Part 4

Nor should it be imagined that the stock market is primarily a guessing game, or a game of chance; or even an unbeatable game; or that it is run by a gang of swindlers or mountebanks. Gamesters and swindlers may play at it, but the game itself is as straight and legitimate as any business pursuit. As a matter of fact it is one of the fairest and most open games ever played; a game in which every participant, man or woman, rich or poor, old or young, has an equal chance. The fact that most people resort to mere guessing and gambling in their stock transactions does not make it necessary to qualify this statement; neither is the truth of the assertion altered by the fact that certain individuals and organized cliques of traders manipulate stocks, both up and down, with utter disregard of basic values, and in this way set cleverly baited traps for other traders who imagine themselves wise enough to pluck the bait and get away without springing the trap. A trader or investor in stocks is not obliged to participate in these machinations, any more than one who goes to a circus is obliged to bet on the shell games and other tricky money-making devices that are sometimes run in conjunction with traveling menageries, but are no part of the main performance.

A person who buys a piece of improved real estate for less than half of its actual worth is reasonably sure he has a bargain; but if he afterwards sells it at a fair price, and later buys it back again at a much higher figure, he is gambling that for some reason or other it is going to be worth more, either actually or fictitiously. Nor is it ever unsafe to buy good stocks at figures away below their intrinsic worth. The element of gambling does not enter the undertaking until the market price has risen above the investment value; then if the owner refuses to sell, or buys more (as the speculator usually does) he is gambling on the uncertain event that some individual or clique is going to pay him more than the stock is worth. When one buys a stock, either for investment or speculation, its value cannot be permanently affected by the action of other traders, and no individual or group of individuals can euchre an investor out of his stock except by his own free will. The man with a hundred dollars has the same relative chance for making money as the man with a million; but the difficulty is that the one with the smaller amount is ambitious to make equally as much as the one with the million; therefore he resorts to gambling on thin margins; and not being content with ordinary risks he plays a long chance shot. If he wins, instead of withdrawing the original capital, with perhaps a little more, he usually stakes the whole amount on every venture until it is lost.

Viewing the stock market calmly in the perspective, it is not a question whether stocks will rise or fall; of that there is not the slightest doubt. They rise and decline with the same certainty that the sun rises and sets, though of course with less regularity. The only question is, how far they will go in either direction.

The action of the stock market much resembles that of a troubled sea, which is always uneasy, rolling and tumbling about as if undermined by some volcanic force. The prices of stocks are periodically rising and falling, and one might as well undertake to fight the ocean tide as to contest the course of the stock market when once in full swing in either direction; for the market, unlike the tide, has no prescribed boundaries. There are times--indeed most of the time--when it is much wiser to sit by in the capacity of an interested observer, than to plunge in and become a struggling participant, with the chance of being carried out beyond one’s depth. Theoretically, there seems to be no reason why the stock market should not move along at a fairly even pace, except in case of some unexpected crisis; but practically, it is either abnormally high or unreasonably low most of the time. Stocks, like food, clothing and all human necessities, are more or less subject to the laws of supply and demand; and when the traders and investors throughout the country become convinced that it is time to buy stocks, a bull market is sure to ensue; then when everybody has acquired all they want--and some of them more--and they make up their minds to sell, it is only natural that values should recede; which they do, usually to somewhere near the low point from where they began to rise. This process of sliding up and down the scale is repeated year after year, and age after age.

No one has ever been able satisfactorily to explain why the prices of all stocks, both good and poor, and even gilt edge bonds, keep an almost even pace in the backward and forward swings, but they do; and thousands of people who have placed their savings in securities that are as sound and safe as a savings bank have viewed with alarm the crumbling market values of their investments, wondering what has happened to their particular stocks or bonds, and if the slumping prices foreshadow a reduction in dividends, or if interest will be defaulted on coupons. Investors who own bonds or good dividend paying stocks need not be troubled over these capricious changes; but others of a more venturesome or speculative bent are forever wondering when they ought to get in or out. Of this latter class it is the best guessers who win.

SOME SIGNS ARE COMPREHENDIBLE; OTHERS ARE HARD TO INTERPRET

It has been wisely observed by one who is more famous for the wisdom of his writings than for the amount of money he has made in speculation, that when a market reaches the top there is no visible sign to indicate it; that on the contrary, at this critical point, everything seems to indicate much higher prices. Also the majority of traders, tipsters, financial editors, and even the brokers themselves, are apt to be most bearishly disposed when the market is at its lowest point. This same authority declares that when the “cats and dogs,” that is, the poorest and most neglected stocks in the list, begin to advance it is time for holders of securities to cash in their profits. It might be further observed that when plums get ripe and the melon season is on, it is a sure indication that summer is well advanced; likewise when, after a long season of bullish anticipation, the stock market “plums” are being distributed, and the “melon-cutting” process is in full swing--when the favorite “mystery” stocks have disgorged their “hidden assets,” and begin to sell ex-rights, ex-dividend, ex-merger and ex-mystery, it is a pretty sure sign that the “bulls” are running short of provender, and that the “bears” are about due for their inning. A man who accumulates large paper profits in speculation and fails to “cash in” until a large part, or all, of his gains have been dissipated in the process of deflation which inevitably follows every boom, is comparable to one who plants a field of grain and refuses to harvest it at maturity, hoping that the ripened kernels will get a little larger. Many a speculator has been brought to grief by an insatiate greed for that coveted topmost point, instead of being content to sell at a good profit and leave the possibility of a small gain to the individual who buys his stock.

When the plums are gone and the bulls go hence, We’ll sharpen our claws and jump the fence.

NONE ARE SO BLIND AS THOSE WHO REFUSE TO SEE--NONE SO FOOLISH AS THOSE WHO SCOFF AT WISE COUNSEL

While there are various danger signals which indicate the culmination of a bull market, just as there are others which mark the final stages of a bear market, it must not be supposed that these signals stand out like so many red lights placed in front of a ditch at the roadside; on the contrary they are of the most deceptive and decoying nature to all except experienced and dispassionate observers. And even the best judges are frequently deceived. On this point one of the most reliable financial writers in the country says: “Not all of the economic indicia ever turn together at any peak or bottom in the securities markets. Always the case is that some of the indicia disclose the change, while others do not. The public usually keeps on expecting a bull movement to continue, no matter how unreasonably high stocks may sell. This persistence of bullish sentiment greatly facilitates distribution by wealthy holders.” This timely note of warning was written early in January of the present year, when a great bull market after running about two years was at the boiling-over point; but very few bullish traders ever pay any attention to such counsel; nor would they if the danger signals stood out like beacon lights along a treacherous shore. A few days later the following bit of good advice was issued by a Boston broker:

“For fifteen months this country has enjoyed clear skies, politically, economically and financially. Washington Irving begins his essay on the Mississippi Bubble with the phrase, ‘There was not a cloud on the horizon,’ and then goes on to state that the prudent mariner takes cognizance of such ideal conditions and prepares for the inevitable change. Today, after fifteen months of national sunshine and cloudless skies in all directions, we believe it behooves a man of affairs to take counsel with himself relative to his investment and speculative position. Many business men who should have learned better by past experience, still take the business situation as a guide to their stock market operations in spite of the fact that all stock exchange history shows that the market turns up long before a period of business depression has run its course and likewise turns down six months or more before prosperity comes to a pause.”

Speculators can usually find an abundance of literary food suited to their particular tastes, as witness the following, issued by a prominent market forecaster simultaneously with the above: “We wish you to keep in mind that the biggest speculation yet witnessed in the present bull market is still to come. Now that the reactionary trend in the market has been definitely halted, you can look with assurance for higher prices in many issues in the near future. Continue to pick up our favorites as outlined in our letters, as we expect them to prove features.” Most of the “favorites” were then selling at figures far above their intrinsic worth, and many of them have since fulfilled the prediction that they would “prove features,” for soon afterwards they declined anywhere from ten to fifty points.

The active participants in a market that has run a long course in either direction are wont to become so intoxicated with affluence, or downcast with adversity--depending on which side they have been operating--that they give little heed to the matter of interpreting signs which forecast future events, particularly if these signs controvert their own opinions. A man driving an automobile at a sixty-mile-an-hour pace does not stop to read signs by the roadway; and no more does a trader bother with warnings when a prolonged series of stock market victories has blurred his vision to everything but prosperity. As every unfamiliar noise or object tends to aggravate fear in those who are frightened in the dark, so every concurrent happening stimulates courage and recklessness in those who become emboldened by stock market success. Paradoxical though it may seem, many things which are construed bearishly in a falling market are regarded as bullish in a rising market; and signs which portend higher prices in the mind of a bull are equally significant of lower prices to the mind of a bear. In other words, both bulls and bears often derive their opposing opinions from the same identical hypothesis. These strange anomalies are not mere theories, they are attested stock market facts.

For example, in a bear market some years ago the stock of the Amalgamated Copper Company was depressed several points in one day on the report that the dividend was to be reduced. Next day the report was denied and upon supposedly good authority it was stated that the regular dividend had been earned and would be declared. Whereupon the traders--who were mostly bearish--argued that a declaration of the regular dividend would be a bear argument, because it ought to be reduced and if the usual amount were declared it would be only for the purpose of furnishing artificial market support to the stock; consequently it was again depressed a dozen points or more. Later when the trend of prices had turned upward this stock advanced sharply on the report that the dividend was to be increased. Although the report met with prompt denial, the stock was nevertheless bid up several points more on the theory that if the dividend were not increased it at least ought to be, and if only the regular declaration were made, that would be evidence of a commendable policy of conservatism.

EVEN THE STOCK MARKET HAS ITS FARCICAL SIDE

Some of the stock market philosophies and inventions are quite amusing to the unsophisticated onlooker. When the Amalgamated Copper Company and the Anaconda Copper Company were under separate management a clique of traders became interested in advancing the market price of the latter stock, and forthwith the tipsters and rumor-mongers circulated a report that Amalgamated was buying Anaconda for control. This device proved a profitable asset for the pool members, who were thereby enabled to sell out their holdings at much higher prices. When this was accomplished and the story had become threadbare, another ingenious story was circulated, to the effect that the Anaconda Company was now seeking control of Amalgamated, whereupon that stock in its turn became the favorite of traders, who succeeded in lifting the price high enough to let the pool unload its holdings at a handsome profit. While these two monster companies were performing the act of trying to swallow each other the traders greatly enjoyed the comedy, in consideration of which they contributed generously toward swelling the purses of the promoters. The final outcome was that the great Anaconda succeeded in devouring its competitor, which appears still to be in process of digestion--or rather indigestion,--judging from the internal agonies expressed in the market action of the stock.

SPECULATORS ARE SLAVES OF SENTIMENT

When the whole country becomes pervaded with an epidemic of bullishness the action of speculators is always directed by sentiment rather than judgment; and a market that is swept along by excited emotions is always dangerous,--dangerous to go short of and dangerous to be long of. Hysterical “bulls” care nothing whatever about the earnings or dividend returns on a stock; the only note to which they attune their actions is the optimistic slogan, “It’s going up!” and the higher it goes the more they buy, and the more their ranks are swelled by new recruits. A herd of stampeded cattle (cows no less than bulls) will rush blindly into a river, or butt their brains out against stone walls, trees or other obstructions; they also stampede every critter that happens along their path; and anyone who has ever witnessed a panic in a theater or auditorium, or in the stock market, need not be told that under such circumstances men are but little saner than cattle.

And speaking of sentiment, it is remarkable to what extent the combined business and financial structures of the country are swayed to and fro by this giant motive power. Like the biblical wind that bloweth where it listeth, and man heareth the sound thereof but knoweth not whence it cometh or whither it goeth, sentiment springs up from comparatively trifling or unknown sources and after playing its havoc, vanishes as suddenly and mysteriously as it came. In a bear market a train wreck, or the death of some financier, or an earthquake in Europe, will put the market off to the aggregate extent of hundreds of millions; whereas one of the greatest bull markets in history found its chief impetus in the most universally devastating war the world has ever known.

THERE IS BUT ONE WAY TO BEAT THE STOCK MARKET; THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF BEING BEATEN BY IT

It is admitted by the most sagacious financiers that the only sure way of making money trading in the stock market is to get in and out at opportune times, and to stay out most of the time. As against this there are numerous ways of losing money. Among these, one method in particular is quite popular among a class of traders who although too clever and conservative to buy stocks at “top” prices, have not the patience to wait for “bottom” prices. When values begin to crumble after the top has been reached in a bull market there must be a set of “carriers,” or supports, onto which stocks can be dumped on the way down. The market does not collapse like a ten-story card house; it generally goes down gradually for a while, one or two flights at a time, and finds steadying props every now and then which sustain it for brief periods. For instance, a certain stock paying $5 a share annually has been hoisted by degrees from $75 up to $150 a share. When it descends to $140 a few wise traders who have been impatiently waiting for a reaction will buy it because it looks cheap at $140 after having sold at $150; then at $130 another lot of traders who are a little wiser and more patient than the first lot buy it because it looks much cheaper than it did even at $140; and so on down it finds these temporary supports, until at length it gets back to $75, or perhaps lower, where it is accumulated by a few shrewd investors and bargain hunters whose attention has been attracted to the market by front page newspaper headlines announcing that the stock market is in a state of complete prostration. They go on about their business and pay no particular attention to the market until the price has recovered to a point where the stock, returning $5 a share, is no longer “paying its board,” when they sell out at a good profit, and stay out while the speculators carry it on up as far as they like. When the stock was at the bottom price those who bought it on a scale from $140 down were either so overloaded or pessimistic--probably both--that they were unable to buy more and thus reduce their average to a reasonable cost.

THE STOCK EXCHANGE IS A MONUMENT OF BUSINESS INTEGRITY

It is a popular belief with many people that the stock exchanges are highly prejudicial to the public interest and to public safety; as if they actually manufacture stocks, fix their price, and sell them to the public. It is also believed by many persons--even by men with enough brains to buy and sell securities--that whatever they lose on their transactions is gained by the stock exchange or the broker through whom they trade; and that the brokers on the floor of the exchange plan out each day’s campaign and manipulate the stocks with utter disregard of the outside world. Furthermore, it is commonly supposed by a certain class of uninformed people that stock exchanges create panics and financial depressions; that they are licensed evils, feeding and fattening upon the credulity of an innocent public. Nothing could be farther from the truth; nothing could disclose a more profound ignorance of existent facts than for one to adhere to any or all of these fallacious beliefs. The stock exchange itself has no more control over the price of securities than it has over the ocean tides. It is merely an auction room where anyone may send in orders to sell stocks and bonds, either at a certain asking price, or “at market” to the highest bidder. On the other hand anyone may put in either a limited or “at market” bid for whatever securities he wants, provided they are on the list admitted for trading; and no securities are so admitted without being passed upon by a committee of competent judges whose duty it is thoroughly to investigate every company before admitting its securities to the board. The great value of this service to both traders and investors is plainly evident. The people who run the exchange have no other privileges, prerogatives or authority than to buy and sell securities on their own account, or to act as buying and selling agents for the public, and to execute their orders precisely in accordance with given directions. The interests of the public are safeguarded by every known precautionary device, and if a broker makes a mistake he stands the loss, regardless of what the amount may be. In this connection, those who have stood in the visitors’ gallery of the New York Stock Exchange on a busy day have been induced to wonder how it is possible for the brokers to avoid errors under such seemingly chaotic conditions as exist there. To the onlooker it resembles a riotous mob scene in a modern cinema, and one might easily mistake it for a place where a lot of frantic men are trying to buy insurance on a sinking ship, instead of dealing in gilt edge securities which are not immediately perishable. A benevolent sweet-natured old lady who stood for a time looking down upon this wild confusion was asked what she thought of it. “I think it’s all very interesting,” she said. Then after some reflection she added: “But my husband never told me that we are in a financial panic. And even so, why should the men get so angry with one another?”

No matter what anyone may say or think to the contrary, there is no business or profession on earth in which a higher degree of honor and business integrity prevails than among the brokers on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange; and there is no business or profession in which sharp and unethical practices among its members are more quickly detected, or more promptly and summarily dealt with. And by way of passing comment it may be remarked that the going price of $150,000 for a membership on the New York Stock Exchange would seem to imply that the brokerage business is no less profitable than it is honorable. In its certificates of membership the New York Stock Exchange declares itself to be “An institution whose history dates back to 1792, and whose rules and regulations have been formulated for the purpose of maintaining high standards of honor among its members, and for promoting and inculcating just and equitable principles of trade.” And it is required of every member that in every particular he live up to these principles. It is a place where a nod of the head or a lifted finger consummates transactions involving millions of dollars. In ordinary business affairs a deal wherein only a few dollars are concerned is signed, sealed, witnessed and sworn to before a notary; but here contracts involving millions are ratified by a mere gesture, and never questioned by either party.

Every buyer or seller of stocks is a free agent to do as he pleases, and if he gets hoodwinked through the stock exchange it is generally because in trying to outwit or undo somebody else he overreaches himself and falls into his own snare. The only percentage against him is what he pays in commissions and taxes on his trades; and the only chances against him are his own blunders in judgment; these, indeed, are likely to prove a sufficient handicap. Every corporation whose securities are listed on the stock exchange is obliged to make a full and comprehensive report to the exchange at least once a year, and these reports can be found in any brokerage office; they are always open to public inspection, and no one need buy any stock or bond without first satisfying himself regarding the nature of the industry, capitalization, earnings, management and other details. Moreover, if at any time a purchaser becomes dissatisfied with his investment and wishes to get his money back or change into something else, there is always a ready market for the stock. It may be more, or it may be less, than he paid for it, but in either case it can be quickly converted into cash.

The investor in stock market securities may equip himself, free of cost, with full information concerning every listed security; what the company’s earnings have been over a period of years, how much stock and how many bonds are outstanding, the highest and lowest prices at which the stock has ever sold, and all such matters in the fullest detail. He therefore enters “the game,” as the stock market is oftentimes called, with his eyes open, and the cards all faced up on the table. But if he deviates from sound principles and resorts to dabbling in stocks that he knows nothing about, except from hearsay among traders and market tipsters, and undertakes to guess the maneuvers of cliques who are manipulating them, he has no one to blame but himself for indulging in such an expensive folly.

BOOKS TEACH WISDOM, BUT EXPERIENCE IS A MORE PRACTICAL INSTRUCTOR

It may be set down as an axiomatic truth that no one can learn the art of making money in the stock market by reading statistics, charts, precedents, theoretical disquisitions and instructions. Of course it is not needful, nor would it be any more practicable than it is necessary, to set forth any fixed rules or maxims governing one’s procedure in any other line of business or any other profession, since no one could use them advantageously without the requisite qualifications, such as adaptability, shrewdness and practice. Hundreds of different combinations of cards are laid out in books of instructions on auction bridge, with explicit directions as to how to bid and play the hands, yet nobody ever heard of a good bridge player being made solely from book instruction. One reason is that there are actually millions of combinations of cards. Also in stock trading there is an indefinite number of needful “don’ts” which the most resourceful person can neither contemplate nor anticipate. Every stock market cycle shatters some precedent; every era produces new phenomena. Everyone who has ever studied a book of instructions on how to play golf knows how impossible it is to take up any golf club and make it perform according to schedule. A firm stance, feet well apart, body under full control, the right knee stiff, the left arm almost rigid as it follows the right in a low backward swing; and most important of all, the eye firmly fixed on the ball, while the club whips through the air, and after lifting the ball, follows on through, carrying both arms forward to their full length, and many other things which I never could do, and cannot now recall; all these directions the would-be player will learn as he knows his A, B, C’s; but in his intense eagerness to swat the ball he disregards most, or all, of the stated essentials, and at the moment of impact, while his club is ploughing up the sod two or three inches behind the ball, his eyes are cast heavenward in fervent anticipation of watching its flight. Likewise the speculator figures his profits long before they materialize. The most important thing in golf, and the hardest thing to learn, is to keep the eye on the ball while in the act of hitting it; and the hardest thing to learn in stock trading is to keep the eye off the market, hold firmly and patiently to good resolutions, and not try to get rich too quickly. Both look to be easy, but--