Section 1, Wiesbaden, 1904, Pp. 107-154.

The A B C of our Nutrition, New York, 1903; Dr. Regnault, Nov. 1, “L’art de manger,” La Revue, 1906, p. 92.

Zeitschr. f. diatetische u. physikal. Therapie, t. viii, 1904, 1905.

Du Cap au lac Nyassa, Paris, 1897, pp. 291-294.

Gaffky and Paak, in Arbeiten d. k. Gesundheitsamtes, vol. vi, 1890.

Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1903.

Cormouls-Houlès, Vingt-sept années d’agriculture pratique, Paris, 1899, pp. 57-58.

British Medical Journal, 1897, Dec. 25th, p. 1898.

Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biologie, 1906, March 17th.

Dr. Combe, L’auto intoxication intestinale, Paris, 1906. This valuable work contains much useful information on the subject.

Grundzach, Zeitschrift für klinische Medezin, 1893, p. 70; Schmitz, Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 1894, vol. xix, p. 401; Singer, Therapeutische Monatshefte, 1901, p. 441.

Journal für praktische Chemie, 1882, vol. xxvi, p. 43.

Archiv. für experimentelle Pathologie, 1883, vol. xvii, p. 442.

In the English authorised version as in the translation of Osterwald the word “butter” is used in place of “soured milk.” Professor Metchnikoff follows the translation given by Ebstein in his work on the Medicine of the Old Testament.

Presse médicale, 1904, p. 619.

“An authentic narrative of the loss of the American brig Commerce wrecked on the western coast of Africa in the month of August, 1815, with an account of the sufferings of the surviving officers and crew, who were enslaved by the wandering Arabs on the African desert or Zaharah; and observations historical, geographical, etc.” by James Riley. Hartford, S. Andrus and Son, 1854.

Arbeiten a. d. k. Gesundheitsamte, 1889, vol. v, pp. 297-304.

See Grasberger and Schattenfroh, Archiv. für Hygiene, 1902, vol. xlii, p. 246.

Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1902, p. 65.

Revue médicale de la Suisse romande, 1905, p. 716.

Comptes rendus de la Soc. Biologique, March 17th, 1906.

Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1906, p. 977.

Soured milk can be taken at any time of the day, with or in between meals.

Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde, N. F. 12 Ergænsungsheft, 1900.

Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1905, p. 295; Tribune médicale, Feb. 24th, 1906.

La nature humaine et la philosophie optimiste, Paris, 1904.

Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Anatom. Abtheil, 1903, p. 205.

L’univers et la vie, p. 592.

Huxley, Man’s Place in Nature. Collected Essays, vol. vii, p. 54.

Ibid., p. 60.

Ibid., p. 62.

Ibid., p. 67.

Ménégaux, Les Mammifères, p. 24.

Darwin, Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1873, p. 67.

Biologisches Centralblatt, 1904, p. 475.

J. de Fontenelle, Nouveau manuel complet des nageurs, Paris, 1837, p. 2.

La natation et les bains, Paris, 1887.

Quoted by M. Pitres in Leçons cliniques sur l’hystérie, 1891, vol. i.

Bourneville et Regnard, Iconographie photographique de la Salpétrière, 1879-1880, vol. iii, p. 50.

Stéphanie Feinkind, Du somnambulisme dit naturel, Paris, 1893, p. 55.

Dictionnaire des sciences médicales, 1821, vol. lii, p. 119.

Du Sommeil non naturel, Paris, 1886.

Conférence faite à la Société de l’Internat, June 28th, 1906.

The Crowd: a Study of the Popular Mind. English translation, London, 1896.

Souvenirs d’enfance de S. Kowalevsky, 1895, pp. 301-311.

W. Herzberg, Sozialdemokratie und Anarchismus, 1906, p. 17.

Le problème agraire, 1905, p. 147.

“The Coming Slavery” in Man versus the State, 1888, p. 18.

Human, too Human. French translation, 1899, pp. 405-407. A German critic has reproached me for my ignorance of Nietzsche’s works. I have read several of them, but the mixture of genius and madness in them makes them difficult to use. In this connection Moebius’ volume, Ueber das Pathologische bei Nietzsche (Wiesbaden, 1902), is of interest.

Quoted by Oldenberg, Le Bouddha, French translation, Paris, 1894, p. 214.

P. Régnaud, “Le pessimisme brahmanique,” in Annales du Musée Guimet, 1880, vol. i, pp. 110-111.

Guyau, La Morale d’Epicure, 4th edition, 1904, p. 116.

Ad Marciam, chap. x.

Poésies et œuvres morales, by Leopardi. Translated into French 1880, p. 49.

These facts are taken from Westergaard, 2nd edit., 1901, p. 649.

Dieudonné, Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, 1903, vol. i, p. 357.

Kowalevsky, Studien zur Psychologie des Pessimismus, Wiesbaden, 1904.

Medicinische Klinik, 1906, n. 25 and 26.

Der Werth des Lebens.

Ueber Schopenhauer, Leipzig, 1899.

Moebius, Goethe, vol. i, Leipzig, 1903.

V. Kunz, “Zur Blindenphysiologie,” Wiener medicin. Wochenschrift, 1902, No. 21.

Physiologie de la Lecture et de l’Écriture, Paris, 1905.

Entre aveugles, Paris, 1903.

Der Blindenfreund, Feb. 15th, 1906.

Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. i, pp. 164-5, in the Essay on Goethe.

Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Zelter. Letter of Dec. 3, 1812.

Quoted in Moebius’ Goethe, vol. ii, p. 80.

The Fifth Roman Elegy, Blaze’s French translation, 1873 p. 186. Some of Goethe’s biographers, and amongst them G. H. Lewes, maintain that these lines relate to Christine, Goethe’s wife. This is erroneous; they refer to Faustine (see Bielschowsky, i, p. 517).

Moebius’ Goethe, vol. ii, pp. 84-87.

Moebius’ Goethe, vol. ii, pp. 84-87.

Quoted by Bode in Goethe’s Lebenskunst, Berlin, 1905, p. 59.

Ueber die Wirkungen d. Castration, Halle, 1903, p. 82.

Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, 1889, p. 420.

The word Samen of the original is the expression of the alchemists for the “principle of life.”

Erich Schmidt, Goethe’s Faust in ursprünglicher Gestalt, 6th edit., Weimar, 1905, p. 1.

Faust, Bayard Taylor’s translation. London: Warne & Co., pp. 20-21.

Op. cit., p. 32.

Op. cit., pp. 33, 34.

Details of this will be found in Kuno Fischer’s Goethe’s Faust, pp. 328-330.

Op. cit., pg. 36.

Op. cit., pg. 45.

Op. cit., p. 46.

Op. cit., p. 46.

Op. cit., p. 71.

Op. cit., p. 51.

Op. cit., p. 151.

Op. cit., p. 203.

Op. cit., p. 205.

Op. cit., p. 230.

Op. cit., p. 231.

Op. cit., p. 284.

Op. cit., p. 287.

Op. cit., p 298.

Op. cit., p. 305.

Op. cit., p. 309.

Op. cit., p. 313.

Op. cit., p. 351.

Op. cit., pp. 354-355.

Op. cit., p. 365.

Op. cit., p. 370.

V. Tribune médicale, 1906, p. 449.

La Revue, Nov. 15th and Dec. 1st.

Essais de Philosophie critique, Paris, 1864.

System der Ethik, 7th and 8th editions, vol. i, p. 199. Berlin 1906.

De Vries, in Biologisches Centralblatt, 1906, Sept. 1st, p. 609.

Dr. Grasset, “La fin de la vie” in the Revue de philosophie, Aug. 1st, 1903.

“Morale et biologie,” Revue philosophique, 1904, vol. lviii, p. 125.

INDEX

Abelard, 273

Abraham, use of soured milk, 171

Ackermann, Mde., 237

Actinosphærium, degeneration in, 14

Adanson, on age of Baobab-tree, 98

Adrenaline, effect of, 121

Agave, duration of life of, 100

Aged, treatment of in uncivilised countries, 1, 2

Alcohol and longevity, 91, 92

Algeria, ostriches at, 76, 78, 79

Altruism, 331

Ambard, Dr., on Mde. Robineau, 7

Anæmia, of brain, and sleep, 122 use of serums in, 149

André, M., use of serums in anæmia, 149

Anger, 321

Annandale, Nelson, on age of anemones, 48

Annuals, change to biennials or perennials, 100 death of, 102

Antelopes, excreta of, 66

Anthropoids, mental characters of, 191 et seq.

Antiseptics, use of, in intestinal putrefaction, 156

Ants, 220, 221

Apes, anthropoid, mental characters of, 191 et seq. relationship to man, 184, 185

Arabs, use of milk by, 174

Aristotle, 132

Arteries, sclerosis of, in the aged, 31

Ascidians, social, 219

Ashworth, Mr., on age of anemones, 48

Atheroma, in the aged, 30

Atrophy, of cells, 26 of muscles, 28

Auditory apparatus, rudimentary organism, 188

Augsburg, elixir of life, 138

Auto-intoxication, from intestinal putrefaction, 69 in plants, 107 sleep, due to, 120

Babinsky, Dr., hysteria a relic from apes, 209

Balkan States, centenarians frequent in, 90

Baobab-tree, age of, 98

Barth, Dr., definition of somnambulism, 206

Batrachia, longevity of, 50

Bats, intestinal flora of, 80, 81

Bees, 49, 220, 226

Beetroot, perennial variety of, 100

Belgium, old age pensions, 4

Bélonovsky, M., on serums in anæmia, 148

Bélonowsky, Dr., on Bulgarian bacillus, 170

Berthelot, on dragon-tree of Orotava, 96

Bertrand, M. G., on sorbose fermentation, 106

Bertrand and Weisweiler, on Bacillus bulgaris, 179

Besredka, M., on blood serums, 148, 149

Bielschowsky, biographer of Goethe, 269

Blanchard, E., on age of carp, 50

Birds, intestinal flora of, 76, 79 longevity of, 52

Blindness, 248, 257

Bloch, Dr. I., on Schopenhauer, 247

Blood-vessels, hardening of, in the old, 31

Bodio, on infant mortality, 85

Boerhave, on gerokomy, 136

Bones, degeneration of, 29, 30

Bordet, M. J. M., on serums, 148

Botulism, poison of, 70, 82

Bouchard, M., on disinfection of intestines, 156

Bouchet, M., on constipation after parturition, 68

Bourneville, M., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, 34

Boveri, M., produced atherana by nicotine, 32

Bone, marrow, in old age, 37

Botryllus, 219

Boutroux, definition of morality, 303

Bradyfagy, 159

Brain, anæmia of, as cause of sleep, 122

Brehm, on age of cattle, 55

Brettes, criticism of “rudimentary organs,” 186

Bricon, M., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, 34

Brigand, Calabrian, fear of death, 194, 195

Brillat-Savarin, quotation from, 126

Brown-Séquard, specific for long life, 139, 277

Brudzinsky, M., on use of lactic microbes, 181

Buddha, on pessimism, 233, 247

Buehler, Dr., on cause of old age, 16

Buffon, on duration of life, 40, 50

Bulgarian bacillus, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182

Bunge, on relation between growth and longevity, 42

Burbank, American horticulturist, 326, 328

Butterflies, longevity of, 57

Bütschli, O., on life of cells, 15

Byron, 239, 247, 295

Cachexia, after extirpation of thyroid gland, 34

Caeca, of vertebrates, 60 et seq.

Cagliostro, elixir of life, 138

Calomel, as an intestinal antiseptic, 158 and syphilis, 146

Camphor, as an intestinal antiseptic, 156

Canary Islands, 96

Cancalon, Dr., on instinct of death, 128, 129

Cancer, and cleanliness, 144

Candolle, A. de, on cypresses of Mexico, 98 on age of trees, 99

Cantacuzène, M., on blood serums, 148

Capital punishment, 305

Carlyle, on “Werther,” 265

Castration, effects of, 272

Cats, longevity of, 56

Cattle, longevity of, 55

Celibacy, and education of women, 224

Cell reproduction, rate of, 16

Centenarians, 4, 5, 86, 88, 89, 175, 176

Charcot, on sterilised food, 162, 163 on hysteria, 202

Charron, M., on putrefactive poisons, 69

Chemin, M., on centenarians, 88, 89

Chimpanzee, 185, 192, 193

China, Emperor Chi-Hoang-Ti and immortality, 137

Chopin, a degenerate, 134

Christian morality, 321, 330

Chromophags, action of, 25

Claparède, E., on theory of sleep, 123, 124, 125

Cleanliness, and increase of life, 144

Clergymen, increasing duration of life of, 142

Coffee and longevity, 92

Cohausen, on gerokomy, 137

Cohendy, Dr. M., on Bulgarian bacillus, 178 on intestinal flora, 78, 79 on intestinal putrefaction, 168 on thymol as a disinfectant, 157

Collectivism, 228

Colon, absorption in, 64

Constipation, evil results of, 67, 68, 69

Cooking, effect of, on microbes in food, 162

Copenhagen, suicide in, 3

Coral polyps, 216

Cornaro, 91

Cossacks, and biennial rye, 100

Cretinism, compared with senility, 32

Crœsus, 197

Cryptogams, life of, 99

Cursorial birds, intestinal flora of, 76

Cypress, age of, 98

Czerny, M., on absorption in colon, 64 on cancer, 144

D’Alton, and Goethe, 280

Dalyell, old anemone of, 48

Dana, on monstrilla, 115

Darwin, on fear, 195

David, King, 136

Death, instinct of, 128, 129 natural, 94, 109, 119 sensations at approach of, 126, 127, 130

Debreuil, Ch., on defecation in rheas, 76 on excreta of antelopes, 66

Degenerates, famous, 134

Delage, Yves, criticism of instinct of death, 128 on function of large intestines, 65, 66

Demange, M., on old age, 119

Denmark, suicide in, 3, 237

Descent of man, 184

Despotism, and socialism, 230

de Vries, H., on duration of life of plants, 104 on prolongation of life of plants, 100 on natural death in plants, 101

Diet and longevity, 46

Digestive system and senility, 59

Diplogaster, mother killed by larvæ, 111

Diphtheria, 323

Disease, and shortening of life, 145 et seq.

Doctors, lady, 225

Dodo, 213

Dogs, longevity of, 55

Dostoiewsky, quotation from, 2

Doyen, M., operation on double monsters, 216

Dragon-tree, of Orotava, 96, 97, 98

Drakenberg, age of, 87

Drunkenness, and morality, 317

Dryopithecus, 334

Ducks, old, 11

Duering, on pessimism, 248

Durand-Fardel, M., on atheroma, 30

Duration of life, in animals, 39 et seq., 133

Eagles, intestinal flora of, 82

Ecclesiastes, quotation from, 233

Eckermann, narrative of Goethe’s last years, 271, 274, 279

Egoism, 227, 306, 331

Egyptian milk, 105

Eimer, Th., on intestines of bats &c., 62, 63

Einhorn, Dr., on bradyfagy, 159

Elective Affinities, Goethe’s, 273

Elephants, 9, 54, 83, 197

Eliot, George, 322

Elixir vitæ, 138

Ellenberger, on digestion in horse, 78

Enriquez, on infusoria, 13

Ephemeridæ, duration of life of, 113, 118

Epicureans, 309

Epiphyses of bones, as giving period of growth, 40

Ermenghem, van, on botulism, 70

Errera, Dr., on cause of sleep, 121

Eudoxia, 218

Ewald, on absorption in colon, 64

Exhaustion, as cause of plant death, 104, 107

Extinction of animals, 213

Eye, in old age, 36

Fatigue, Weichardt on cause of, 123

“Faust” and Goethe, 283 et seq.

Favorsky, Dr., on botulism, 82

Fear, analysis of, 194

Fecundity and duration of life, 43, 44, 45, 57, 58

Feinkind, case of somnambulism quoted from, 204

Femininist movement, 224

Fermentation, cause of, 105

Fertility and longevity, 44, 45

Fish, longevity of, 50

Flamans, M., 5

Fletcher, on chewing, 159

Flora, of intestines, poisonous effect of, 70, 73 et seq., 151 et seq.

Flourens, on duration of life, 40, 84

Foà, on use of soured milk in Africa, 172

Food, evil effects of putrefaction in, 163

Fouard, M., on soured milk, 180

Fürbbinger, on Brown-Séquard’s emulsions, 139

Gautier, A., on leucomaines, 121

Gegenbaur, on intestinal tract, 60, 61

Genius and sexual power, 272

Gerokomy, 136

Gessner, on age of pike, 50

Gestation and longevity, 42

Giacomini, on Harderian gland, 189

Gibbons, 192, 198

Goebel, on duration of life of prothalli, 101, 102

Goethe, 260-300, 305

“Goose-skin,” 196

Gorilla, strength of, 192

Griesbach, on sense of touch in blind, 257

Grigoroff, on Bulgarian yahourth, 175, 178

Grindon, on age of sheep, 55

Guinon, Dr., on a case of hysteria, 203

Gurney, J. H., on longevity of birds, 51, 79

Haeckel, on medical selection, 134

Haffkine, M., 112

Hair, 17, 18

Halictus, a solitary bee, 226

Haller, on human longevity, 84, 132

Hamlet, quotation from, 239

Hannibal, his elephants swim the Rhone, 197

Harderian gland, 189

Hartmann, 235, 241

Harvey, on Parr, 87

Hayem, Prof., on use of lactic acid, 169, 173

Heart, diseases of, and syphilis, 145, 146

Hegesias, and suicide, 234

Heile, on absorption in colon, 64

Heim, on microbes in milk, 176

Heim, Prof., on Alpine accidents, 130

Heine, 236, 240

Hermippus, and gerokomy, 137

Herter, Dr., experiments on lactic acid in dogs, 167

Hertwig, R., on Actinosphærium, 14

Hildebrand, on duration of life of plants, 101, 102

Hippocrates, 132

Hofmeister, on digestion in horse, 74

Honey-ant, 222

Horse, cæcum, 62 digestion, 74 use of serum, 147

Horsley, Sir V., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, 34

Horst, on a somnambulistic soldier, 203

Hufeland, quotation from “Macrobiotique,” 137

Hugo, V., and sexuality, 277

Humboldt, on dragon-tree of Orotava, 96 on longevity of parrots, 52

Hunger, compared with sleep, 125

Huxley, on character of Orang, 193

Hygiene, and old age, 141, 142, 143

Hypnotism, of a crowd on individuals, 210

Hysteria, analysis of, 200 et seq. in monkeys, 208

Ibsen, and sexuality, 277

Idleness, 316

Immortality, Chinese beverage for, 137, 138

Incubation, duration of, compared with longevity, 41, 42

India, government of, and age of elephants, 54

Individualism, 316

Individuality, 212 et seq.

Infusoria, death of, 95 senescence of, 13

Insects, ages of, 49 social, 220 et seq.

Instinct, of death, 128, 129 maternal, 319, 320, 329 social, 306

Intestine, large, 59, 65, 67, 151

Intuitive theory of morality, 305

Jacobson, organ of, 187

Javal, Dr., on characters of the blind, 257, 259

Jenner, effect of vaccination on mortality rate, 144

Josué, M., artificial production of atheroma, 32

Jousset, Dr., on difference between man and apes, 184

Kant, 309, 310

Kautsky, on socialism, 229, 230

Kentigern, age of, 87

Kephir, 171, 172, 173

Khoury, M., on ferment of Egyptian milk, 105

Kocher, Dr., on effects of extirpation of thyroid gland, 33

Kocher, Prof., case of removal of large intestine, 152, 153

Kölliker, on degeneration of muscles, 27

Koppenfels, on character of gorilla, 194

Koumiss, 172

Kowalevsky, Sophie, 225

Kowalevsky, analysis of pessimism, 241, 255

Kukula, experiments on intestinal poisons, 69, 70

Kwass, 166

Lactic bacilli, and putrefaction in intestine, 168

Laignel-Lavastine, M., criticism of neuronophagy, 20

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, on longevity, 12, 56

Lao-Tsé, and immortality, 137

Laud, Archbishop, old tortoise of, 51

Lautschenberger, on absorption in colon, 64

Lavater, Goethe’s letter to, 268

Laws aiding the aged, 3, 4

“Leben,” Egyptian, 105, 171, 177, 178

Le Bon, G., on hysteria in crowds, 209

Lenau, M., 236

Lenthéric, on elephants swimming, 197

Leopardi, G., pessimistic poet, 235, 236, 247

Le Play, M., on putrefactive poisons, 69

Léri, M., on senile brain, 20

Lermontoff, 236

Leucomaines, as cause of sleep, 121

Levaillant, on longevity of parrots, 52

Lewes, G. H., on Goethe, 273, 290, 292, 298

Lexis, on duration of human life, 85

Life, duration of, in animals, 39 et seq.

Life, prolongation of human, 132, et seq. “sense” of, 260

Lima, Dr., on use of soured milk in Africa, 172, 174

Lloyd, M., old anemone of, 47

Loewenberg, Dr., on Mde. Robineau, 7

London Zoological Gardens, 51, 81

Longevity, in animal kingdom, 47 et seq. human, 84 et seq. rules for, 141 in sexes, 44 theories of, 39

Lorand, Dr., on ductless glands, 32

Love, Goethe and, 272

Luxury, 321

Macfadyen, Nencki and Mde. Sieber, on digestion, 153, 161

Macrophags, 25, 147

Mailaender, 235, 255

Malaquin, M., on Monstrilla, 116, 117

Male rotifers, death of, 114, 115

Malthus, theory of, 214

Mammals, longevity of, 53

Mammary glands, in males, 186

Man, compared with apes, 184, 185 natural death of, 119 et seq. longevity of, 84 et seq.

Manouélian, M., on neuronophagy, 21, 22

Marinesco, M., on neuronophogs, 19

Marrow of the bones, in old age, 37

Marsiliaceæ, duration of life of prothallus, 99

Martin, on Gibbons, 192

Massart, on cause of death in plants, 102, 109

Massol, Prof., 178

Mastication, and intestinal putrefaction, 160

Matchinsky, M., on atrophy of ovary, 26

Maternal instinct, 319, 320

Mauclaire, M., operations on large intestine, 153, 154, 155

Maumus, M., on digestion in cæca, 61

Mauritius, giant tortoise from, 12

Maupas, M., on infusoria, 13

Maya, 178

Mayers, on Chinese elixir, 138

Meconium, appearance of microbes in, 161

Medical selection, 134

Mesnet and Mottet, Drs., cases of hysteria, 203

Mice, duration of life, 41, 43, 56

Michaelis, on muscles of monkeys, 185

Microbes, as cause of senility, 73 in food, 162, 163 passage through intestinal walls, 71

Middlemarch, G. Eliot’s, 322

Milk, importance of boiling, 177, 178 microbes of disease in, 177 putrefaction and fermentation of, 167 use of soured milk, 181, 182

Mill, J. S., 323

Milne-Edwards, H., on laws of duration of life, 42

Minot, Prof., on cause of old age, 16

Moa, 213

Moebius, on Goethe, 271 on Schopenhauer, 255

Molluscs, ages of, 48

Mongols, hair in old, 17

Monkeys, longevity of, 83

Monsters, double, 216

Monstrilla, life-history of, 115, 116, 117

Montefiore, Sir M., 91

Morality, Christian, 321 definitions of, 303 Kantian, 309, 310, 311, 312 science and, 301 et seq.

Mortality rates of old persons, 142, 143

Moses, use of soured milk, 171

Mosso, on fear, 194, 196

Muscles, degeneration of, 9, 26, 27

Myxomycetes, 215

Naegeli, on age of trees, 99

Nails, growth of, in the old, 18

Naphthaline, as an intestinal antiseptic, 156

Nature, human, 325

Nausenne, Mde., cause of longevity, 141

Negroes, longevity of, 88

Neisser, Prof., on protection against syphilis, 146

Nematodes, death of, 111

Nemertines, life-history of Pilidium of, 109 et seq.

Nencki and Sieber, on digestion, 153, 161, 169

Neuronophags, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

Nicotine, use of in experimental production of atheroma, 32

Nietzsche, criticism of Socialism, 230

Nogueira, M., on use of soured milk in Africa, 172, 174

Obstacles, sense of, 258

Old age, Goethe and, 279 et seq.

Olympian, Goethe as an, 269

Optimism, foundation of, 256 Goethe’s transformation to, 269, 270 et seq.

Orang-outan, 185, 193

Orotava, dragon-tree of, 96

Orstein, Dr., on centenarians in Greece, 90

Orthobiosis, 212, 325 et seq.

Ossetes, use of soured milk, 173

Osteoclasts, 30

Ostrich, defecation of, 76

Oustalet, M., on longevity of vertebrates, 46

Ovary, atrophy of, 26

Owls, intestinal flora of, 83

Ownership, collective, 229, 230

Parodi, on old age, 332

Parr, Thomas, 87

Parrots, duration of life, 41 scanty intestinal flora of, 79

Pasquier, Dr. du, on constipation, 67

Pasteur, discovery of lactic microbe, 105, 167

Paulsen, criticism of Kant, 314

Pensions, old age, 3, 4, 133

Pessimism, 129, 233, 234, 239, 241, 249, 266

Pessimist, study of life-history of a, 249 et seq.

Pflüger, on longevity, 93

Phagocytes, 18, 19

Phagocytosis, examples of, 25, 37

Phalansteries, 229

Pilidium, 109 et seq.

Pitres, M., hysteric patients of, 200

Plague, 323

Plants, death of, 99, 103

Plasmodia, of Myxomycetes, 215, 216

Pleurotrocha haffkini, 112, 113

Pochon, Dr., experiments on use of lactic bacilli, 169

Poehl, Dr., on spermine, 139, 140

Pohl, Dr., on growth of hair, 17, 18

Ponogenes, as cause of sleep, 120

Potatoes, improved by Burbank, 326

Poushkin, 236

Predestination, and plants, 103

Preyer, Dr., on Ponogenes, 120

Prichard, on longevity of negroes, 88

Productivity compared with fecundity, 57, 58

Prostokwacha, 172, 176

Prolongation of life, 132 et seq.

Prothalli, life of, 99

Psychids, death of, 117

Ptolemy, fear of Hegesias’ philosophy, 235

Punishment, capital, 305

Purgatives, use of, in intestinal putrefaction, 157

Putrefaction, intestinal, 151 et seq., 161, 163, 164

Quételet, on stature of the aged, 9

Rabbit, fecundity of, 58

Ravens, absence of putrefaction in intestines of, 75

Reagents, action of, in distorting tissues, 20

Renouvier, C., on his own death, 127

Reproduction, organs of, rudiments in, 189

Reptiles, longevity of, 50

Rhea, cæca of, 60, 77

Rhinoceros, longevity of, 54

Rhytina, 213

Riley, James, on food of Arabs, 174

Rimpau, on cultivation of rye, 326, 328

Rist and Khoury, on milk, 178

Rist, M., on ferment of Egyptian milk, 105

Rivière, M., on defecation in ostriches, 76, 78, 79

Robineau, Mde., 5, 6, 7, 8, 128, 159

“Roman Elegies,” Goethe’s, 268, 273

Rotifera, duration of life, 39 death of, 112

Roux, anti-syphilitic ointment, 146

Rovighi, on Kephir, 173

Rudimentary organs, 185 et seq.

Rye, duration of life of, 100 Rimpau’s improvement of, 326

Salpétrière, hysterical patients at, 201 old women in the, 4, 5

Sand, M., on senile brain, 20

Sargent, on age of Sequoia, 98

Sauer-kraut, 165, 171

Sauvage, M., on atheroma, 30

Savage, on character of anthropoids, 193

Saxe-Weimar, Grand Duke of, and Goethe, 274

Schaudinn, spirillum of syphilis, 31

Schiller, Goethe on, 271

Schiller, on moral conduct, 310

Schlanstedt, rye of, 326

Schmidt, on microbes in constipation, 70

Schopenhauer, 235, 247, 255, 277, 330

Schumann, a degenerate, 134

Science, and morality, 301 et seq.

Sclerosis, in the aged, 31

Sea-anemones, longevity of, 47, 48

Sea-cow, 213

Selection, medical, 134

Seneca, 132, 235

Senescence, Brown-Séquard’s specific against, 139 mechanism of, 25 phagocytosis as cause of, 35

Senility, characters of, 8, 14 and digestive system, 59 theories of causation of, 15 et seq.

Sensation, analysis of, with regard to pain and pleasure, 243

Sense of life, 26 of obstacles, 258

Sense, organs of, rudimentary structures in, 186, 187

“Sermon on the Mount,” 321

Serums, cytotoxic, 147, 148, 149

Servants, care of, 321

Sex, and longevity, 57

Sexuality, Goethe and, 273 et seq. and old age, 276 moral problems of, 305

Sexual organs, abnormalities of, 224

Sexual power and genius, 272

Shakespeare, quotations, 239, 307

Sheep, digestion of, 74 longevity, 55

Sight, rudimentary organs of, 189

Silos, 165

Siphonophora, 217

Skeleton, atrophy of, in the aged, 29

Sleep, and anæmia of brain, 122 and auto-intoxication, 120 and death compared, 125

Sleepiness, compared with hunger, 125

Sleeping-sickness, 124

Small-pox, and mortality rates, 144

Smell, analysis of, 243

Smell, rudimentary organs of sense of, 187

Smoking and longevity, 93

Social animals, 214, 220 et seq.

Socialism, 228, 229

Society v. the individual, 223 et seq.

Society, and morality, 306

Sociology, dependent on biology, 231

Sollier, Dr., on sensations at death, 130

Solomon, quotation from “Ecclesiastes,” 233

Somnambulism, analysis of, 200 et seq.

Sorbose, fermentation of, 106

Soured milk, use of, 171, 181, 182

Sparrow, fecundity of, 58

Spencer, Herbert, criticism of Kant, 310 criticism of socialism, 230 theory of morality, 316, 322, 324, 327

Spermatozoa, in old age, 35

Spermine, 139, 140

Stadelmann, on lactic acid in diabetes, 170

Statistics on suicide, 3

Stature, in old age, 8, 9

Stein, Mde. von, 267, 268, 273

Steller’s sea-cow, 213

Stern, M., on disinfection of intestine, 156

Stohmann, on digestion in sheep, 74

Stoics, 309

Stragesco, Dr., on digestion in mammals, 63

Strasburger, on disinfection of intestine, 156, 157 on microbes in constipation, 70

Suicide, 3, 4, 237, 238, 265, 311

Sully-Prudhomme, definition of morality, 303

Suprarenal capsules, and atheroma, 32

Swimming, instinctive power of, 197, 198, 207

Syphilis, 31, 37, 145, 146, 302, 304

Switzerland, centenarians rare in, 91

Tanacol, as an intestinal antiseptic, 156

Taoism and immortality, 137, 138

Taste, analysis of, 243

Tavel, M., operations on large intestine, 152 et seq.

Taylor, Bayard, translation of Faust, 285

Termites, 220, 221

Testis, emulsion of, as used by Brown-Séquard, 139 resistance of, to senescence, 35

Thanatology, 131

Theophrastus, 132

Thymol, as an intestinal antiseptic, 157

Thyroid, effects of extirpation of, 32, 33, 34

Timon of Athens, quotation from, 307

Tissier, Dr., on Bacillus bifidus, 161 on use of lactic microbes, 181

Tissier, and Martelly, on putrid food, 164

Tobacco and longevity, 93

Tokarsky, on natural death, 126

Tolstoi, and death, 94 “Death of Ivan Ilyitch,” 318

Tortoise, 11, 12, 13, 51

Touch, sense of, in the blind, 257

Troubat, M., on instinctive swimming, 198

Trees, age and death of, 96, 97, 98

Trypanosoma, 124

Unicellular organisms, death of, 95

Urine, analysis of, in a centenarian, 7

Utilitarianism, 305

Vacherot, criticism of Kant, 313

Varenetz, 172

Vascular glands, relation to old age, 33, 34

Verworn, Max, on death in infusoria, 95

Vinegar, in preservation of food, 165

Vivisection, 301

Voisin, M., criticism of neuronophagy, 20

Voltaire, 92, 235

Volz, on swimming power of gibbons, 198

Wales, Mr., quotation from Riley, 174

Weber, Dr., on regimen for old age, 140, 141

Weichardt, on cause of fatigue, 122, 123

Weinberg, Dr., on preparation of human serums, 150 on thyroid gland in aged, 33

Weiske, on digestion in sheep, 78

Weismann, A., on cause of old age, 15, 16 on death in infusoria, 95 on duration of life, 41, 43, 45, 51

“Weltschmerz,” in German poetry, 236

Werther, Goethe’s, 263, 267

Westergaard, statistics of mortality, 142, 144

Wiedersheim, on intestinal tract, 60

Wine, Goethe and, 271, 279

Wolff, J. H., Goethe’s friend, 271

Women, education, 224 et seq.

Yahourth, use in intestinal putrefaction, 168, 170, 175, 177, 178

Yeast, conditions of growth, 106

Zeigan, Dr., on adrenaline, 122

Zell, Dr., on blind persons, 259

Zelter, Goethe’s friend, 265

Zola, “La Joie de Vivre,” 248

Zoological Gardens of London, 51, 81

Zortay, Pierre, age of, 87