things of a very hot nature, both internally and externally, and recommends to give attenuants, or things of an incisive nature. He in particular commends garlic, which he calls the theriac of rustics. As to external applications, he directs, in febrile cases, first a dry fomentation of millet-seeds, and, if it is not successful, friction with subtile or attenuant oils, and the fat of fowls.