Part 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The Syrian religions have been studied with especial attention to their relation with Judaism: Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1876. The same author has published veritable monographs on certain divinities (Astarte, Baal, Sonne, etc.) in the Realencyclopaedie fuer prot. Theol., of Herzog-Hauck, 3d ed.--Baethgen, Beitraege zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlin, 1888.--W. Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, 2d. ed., London, 1894.--Lagrange, Etudes sur les religions semitiques, 2d ed., Paris, 1905. The results of the excavations in Palestine, which are important in regard to the funeral customs and the oldest idolatry, have been summarized by Father Hugues Vincent, Canaan d'apres l'exploration recente, 1907.--On the propagation of the Syrian religions in the Occident, see Reville, op. cit., pp. 70 et passim; Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, pp. 299 ff.; Gruppe, Griech. Mythol., pp. 1582 f.--Important observations will be found in Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d'archeologie orientale, 8 vols., 1888, and in Dussaud, Notes de mythologie syrienne, Paris, 1903. We have published a series of articles on particular divinities in the Realencyclopaedie of Pauly-Wissowa (Baal, Balsamem, Dea Syria, Dolichenus, Gad, etc.). Other monographs are cited below.

1. Lucian, Lucius, 53 ff.; Apul., Metam., VIII, 24 ff. The description by these authors has recently been confirmed by the discovery of an inscription at Kefr-Hauar in Syria: a slave of the Syrian goddess "sent by her mistress ([Greek: kuria])," boasts of having brought back "seventy sacks" from each of her trips (Fossey, Bull. corr. hell., XXI, 1897, p. 60; on the {242} meaning of [Greek: pera], "sack," see Deissmann, Licht von Osten, 1908, p. 73).

2. Cf. Riess in Pauly-Wissowa, s. v. Astrologie, col. 1816.

3. Cato, De agric., V, 4.

4. On dedication of Romans to Atargatis, see Bull. corr. hell., VI, 1882, p. 497, No. 15; p. 498, No. 17.

5. Since the year 187 we find the Syrian musicians (sambucistriae) mentioned also at Rome. Their number grew steadily (Livy, XXXIX, 6; see Friedlaender, Sittengesch., III^6, p. 346.)

6. Florus, II, 7 (III, 9); cf. Diodorus Sic., fr. 34, 2, 5.

7. Plut., Vit. Marii, 17.

8. Juvenal, VI, 351; Martial, IV, 53, 10; IX, 2, 11, IX, 22, 9.

9. CIL, VI, 399; cf. Wissowa, op. cit., p. 201.--Suetonius, Nero, 56.

10. A temple of the Syrian gods at Rome, located at the foot of the Janiculum, has been excavated very recently. Cf. Gauckler, Bolletino communale di Roma, 1907, pp. 5 ff. (Cf. Huelsen, Mitt. Inst. Rom, XXII, 1907, pp. 225 ff.); Comptes Rendus Acad. Inscr., 1907, pp. 135 ff.; 1908, pp. 510 ff.; 1909, pp. 424 ff., pp. 617 ff.; Nicole and Darier, Le sanctuaire des dieux orientaux au Janicule, Rome, 1909 (Extr. des "Mel. Ecole franc. de Rome," XXIX). In it have been found dedications to Hadad of the Lebanon, to the Hadad [Greek: akroreites], and to Maleciabrudus (in regard to the latter see Clermont-Ganneau, Rec. d'archeol. or., VIII, 1907, p. 52). Cf. my article "Syria Dea" in Daremberg-Saglio-Pottier, Diction. des antiquites gr. et rom., 1911.

11. I have said a few words on this colonization in my Mon. rel. aux myst. de Mithra, I, p. 262. Courajod has considered it in regard to artistic influences, Lecons du Louvre, I, 1899, pp. 115, 327 ff. For the Merovingian period see Brehier, Les colonies d'orientaux en Occident au commencement du moyen age (Byzant. Zeitschr., XII), 1903, pp. 1 ff.

12. Kaibel, Inscr. gr., XIV, 2540.

13. Comptes Rendus Acad. Inscr., 1899, p. 353 = Waltzing, Corporations professionelles, II, No. 1961 = CIL, III S., {243} 14165^8.--Inscription of Thaim of Canatha: Kaibel, Inscr. gr., XIV, 2532.

14. Gregory of Tours, Hist. Fr., VIII, 1.--On the diffusion of the Syrians in Gaul, see Brehier, loc. cit., p. 16 ff.

15. Cf. Brehier, Les origines du crucifix dans l'art religieux, Paris, 1904.

16. Adonis: Wissowa, p. 300, n. 1.--Balmarcodes: Pauly-Wissowa, Realenc., s. v.; Jalabert, Mel. fac. orient. Beyrouth, I, p. 182.--Marnas: The existence at Ostia of a "Marneum" can be deduced from the dedication CIG, 5892 (cf. Drexler in Roscher, Lexikon, s. v., col. 2382).--On Maleciabrudus, cf. supra, n. 10.--The Maiuma festival was probably introduced with the cult of the god of Gaza, Lydus, De Mensib., IV, 80 (p. 133, Wuensch ed.) = Suidas s. v. [Greek: Maioumas] and Drexler, loc. cit., col. 2287. Cf. Clermont-Ganneau, Rec. d'archeol. orient., IV, p. 339.

17. Cf. Pauly-Wissowa, s. v. "Damascenus, Dusares."

18. Malalas, XI, p. 280, 12 (Bonn).--The temple has recently been excavated by a German mission; cf. Puchstein, Fuehrer in Baalbek, Berlin, 1905.--On the Hadad at Rome, cf. supra, n. 10.

19. CIL, X, 1634: "Cultores Iovis Heliopolitani Berytenses qui Puteolis consistunt"; cf. Wissowa, loc. cit., p. 504, n. 3; Ch. Dubois, Pouzzoles antique, Paris, 1906, p. 156.

20. A list of the known military societies has been made by Cichorius in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencycl., s. v. "Ala" and "Cohors."

21. CIL, VII, 759 = Buecheler, Carmina epigr., 24. Two inscriptions dedicated to the Syrian Hercules (Melkarth) and to Astarte have been discovered at Corbridge, near Newcastle (Inscr. gr., XIV, 2553). It is possible that Tyrian archers were cantoned there.

22. Baltis: Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclop., s. v.

23. Pauly-Wissowa, Realenc., s. v. "Aziz"; cf. Wissowa, op. cit., p. 303, n. 7.

24. On the etymology of Malakbel, see Dussaud, Notes, 24 ff. On the religion in the Occident see Edu. Meyer in Roscher, Lexikon, s. v. {244}

25. Kan, De Iovis Dolicheni cultu, Groningen, 1901; cf. Pauly-Wissowa, Realencycl., s. v. "Dolichenus."

26. Reville, Relig. sous les Severes, pp. 237 ff.; Wissowa, op. cit., p. 305; cf. Pauly-Wissowa, s. v. "Elagabal."--In a recent article (Die politische Bedeutung der Religion von Emesa [Archiv fuer Religionsw., XI], 1908, pp. 223 ff.) M. von Domaszewski justly lays stress on the religious value of the solar monotheism that arose in the temples of Syria, but he attributes too important a part in its formation to the clergy of Emesa (see infra, n. 88). The preponderant influence seems to have been exercised by Palmyra (see infra, n. 59).

27. Cf. infra, n. 59.