Part 5, Unless in Rainy Weather.

MARCH.

The same serene weather with which the last month ended, continued till the 9th; from thence till the 18th, light flying clouds, with some rain; the remainder of the month serene, except the 24th, 25th, and 26th, which were cloudy.

Rainy Days.

8th ″ in the night, 9th ′ P. M., 13th ′ in the night, 14th ″, 16th ′ in the night with thunder, 26th ′, and 27th ′ A. M.

Greatest height of the thermometer 67 on the 24th, at 3 P. M. Least height 44 on the 2d and 11th, at 9 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 9 { fluctuated often through the Least height 28 5 { month between these two { heights.

The general height of the mercury in the thermometer in the morning was 45 in the beginning of the month, about the middle 52, at the end 56. The difference between the morning and evening observations grew more considerable as the month advanced; at the commencement it was commonly 5, towards the end 8 or 9.

APRIL.

During the first week, mostly clear weather, with light, flying clouds in the afternoon. From the 7th to the 12th, variable weather, frequent hard showers of rain, sometimes attended with lightening and thunder. These showers fell chiefly in the night or morning. The rest of the month, except one day, clear weather, diversified with light clouds.

Rainy Days.

7th ′ A. M. and in the night ′, 8th ′ in the night, 9th ′ A. M. and a storm in the night, 10th ‴, 11th ′, 22d P. M. and in the night ″.

Greatest height of the thermometer 81 on the 30th, at 3 P. M. Least height 58 on the 8th, at 9 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 8 on the 8th, and from the 14th to the 18th. Least height 28 4 on the 22d.

For the first ten days, the morning-station of the thermometer was 60, the afternoon 66, except it rained, when the difference was less. The remainder of the month, the height was commonly 65, and the variation in the same day 9 or 10.

MAY.

There was a considerable quantity of rain fell the beginning of this month. The register till the 18th is incompleat; from the 18th the weather clear and pleasant; thunder in the morning of the 22d; the wind westerly all the month, and blowing fresh, particularly from the 20th.

Rainy Days.

3d A. M. ″, in the night ″, 4th ′ morning.

Greatest height of the thermometer 86 on the 30th, at 4 P. M. Least height 67 on the 4th, at 3 P. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 9 from the 26th till the 29th P. M. Least height 28 6 on the 4th.

From the 18th to the 29th, the common height of the mercury in the thermometer, at ten in the morning, was 70; the difference in one day 6, sometimes 9. The three last days the station in the morning was 78, the difference 8.

JUNE.

Fine serene weather through the whole month; some few light, flying clouds on the 17th and 27th; from the 7th a fresh westerly wind.

Rainy Days none.

Greatest height of the thermometer 92 on the 12th, at 4 P. M. Least height 76

Greatest height of the barometer 28 9 on the 9th and 10th. Least height 28 5 from the 24th to the end.

The morning-height of the mercury, at seven o’clock, increased gradually with the month, from 76 to 80; as that of the afternoon, at four o’clock, did from 85 to 91. This in general was the case; but the strength of the wind had also much influence.

JULY.

Serene and cool weather for the season, except the last eight days; when the west wind, which had blown fresh from the beginning of the month, giving way to calms and light breezes, it became exceeding hot.

Rainy Days none.

Greatest height of the thermometer 95 on the 30th and 31st, at 4 P. M. Least height 77 on the 3d, 20th, and 21st, at 7 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 7 on the 1st. Least height 28 5 From the 5th, at 4 P. M. till the 7th at the same hour; as also the 20th and 21st.

The common height of the mercury was in the morning 80, and in the afternoon 90. In the last week it stood in the morning at 85, and in the afternoon at 94 or 95.

AUGUST.

Till the 21st, serene, fresh weather, some light, flying clouds appearing now and then about mid-day, or in the afternoon. The 21st, black, flying clouds threatened rain the whole day: from this to the end of the month, clouds of this kind passed almost every day. In the nights of the 6th, 20th, and 23d, many dark, gloomy clouds, with lightening. The west wind continued to blow fresh all the month.

Rainy Days none.

Greatest height of the thermometer 93 on the 12th and 17th, at 4 P. M. Least height 74 on the 24th, 27th, and 28th, at 7 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 8 from the 29th till the end. Least height 28 5 on the 7th and 8th.

The general difference in the height of the mercury, between the morning and evening observation, was 10, and the morning-height 80. In the cloudy weather towards the end of the month, the mercury sunk to 75 in the morning, and in the afternoon stood at 85.

SEPTEMBER.

Dews in the night were common at the beginning of this month. The weather till the 18th (which the reader must remember was but a few days, the 3d being by act of parliament reckoned the 14th) was much like August. For two hours before mid-day on the 18th, a small rain; from that till the end the weather by degrees became cooler, particularly in the nights. The wind continued westerly, but was not so fresh as in the last month; light, flying clouds frequent in the afternoon.

Rainy Days.

18th ′ A. M.

Greatest height of the thermometer 86 on the 14th, at 4 P. M. Least height 68 on the 29th, at 7 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 9 from the 27th till the end. Least height 28 7 from the 15th till the 27th.

The height and variation of the thermometer was in the beginning the same as in the latter part of August; about the 20th, the morning-height was 73, and it continued falling all the month. In the afternoon it seldom rose more than 3 or 4 degrees.

OCTOBER.

Light, flying clouds throughout the day, a fresh west wind, and cool weather. From the 4th to the 15th, serene, and somewhat warm; the wind little, and variable. The 16th, flying clouds, and violent blasts of wind, by which volumes of dust were raised and hurried about in a surprising manner. The four succeeding days the wind blew fresh from the west or south-west. The 22d overcast, and threatening rain, which began that evening, and was violent in the night: all next day gloomy, with small rain; violent rains again in the night. The 28th, till mid-day, as before described; after that, violent showers, with thunder and lightening. It then cleared up, but some more rain fell in the evening. The remainder of the month (except the 26th and 27th, which were cloudy) proved serene weather.

Rainy Days.

22d ″ evenings and night, 23d ‴, and 24th ″.

Greatest height of the thermometer 80 on the 4th, at 3 P. M. Least height 58 on the 29th and 30th, at 8 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 9 fluctuated every few days from that to 28 8. Least height 28 6 on the 23d and 24th.

The thermometer’s morning-height in the first fortnight was commonly 72, the difference at the times of observation in the same day 5 or 6. In the last fortnight it fell gradually to 60, and its variation in the day was rarely more than 3 or 4.

NOVEMBER.

The first eight days, fine pleasant weather, light clouds sometimes appearing, but, except one day, no black clouds. The afternoon of the 8th cloudy, the two following days gloomy, with some rain; from the 11th to the 16th, serene mornings, and light clouds in the afternoon; from that to the 20th, much cloudy weather, with some rain; the five succeeding days, fair, and frosty. The month ended with cloudy, rainy weather.

In the first fortnight, light breezes of wind west south-west, sometimes east or north-east. In the last fortnight, constantly moderate east or north-east. The wind blew rarely fresh, or, if it did, was but for a little while at night.

Rainy Days.

8th ″ at night, 9th ′, 10th ′, and 16th ′ A. M. 26th ′ in the night, 27th ″, 28th ″, and 29th ″ in the night.

Greatest height of the thermometer 65 on the 1st, 2d, and 3d, at 3 P. M. Least height 46 on the 25th, at 8 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 29 0½ on the 24th, 25th, and 26th. Least height 28 8 the greatest part of the month.

As the month advanced, the mercury in the thermometer fell from 60 to 50; the former being the usual morning-station at the beginning, as the latter was at the end. The variation in the day was at first 5, and afterwards 3; in rainy weather 2, sometimes nothing.

DECEMBER.

This month begun with cloudy, gloomy weather, which continued the first ten days; the mornings generally foggy; the 11th and 12th, dark weather; the two following days were fair, and frosty; from the 15th to the 18th, dark and gloomy; from that to the 23d, frost; from the 23d to the 28th, gloomy winter weather. Most of the rain in this month, except on the 23d, fell after sunset.

The wind, as in last month, moderate, at east or north-east.

Rainy Days.

5th ″ with thunder, 9th ″, 23d ‴, 26th ″, 27th ″, storm in the night from the west.

Greatest height of the thermometer 55 on the 1st, at 3 P. M. Least height 42 on the 13th and 14th, at 8 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 29 1 on the 14th. Least height 28 5 on the 27th.

In the first week the mercury usually stood at 54; from the 5th to the 11th, at 50; from that till the 24th, that it got up again to 50, it continued fluctuating between 43 and 46. The most common height was 44. The difference in the same day was very inconsiderable, never exceeding 3, and for the most part 1, sometimes not discernible.

A. D. MDCCLIII.

JANUARY.

The preceding year concluded with pleasant serene weather, which, one gloomy day excepted, continued till the 11th of this month; to this succeeded four dark winter days; from the 15th to the afternoon of the 22d, fair, and frost, light flying clouds now and then; the remainder mostly gloomy, rainy weather; the last day uncommonly cold, with some snow; more rain fell in the day-time than usual in this month.

Wind generally north-east or east, and moderate.

Rainy Days.

3d ′, 11th ′ A. M. ″ in the night, 12th ‴, 14th ″, 22d ′ A. M. ″ evening, 23d ′ and 24th ′ A. M. 27th ‴, 28th ″, 29th ″, and 30th ″, in the day-time.

Greatest height of the thermometer 53 on the 7th and 8th, at 3 P. M. Least height 40 on the 31st, at 4 P. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 29 on the 6th. Least height 28 5½ on the 30th and 31st.

The most common height of the thermometer, at eight in the morning, during the first fifteen days, was 49, the remaining part of the month 45; the variation in the same day, at the different hours of observation, as usual.

FEBRUARY.

Till the 12th, fair, frosty weather, except the 2d and 3d; on the former it snowed all day, and the latter continued overcast; the 12th, cloudy, and rained several hours; the eight following days serene, with light clouds after mid-day; the remaining part of the month cloudy and clear by turns; a good many showers of rain, but of no long continuance.

The wind very moderate, as in the last month; the first ten days, north-east or south-west; from the 15th to the 20th, east; the last eight days somewhat fresher, west.

Rainy Days.

12th ″ began at noon, 21st ′ P. M. 22d ′ P. M. 24th ′ P. M. with thunder, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, showery.

Greatest height of the thermometer 54 at 3 P. M. from the 20th to the end. Least height 36 on the 3d, at 8 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 29 0½ on the 5th, 6th, and 7th. Least height 28 6½ on the 24th, 25th, and 26th.

The height of the mercury, in the morning, for the first twelve days, was 38; after that it continued ascending gradually to 52. The difference in the afternoon, or variation in the same day, was at the beginning and middle of the month exactly as mentioned in February last year; the few last days being rainy, the variation (as usual) was only 1 or 2.

MARCH.

To the 20th, serene, some few light clouds now and then in the afternoon; the 9th excepted, which was cloudy and stormy; the remainder of the month variable weather, though chiefly cloudy. The rain fell mostly in short showers.

The first ten days the wind variable, south-west, south-east, or east; the other part of the month, commonly west or south-west. It was in general moderate throughout, only sometimes blew a little fresh in the afternoon; storm on the 9th.

Rainy Days.

9th ‴ A. M. 21st ′ evening, 23d ′ P. M. 24th ″, 29 ′, 31st ″ in the night.

Greatest height of the thermometer 61 on the 19th, 28th, and 30th, at 3 P. M. Least height 48 on the 12th, at 8 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 9 fluctuated often between that and 28 7 till the 20th. Least height 28 4 on the 22d, P. M.

The common station of the mercury, in the morning, was at the beginning 52, some days about the middle of the month 49, after which it gradually rose to 57; the variation on the cloudy days 2, at other times 4 or 5, but never so considerable as in the preceding March.

APRIL.

Begun with cloudy, rainy weather; from the 2d to the 9th; serene; hazey weather frequent in the second week; the 16th and 17th, serene; from this time to the 27th, the weather unusually cool and cloudy. There were properly only two rainy days, the rain at other times falling only in short showers.

The reigning wind, particularly towards the end, west or south-west; frequent calms, and throughout the month the wind moderate.

Rainy Days.

1st ″ P. M. 2d ‴, 13th ′ night, 14th ′ A. M. 15th ′, 19th ″, 22d ″ P. M. with thunder, 25th ′, 26th ′, 31st ′, A. M.

Greatest height of the thermometer 69 on the 13th, at 4 P. M. Least height 51 on the 2d, at 7 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 8 from the 8th to the 11th. Least height 28 4 on the 2d.

As the month advanced, the morning-station of the thermometer rose gradually from 51 to 62; the variation in the same day was generally 6, and never exceeding; but as there was much cloudy weather, it was often only 2 or 3.

MAY.

The first day, gloomy, with continual rain till four in the afternoon; the three following days, showery, with thunder; the three next days, fair, with flying clouds, and a fresh wind; in the evening of the 8th, a storm, and thunder; the ensuing week, much hazey weather, and the sun sometimes obscured by the clouds; from the 16th to the 28th, serene weather, and generally a fresh wind through the day, clouds sometimes in the evening; the 28th, overcast; the two last days, windy, and several dark clouds passed. Frequent calms in this month; the wind variable, south-east, or east. When it blew fresh, as it did towards the latter end of the month, it was at west.

Rainy Days.

1st ‴, 2d ′ at noon, 3d ″ thunder-showers, 4th ′ P. M. 7th ″ with thunder P. M. 15th ′ evening, 28th ′ P. M.

Greatest height of the thermometer 78 } as far as the 16th of the Least height 59 } month.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 8 Least height 28 7

The morning-station of the mercury, in the first fortnight, rose from 61 to 70; the variation in the same day advancing also regularly with the month from 3 to 9.

JUNE.

The weather through the whole of this month was in general cool for the season; dark clouds frequent in the first week; from the 8th to the 14th, light, flying clouds in the forenoon; the remainder of the month serene, except a few hours before noon, that light, fleecy clouds sometimes appeared, but more seldom as the month advanced.

The west wind blew for the most part pretty fresh through all the month. In the afternoon of the 2d, at a quarter past five o’clock, there was a slight shock of an earthquake; the wind fresh all that day.

Rainy Days.

1st, a small shower.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 8 on the 1st. Least height 28 6½ a few days towards the latter end.

The ordinary station of the mercury in the barometer was 28 7.

JULY.

The weather in the two first weeks, cool and pleasant, fleecy clouds, as in the last month, often appearing before noon; to the 22d, little wind, serene, and warm; then three days cool weather; the remainder moderate breezes, and hot. The wind westerly.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 6 Least height 28 5

To the 20th, the mercury in the barometer stood invariably at the greatest height, as it did the rest of the month at 28 5.

AUGUST.

Through this whole month, the weather was mostly serene, few clouds of any kind appearing; the 1st day, a fresh wind; to the 14th, hot, and little or no wind, particularly from the 4th the nights very hot; from the 14th to the 19th, the weather cooler, being refreshed by a morning and evening breeze; the rest of the month, calm, or little wind; many white clouds passed on the 23d and 25th, the west wind blowing fresh.

The wind throughout westerly.

Rainy Days none.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 6½ Least height 28 5

The mercury in the barometer stood at 28 5 from the beginning till the 9th, from that time till the 29th its invariable station was 28 6, as on the three last days of the month it was 28 6½.

SEPTEMBER.

The first week serene, the mornings and evenings cool; from the 13th to the 16th, frequent hard gusts of wind, that brought along with them clouds of dust, as usual before the autumn-rains; flying clouds often, and sometimes dew in the nights; frequent lightening in the west; the 12th and 13th, steady gales of wind; a little rain in the night of the 16th; the four succeeding days, overcast, and often threatening rain; from the 20th to the 25th, serene; the remainder of the month stormy.

The wind westerly.

Rainy Days.

16th ′, 29th ″ noon.

Greatest height of the thermometer 92 on the 3d, at 4 P. M. Least height 71 on the 18th, at 7 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 28 8½ from the 20th to the 24th. Least height 28 5 on the 12th.

In the first fortnight, 82 was the usual morning-height of the thermometer; in the afternoon it commonly rose to 89 or 90; in the storm it fell to 76, and rose in the afternoon only to 80; in the last fortnight, 72 was the common height in the morning; the variation in the same day 8.

OCTOBER.

Mornings serene, and flying clouds in the afternoon, made up the weather in the first week; from the 9th to the 14th, much cloudy weather; the 15th, rainy; the other part of the month fair, the mornings sometimes serene, sometimes cloudy; but through the day there were generally white clouds, except the 24th, 25th, 26th, and 29th, which were quite serene.

The wind little, and variable; sometimes it blew fresh in the night at west.

Rainy Days.

10th ″ evening and night, 15th ′ A. M. P. M. ″ and evening.

Greatest height of the thermometer 81 on the 1st, at 4 P. M. Least height 56 on the 25th, at 7 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 29 0½ on the 25th. Least height 28 7 on the 16th.

The variation of the mercury in the thermometer was in the same day generally 8 or 9, sometimes 5, the morning-station being 68 or 70; from the 15th it continued gradually sinking to 59; and the variation in the same day was 5 or 6.

NOVEMBER.

The two first days, cloudy; the evening of the 2d threatened rain; From that to the 20th, serene and pleasant; from the 23d to the 27th, gloomy weather; the latter days of the month, serene through the day, but cloudy both in the morning and evening.

The wind little, and variable, at east, north-east, south-east, &c.

Rainy Days.

23d A. M. ″ in the night, 25th ‴ in the night, 26th ′ morning.

Greatest height of the thermometer 71 on the 4th, at 3 P. M. Least height 43 on the 29th, at 8 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 29 0½ on the 19th. Least height 28 7 on the 26th and 27th.

The mercury in the thermometer, in the progress of the first fortnight, descended from 58 to 52, the variation in the afternoon being generally 9 or 10; in the last fortnight it gradually fell from 52 to 44; the variation in that time was seldom more than 6.

DECEMBER.

The first fortnight, except two or three clear days, was for the most part dark and cloudy; the 17th was serene, but from that to the 27th foggy; the morning of the 28th clear, at noon cloudy, and rained violently in the evening; the two last days of the year were serene and pleasant, and through the whole month the weather was unusually mild.

Frequent calms, little winds, at east or north-east; on the 5th it blew fresh at west, with a shower of hail.

Rainy Days.

2d ′ P. M. 3d ‴ in the day, 4th ‴ in the day, 5th ′ P. M. 11th ′ in the night, 12th ″ A. M. 13th ″, 14th ″, 23d ′ night, 25th ′ A. M. 28th ‴ afternoon and evening.

Greatest height of the thermometer 51 on the 17th and 20th, at 3 P. M. Least height 43 on the 23d and 24th, at 8 A. M.

Greatest height of the barometer 29 0½ on the 20th. Least height 28 5 on the 4th.

The height of the mercury in the thermometer throughout the month was 44 or 45 at eight in the morning; the variation in rainy weather nothing, and at other times 2 or 1.

CHAP. III.

Of the Epidemical Diseases, from the beginning of 1742 to the end of 1747, and of the Years 1752 and 1753.

A. D. MDCCXLII.

This year was very healthy, till about the beginning of March; when an acute fever, attended with a pain in the right hypochonder, became very frequent, both among adults and children, though few of those were seized with it who were under ten years old. Copious bleeding, emollient glysters, cooling purges, with antiphlogistic medicines internally, and emollient fomentations to the part affected, generally relieved the symptoms, and brought the fever to a favourable crisis on the seventh or ninth day in adults by a plentiful sweat, and in children most commonly by a diarrhœa.

In some these evacuations only carried off the pain, and brought the fever to a regular intermission; when it was soon and safely cured by the cortex; though, if any errors were committed in the use of the non-naturals, the patients were very subject to relapses.

But when evacuations were not used in due time, the disease often proved fatal, or at best the fever was protracted to thirty, and even forty days, and some few of the sick died hectic.

Though the above mentioned fever did not quite disappear till the autumn; yet, after the beginning of June, it affected so few, that it could scarcely be called epidemical.

Inflammatory quinsies were also frequent at this time; but they were not violent, and quickly yielded to the common methods.

Through the winter the plague had been frequent in Antab, Kilis, Azass, and most of the villages among the mountains Amanus; to which places, according to the best information we could get, it had been brought from Bias, where it had raged the summer before.

The Chinganas, who came as usual from these parts, about the middle of April, to be hired for reaping corn, brought it with them to Aleppo. To these, and a few others in the out-parts of the town, it was confined for some time; and it was not till the 18th of May, that we had any notice of it, when, upon strict enquiry, it was found that there had been some seized with the distemper in the city. In a few days, it encreased pretty much among the Jews (who suffered greatly in proportion to their small number this season) and came to be more general through the city and suburbs, where it continued, though in a limited degree, till the beginning of July, when the extream heat of the weather put a considerable check to it: some, however, were daily carried off by the disease till near the end of this month, when it entirely ceased. The Europeans shut up this year the beginning of June, and continued so about a month.

About the middle of July, diarrhœas and dysenteries became very frequent. The discharges at first were bilious, and the gripes violent. A very high fever was a constant attendant often with petechiæ, and other malignant symptoms: plentiful bleeding was always necessary at the beginning; after which an ipecacuan vomit, with a few doses of rhubarb (found most effectual when a few grains of calomel were added) prepared the way for anodynes and gentle astringents: these, with soft mucilaginous aliment, in most instances, compleated the cure; but in several, from a promising appearance, it proved suddenly mortal: this was likewise the case with some in intermitting fevers that were now epidemic, and continued with the dysentery all the autumn. This unexpected fatality happened at times, to such as were not shut up, in all acute diseases during the time of the plague; but buboes, or other signs of that distemper, were seen but seldom.

About the beginning of September, the small-pox made their appearance, especially amongst children; but being of a mild distinct kind, very little assistance was required from medicine. In October this disease became more frequent; and much the greater part that were seized, had the confluent sort, attended with hæmorrhages, petechiæ, phlyctanæ, and other the worst of symptoms. Convulsions (always violent) on their first seizure, indicated that the pock would flux, and prove fatal. In this confluent kind the eruptions were often discovered on the extremities as soon as the child was observed to be out of order, and never were later in appearing than the end of the second day. These patients generally died on the beginning of the eleventh, reckoning from the first attack, when the distemper was left to nature, as is commonly the case in this country; or, if they survived, yet many of them were afterwards harrassed with corrosive ulcers, carious bones, hard tumors on the glandular parts, difficult either to discuss or bring to suppuration, coughs, and fluxes; which last soon put an end to their miseries. By degrees this great malignancy seemed to wear off; so that by December the disease became mild and favourable, and most of the sick recovered.

The Jews were the most severely afflicted by this sort of small-pox.

Bleeding, bathing the extremities in warm water, with a plentiful use of diluting, antiphlogistic medicines, if used at the beginning, often prevented fatal consequences. Purging in the secondary fever, or after the decline of the disease, is never practised here by the natives; from the neglect of which, perhaps, the dreadful symptoms above enumerated were more frequent; though they often happened when all possible means had been used to prevent them.

Inoculation is only practised here among the Christians, and is not yet general even among them. However, it appears to gain ground daily, though their injudicious method of proceeding in it seems to lay this practice under several disadvantages. They do not either prepare the body beforehand, or consider the habit of the child to be inoculated, or the nature of the pock, or other diseases of the party from whom they receive infection, but carry the child to be inoculated into the chamber of the sick; where an old woman opening one of the pustles with a needle, takes a little of the matter upon its point; with this needle she pricks many times the fleshly part of the child’s hand, between the first joint of the thumb and the same joint of the fore-finger, taking up a little more matter upon the point of the needle after every two or three punctures; then putting a bit of cotton on the part, it is tied up, and the operation finished.

About the middle of November the plague began to shew itself again in the suburbs called Bankusa, and that neighbourhood; and before Christmas it was found to be in some parts of the city, though it made little or no progress.

A few pleurisies and rheumatisms began to make their appearance in December.

A. D. MDCCXLIII.

In January, the small-pox, which were now for the most part distinct, abated considerably, and by the end of February they quite disappeared.

The pleurises and rheumatisms grew more common in January, and continued through the greatest part of February. They were commonly accompanied with headach, thirst, and other febrile symptoms. The pulse was low, quick, and hard; the urine not so high-coloured as usual in those inflammatory fevers, but without sediment. The blood was sizey. The pains of the rheumatics were not generally very acute, though fixed, and more especially in the knees, which soon swelled considerably, and were often subject to great weakness long after the pain and fever were removed.

In both diseases the method of cure was the same. They could not for the most part bear such large and repeated bleeding as is usual in those inflammatory cases at other times; but, by moderate bleeding, twice, or at most thrice, cooling purges, emollient fomentations to the parts in pain, a plentiful use of antiphlogistic and saponaceous diluters, with volatiles added towards the decline of the disease, they speedily recovered.

During the winter, a continual fever, much like that of the preceding spring, affected several; but the pain in the right hypochonder did not so commonly attend it.

During the course of the spring, intermittents were common; but they had nothing in them particular.

The plague which had continued in the suburbs during all the month of January, though hitherto it had made but little progress, now began to spread among the Jews in the city, and seized many of the Christians in the month of February; though, as it was then diminished at Bankusa, it might more properly be said to have changed its quarters, than to have augmented its forces.

About the beginning of March, some Jews and Turks, who were known to the Europeans, dying suddenly, they began to be alarmed. However, whether from a cessation of the distemper, or from great industry used in concealing it, together with the natural credulity of mankind in what they wish to be true, cannot easily be determined; but certain it is, that we then heard no more of it, and most people flattered themselves with hopes that it was entirely ceased: but, on the 20th of March, we were credibly informed, that two Jews were dead in the same house, and that several other persons of different sects were dead or infected, which raised a fresh alarm amongst us; and, in truth, the increase became soon too visible, particularly among the Armenians, who suffered in a very extraordinary manner during the whole continuance of the distemper.

Hitherto the greatest part of the infected were women and children, and mostly in the suburbs; but, about the beginning of April, there was a manifest encrease of the burials in the city, and several were seized in the Khanes, where the Europeans live, so that most of them shut up the 11th of that month.

It continued encreasing gradually in all parts, and among all sorts of people during the month of April, but continued its ravages in May with much more violence, and arrived at its greatest height, according to the reports we received, about the last of that month, when the number of burials was every day apparently great. But as we had no account that could be depended upon, it is not possible to ascertain the precise number. Our list of the Christians was however tolerably exact; and, notwithstanding many of them were gone out of the city, and the rest who could afford it were shut up, though not in the most regular way, their burials amounted from 20 to 30, and sometimes 34 a-day. Hence it is evident, that the number of Turks must have been very considerable; though, according to the informations of those who remember former plagues in this place, the mortality attending this was but very moderate.

About the beginning of June the distemper decreased pretty much amongst the Turks, according to the accounts brought to us, though the number of Christian burials (of which we were informed with more certainty) diminished but little. From the 13th to the 17th, it again encreased, particularly among the Turks, though not to the height it was at about the end of May. On the 18th it began again to decline, and continued decreasing with a surprising rapidity, some small interruptions excepted, till the end of the month, by which time the burials were reduced to a very few. However, they kept at that stand the greatest part of July; nor could the city be said to be quite exempt from the infection till about the middle of August, though it was so much abated that most of the Europeans got abroad about the 18th of July.

About the beginning of August, intermittent fevers became frequent, and were at their height in September; after which they abated, but did not entirely cease till the close of the year.

For a few days after their commencement, they often resembled continual fevers, with violent and irregular symptoms, not unlike those of the plague; but, after bleeding and vomiting, or, what was most commonly practised, purging, with a plentiful use of nitrous medicines, they formed into tertians, double tertians, or quotidians, and were speedily and safely cured by the use of the bark. It was remarkable in those fevers, that they affected many more of the Europeans than epidemics in this country commonly do.

Diarrhœas were also frequent throughout the autumn, and till the end of December, but without any thing particular in their symptoms.

From the middle of November till the end of the year, we now and then heard of a person dying of the plague; but these instances were very rare, hardly more than two of whom we could be certain that they had the distemper.

A. D. MDCCXLIV.

A few pleurisies and peripneumonies occurred during the months of January and February; but these were not either frequent or violent, yielding, and that very quickly, to the common methods.

About the middle of February the chincough broke out among the children. It was often attended with a smart fever, and pain in the side. Copious bleeding was necessary, cooling purges, with pectoral and antiphlogistic medicines, and, towards the decline of the fever, blisters, which were most effectual when applied to the part affected: but it was not often that the parents would consent to this application, having in general a great aversion to blistering on any account. Notwithstanding this treatment, the fever, and often the pain, remained fourteen days, and the cough for two or three weeks after; but the force of it was much diminished, and the intervals between the fits long. This disease ceased by the end of March.

At this time also an inflammatory fever, without affecting any particular part, was frequent amongst children; which bleeding, purging, and nitrous medicines, with the testacea, commonly carried off in a few days.

For want of bleeding, the above mentioned diseases proved fatal to many, this operation being scarce ever performed upon children by the physicians of this country. They content themselves with making a few slight scarifications on the top of the ears, or on the calves of the legs; from whence they seldom procure more than a few drops of blood.

The plague, which began to appear in November, made very little progress during the months of January and February. In March it became a little more apparent, and proceeded exactly in the same course as the year before, ceasing entirely about the middle of August. The number of the infected were but few; so that the English nation did not shut up at all, and some of the French only towards the middle of May.

In the preceding years, I prescribed for the sick chiefly from the accounts I had from a person I employed to visit them; for though, notwithstanding all my precautions, I was often deceived by false representations, and employed to visit some of the infected before we shut up, yet I avoided it to the utmost of my power; but this year, the fears of infection being (like that of all other dangers to which one has been long exposed) much wore off, I attended the sick of the plague in common with those under other diseases.

Intermittents made their appearance about the middle of March, and continued till the beginning of May. Those who had laboured under this disease in the autumn, were now the most subject to it.

As the greatest part were regular, formed tertians, a vomit or purge, with the use of the cortex, was all that was necessary to cure them; and the same medicine, with the warm bitters, and elixir of vitriol, were continued for some time after, to prevent a relapse.

In June, July, August, and part of September, a malignant fever was common, attended with much the same symptoms as the plague, excepting buboes and carbuncles. The vomiting, with which it began, lasted for several days, and the fever continued at least till the fourteenth, but often longer; some few after the fourteenth had regular intermissions.

The method of cure was much the same as that of the plague, only that they bore a second bleeding, and nitrous medicines, better than I usually found they did in that distemper. When the fever intermitted, the bark was given with success.

From June till December, intermittent fevers of various forms were very frequent. They did not put on the appearance of continual fevers in the beginning, like those of the last year; but, if they were not timely stopped by the bark after the fourth paroxysm, (viz. the seventh day) there was no remission; but the fever became continual, remaining at least till the fourteenth day, but more frequently till the twenty-first, if it did not prove fatal before, which was often the case while the warm weather continued.

A few diarrhœas occurred between the end of August and the beginning of January. In November and December some pleurisies and quinsies appeared; but neither of these diseases had any thing in them different from those of other seasons.

A. D. MDCCXLV.

We had no disease that could be called epidemic, excepting the spring-intermittents, which began early (January), and continued till the beginning of May. They indeed were more frequent than usual.

The summer-fevers among the young children begun in June, and were generally accompanied with a diarrhœa, but had nothing unusual.

Intermittents also made their appearance this year in June, and were numerous till December; but though they were very liable to return, they were not of a bad kind.

A few dysenteries were to be met with in the autumn, but scarce so many as to entitle the disease epidemic.

In September, the small-pox appeared among the children. The few that were first seized had a mild, distinct pock; but by the middle of October they became very common, and the generality of the sick had a bad confluent kind, which proved fatal to many on the eleventh day from their seizure; but of such as were treated after Sydenham’s method, very few died. The most part of those that recovered had inflammatory tumors on the elbows, which always suppurated, and proved tedious in their cure; but, if timely opened, the bone was seldom affected.

A. D. MDCCXLVI.

The small-pox, which had raged violently in November and December, became milder in January, as also less frequent, and by the beginning of February entirely disappeared.

In January and February several had inflammatory fevers, which were commonly cured in a few days by bleeding, cooling purges, and a plentiful use of nitrous medicines.

In June, a putrid fever, with petechiæ, began, and continued during the months of July and August; but the number of the sick was but small. It however seldom proved fatal, but commonly terminated happily by a critical sweat on the eleventh day, or at the furthest on the fourteenth.

This autumn was most remarkably free from intermittents; none were seen before September, and they totally disappeared by November. The remainder of the year was very healthy.

A. D. MDCCXLVII.

As the last year ended, so this begun, free from any disease that had the appearance of an epidemic. A few diarrhœas occurred during January and February, in April peripneumonies affected several, and now and then through all these months intermittents appeared: but none of these diseases were either frequent or dangerous; so that this season might be esteemed one of the most healthy.

In May a putrid fever broke out, and was very frequent through the whole of the summer, and to the end of October; after which, though it became less common, yet it now and then shewed itself till the end of January 1748.

This fever began with a shivering and vomiting, which were soon succeeded by violent headachs, pains over the whole body, and an evident loss of strength, though the pulse was full and hard for the first four days. The tongue was first white, then became brown, hard, and dry. Most of the sick became delirious on the fifth day, and towards the end of the disease comatose. The heat was violent, both internally and externally, with regular exacerbations in the evenings, preceded by flushing in the cheeks. Purple spots, about the size of a flea-bite, generally broke out over the whole body about the fifth day, and the fever most commonly ended by a plentiful sweat, either on the seventh or by the ninth; sometimes indeed it continued to the eleventh. At its first appearance, the fourteenth day was usually critical. Signs from the urine were very fallacious. However, in proportion to the number of the sick, and violence of the symptoms, this fever was not very mortal.

The method found most effectual in treating the sick, was to bleed plentifully on the first days of the disease; once to discharge the contents of the primæ viæ, with a gentle laxative, which was the more necessary, as the generality of the sick voided quantities of worms; to give nitrous medicines in small doses often repeated, with the plentiful use of the spir. vitrioli, and cooling glysters pro re nata. Towards the end of the disease, warmer medicines were added as the state of the pulse seemed to indicate; and blisters, when the sick could be prevailed upon to admit them, were of great service.

In September and October several were seized with a fever that seemed different from that before described, and which indeed proved fatal to more than one half of those who were afflicted with it.

The first attack of this fever was by a slight shivering and nausea, sometimes a vomiting. These were not succeeded by any violent heat, but by an excessive languor, and most exquisite pains over the whole body. The head either did not ache at all, or but very little. Several times in a day, however, they complained of a lancinating pain, which, as they expressed it, run through their head; and as it came suddenly, it as suddenly went off again; and, though they had no great pain, they complained of a giddiness, and constant noise in their ears, like the rushing of water. From the very beginning they laboured under great dejection of spirits; and their eyes appeared muddy, with a particular ghastly look, much like to that of a person in the plague. The tongue was moist; and, like one in health, for several hours they seemed to be without thirst, or other uneasiness, and then would suddenly complain of a violent internal heat, and drink great quantities of liquor greedily, though neither their pulse nor tongue were altered, nor any external heat to be observed.

The urine was of a straw-colour, without cloud or sediment, till the sixth day, when there appeared in it a small cloud suspended about half-way; and this appearance it had in those who died, as well as in those who recovered. They slept very little, or not at all, during the whole course of the disease. The pulse from the beginning to the end was but very little quicker than natural; about the fifth day it sunk, and about twelve hours before death was not to be felt. The sick were scarcely ever delirious, and never comatose, continuing entirely sensible till they expired, which was commonly on the seventh day of the disease. Those who recovered had a crisis by a plentiful sweat on the ninth. None of the sick had any petechiæ.

The blood that was drawn on the first day was like that of a person in health; but, after the third day, it was of the colour of coffee-grounds, appearing quite thin as it run out of the vein, and, when cold, was bluish on the top, and but very loosely coagulated.

This fever did not appear any way infectious; for I observed no instance wherein two persons had it in the same family, nor where any of the sick could be supposed to have caught it from another affected with the disease: and indeed the whole number of the sick that came within my knowledge did not amount to above thirty, twelve of whom were my own patients, and out of these I lost four. The others seemed to owe their recovery to a pretty large bleeding, and an ipecacuan vomit at the beginning of the disease, small and repeated doses of pulv. contrayervæ comp. with a few grains of nitr. stibiat. gentle anodynes, with moderate acidulated cordials pro re nata, and an emollient refrigerating glyster every evening. Towards the fifth day, a warmer regimen was necessary, with blisters applied to the back, legs, and arms, according as the sinking of the pulse seemed to require.

Plenty of barley-water, acidulated with spirit of vitriol, was allowed for the patient’s drink; and panada, rice-gruel, and roasted apples, for food; though, to such as would not be contented with this diet without the addition of butter, which is the method of this country, I chose rather to allow weak chicken-broth, with crum of bread, or a little rice, boiled in it.

The autumnal intermittents were this year but few; nor did any other diseases besides those already mentioned appear so frequently as to claim the title of epidemics.

From the year 1748 to 1751, I was prevented from taking notes in the manner that was necessary to furnish an account of the epidemics of those years, by a constant engagement in the duties of my profession, together with an almost daily attendance on the Bashaw; which however furnished me with an opportunity of seeing more of the manners of the people than I should otherwise have done, and was fully recompensed by the large presents, and other public marks of his favour, which he was pleased to confer on me. In general, however, the first three years were healthy, if we except the measles and small-pox, which were sometimes in this period very frequent. The measles first made their appearance in the spring of 1749, and finished in the spring of 1750. As this disease had not visited Aleppo for several years, it affected numbers of adults, as well as children; so that it was no uncommon thing to see the father, mother, children, and servants, all sick of the measles together. No description of the disease could be more exact than that which Sydenham gives us of 1670, nor any method of cure more effectual, none having died that were treated after his manner, though it proved fatal to many of those who were treated after the manner of the country; which is, to keep them extremely warm, and on the ninth day to take the sick out of the hot room, in which they have been kept, to the bagnio; without which they imagine that the sick would fall into an incurable diarrhœa: whereas in the small-pox, which one would imagine is a disease that should require more washing, they don’t allow them to go to the bagnio till after the fortieth day.

The small-pox made their appearance about the middle of August 1750, and were at first of a bad confluent kind: however, they became more mild by the middle of November, and disappeared early in the spring.

The harvest of the year 1750 proved bad; so that a want of corn began to be felt early in the winter, and the poor were much distressed for want of bread. The new bashaw embraced this opportunity to bring in large quantities of wheat from his own granaries at Hamah, where it had been hoarded up for several years; by which means it was very much damaged, and the bread made of it was extremely black and musty: however, it was all that the poor had to eat till the coming in of the new grain.

About the beginning of June 1751, a most fatal dysentery made its appearance, and continued till the middle of November; and possibly proceeded as much from the bad bread, as the epidemic constitution of the air, though both causes perhaps concurred in producing it.

A. D. MDCCLII.

The first part of the year was very healthy; but, about the vernal equinox, a continual fever began, which attacked a great many people of all ranks, and continued with violence till near the end of July; after which the number of the sick diminished greatly, and by the middle of September this fever quite disappeared.

It began in the usual way, by a slight shivering, and often with a nausea; to which succeeded heat, thirst, headach, and pain in the loins. The head was much confused from the first seizure, and a remarkable stupidity appeared in the patient’s look. The tongue became immediately white, soon after brown, and often, towards the end of the disease, was covered with a black crust. The pulse was quick, but seldom hard or full, and continued in a more equal state than I ever observed in any other fever in this country, few or none of the sick having any remission or exacerbations, the heat and other symptoms continuing almost uniformly at one regular standard from the beginning to the end, if the patient’s strength was not exhausted by unseasonable evacuations and improper management. On the ninth or eleventh day most of the sick had an hæmorrhage from the nose, which in some seemed to mitigate the symptoms, though many grew worse upon it; in others it had no manifest effect, either good or bad. The crisis was almost always by a plentiful sweat; but this happened to none at the first appearance of this disease before the fourteenth, and to the greater part on the seventeenth.

Towards the end of May, the hæmorrhage commonly happened on the seventh day, and a copious discharge by sweat on the eleventh; which, though it very much relieved, yet was not a perfect crisis, the fever never quite leaving them till the fourteenth. Many of the sick now had petechiæ.

As the hot weather advanced, so likewise these discharges came on earlier in the disease; so that by the latter end of June almost all had the hæmorrhages, the fifth or seventh, and on this last the sweats likewise. And what is very remarkable is, that from about this time till the epidemic ceased, though the sick had been duly purged after the fever, and the utmost care taken in respect to the non-naturals; yet none of them escaped a relapse, which seized them in the same way as the preceding fever, only the heat was much more intense. The second day they were taken with violent pains in the hypochonders, bilious vomitings, and often purging, which left them the third day; a smart fever remaining till the fifth, with many remissions and exacerbations, when a critical sweat put an end to it; I mean in such as had recovered of the preceding fever on the seventh day; but such as had grown better on the fourteenth, did not recover of the relapse before the eleventh.

Several of the sick had the fever so slightly, that they were able to walk abroad; but, notwithstanding this mildness of the symptoms, the disease continued the same number of days as in the others.

Though this fever was not in its own nature very dangerous, yet it proved fatal to many, particularly in the months of April and May, when the number of the sick was very great, and the fever was of long continuance. The increase of its mortality was probably owing to bleeding and purging, which were often used by the natives towards the eleventh day of the disease, and to which they were prompted by the spontaneous hæmorrhages, and an impatience under the long duration of the fever; but it seldom happened that any evacuations were used after the eighth day, without manifest detriment to the sick, either by retarding their recovery, or sinking them irretrievably.

Of several hundreds that were treated after the following method, only two died. As soon as the person was taken ill, he was blooded pretty largely; next day he took a laxative potion of infus. sennæ limon. and manna, and in the evening of that day a gentle anodyne. If he was strong and plethoric, the bleeding was repeated the third day; but, after this, blood was seldom, if ever, taken. Nitrous medicines, with a small proportion of pulv. contrayerv. composit. were given every six hours, and the last encreased or diminished according as the pulse seemed to require; and towards the end of the disease, or when the pulse was low, the pulv. contrayerv. comp. Phar. Edin. was substituted in its stead. A glyster of milk, pulp of cassia fistula, or sugar, and a little oil, was injected every evening till the eleventh, if the head was much confused, and the body costive, which was generally the case in the first months; though afterwards, when the disease became more acute, most of the sick had several stools every day.

When petechiæ appeared, and the heat was intense, with great languor, moderate cordials, acidulated with spir. vitrioli, together with the above mentioned powders, were repeated as necessity required.

The second day after the crisis, they were purged with the same potion as at the beginning, and it was repeated at proper intervals, once or twice: when a tendency to relapses became so general, a decoction of the cortex, with a small proportion of elixir vitrioli, was given to prevent them, and often with success.

In these relapses, though the symptoms seemed violent, they were seldom or never blooded. When the vomiting came on, the sick were ordered to drink quantities of warm water, to wash the stomach; glysters were occasionally injected, and the medicines before mentioned exhibited.

The patient’s drink was a ptisan, in common use here, made of barley, grass-roots, and a few injubs, sometimes acidulated with lemon-juice; their food, weak chicken-broth, with a little rice, or crum of bread, boiled in it, and now and then a roasted apple.

From the beginning of the summer till the end of September, the chincough was frequent among the children; but though it was very violent, it much sooner gave way to medicines than I ever knew it; for by once bleeding, (which was generally with leeches) a few purges, and a weak solution of gum ammoniac in water, with a small proportion of acet. scillitic. & tinct. castor. they either soon recovered, or the cough grew much less frequent and violent, and went off entirely in about a fortnight more.

This year the fever usually attending young children was more frequent than in others.

Scarcely one intermittent was to be met with this autumn; and the place was exceeding healthy till the middle of November, when a fever became very frequent (chiefly among children three years old and upwards) with a swelling in one or both parotids, the maxillary glands, and sometimes over the whole face.

Bleeding, with a gentle purgative once or twice repeated, and a low diet, generally cured those that had it the most violently in five or six days, and such as had it slightly recovered without any assistance in about the same time; and though this fever continued to affect great numbers all the year, and till about the middle of January 1753, I did not hear of any to whom it proved fatal.

A. D. MDCCLIII.

With this year commenced a continual fever, which was chiefly confined to adults, and to the northern suburbs of the city, where the Christians mostly inhabit.

The disease began with a shivering and nausea, but the patient seldom vomited. The heat was intense during the first two or three days, the pulse strong and frequent: the sick did not so much complain of pain, as of great confusion in their head, and noise in their ears, acute pains in their back, legs, and arms; which last they could scarcely bear to move. The tongue was at first white, afterwards yellow, and towards the height of the disease generally black. From the beginning their aspect was stupid, and by the sixth day they became delirious; from the seventh to the ninth petechiæ appeared over the whole body, not round, as usual, but in irregular figures. The pulse by this time began to sink, and they were often comatose; from the ninth to the eleventh, a moderate sweat sometimes broke out, or they had a few loose stools, which seemed to relieve, and for the present to abate the symptoms; yet the fever always continued till the seventeenth day, when it began to decline gradually, and went off without any remarkable evacuation. When the head was much affected, the urine was pale as water, without any sediment; in some it was of a blackish cast, like a weak tincture of steel. On the eleventh day it commonly let fall a white sediment in those who recovered; and indeed all who were treated in the method mentioned for the continual fever of last year (with the addition of sinapisms to the soles of the feet, for they are much averse to blisters) recovered.

Those who were bled to any considerable quantity after the seventh day generally died on the ninth or the eleventh.

This fever continued to prevail till the beginning of February, when the very cold weather we had at that time put a check to it; so that, from the beginning to the 20th, I saw but two persons who had any appearance of it. These, besides the above mentioned symptoms, had an acute pain in the right hypochonder affecting their breathing, and bore larger bleeding than could be endured without great injury in the preceding constitution, and the blood was sizey. Both these patients had a crisis of the fever by a large hæmorrhage from the right nostril on the seventh day, and very nearly about the same hour in which they were first seized. In one of them the hæmorrhage was accompanied by a diarrhœa, and about a fortnight after he had a regular tertian.

In January several old people had apoplexies, though few proved mortal: they commonly ended in hemiplegias, which in several, though much advanced in years, gave way to medicine.

About the 20th of February, the continual fever above mentioned, which had almost totally ceased upon the setting in of cold weather, again made its appearance, and with additional force. Almost all now had petechiæ, which were round, very small, and of a purple colour. These, after the twelfth or thirteenth day, disappeared, without any manifest alteration in the disease. The urine during the first three or four days was of an orange colour, and towards the seventh let fall a copious white sediment; after that it became clear and pale as water till the eleventh or twelfth; when, though it still retained the same appearance whilst warm, when cold it let fall a sediment like fine flour, and continued thus till the end of the disease, which always happened on the seventeenth.

Many of the sick in the fever, both of this and the last year, voided many worms of the round kind, and towards the height of the disease almost all were deaf, which last was a good sign; and it may here be remarked, that these two symptoms are almost common to all fevers in Aleppo.

About the middle of April near one fourth of the people were seized with violent coughs, which did not either last long with those attacked, or in the compass of a few days continued to spread any farther.

The Jews, who had hitherto kept pretty clear of the fever, though it was now very common in the city, began to feel its effects severely very soon after their feast, about the middle of April.

In May several of the sick had a critical sweat on the seventh day, preceded in some by an hæmorrhage from the nose; but all who had this hæmorrhage, in about five or six days after, had a return of the fever, which was more violent than at the first attack, and continued five days. In several those relapses were accompanied with peripneumonic symptoms, and required bleeding.

Children had hitherto escaped this disease; but in this month (May) a considerable number of them, from nine years old and upwards, were seized with it. The symptoms and duration were much the same as in adults; only their most frequent complaint was of pains in the belly, and they voided worms either by vomiting or stool, chiefly of the round kind.

The number of the sick was much diminished by the beginning of June, and the fever quite disappeared before July.

The method pursued in the cure of the fever of last year was attended with the same success in this; and evacuations after the seventh day, as in the preceding, so likewise in the present, were always prejudicial, and often fatal.

The summer-fever, commonly incident to young children in this country, began this year in June, and continued through the summer as customary.

In July a very few were seized with mild dysenteries, others with intermittents, chiefly quartans; but neither of these distempers were so frequent as to be termed epidemic.

The ophthalmias, which, according to custom, were epidemic in September, had this particular from other years, that the inflammation was chiefly external in the palpebræ.

Both this and last year furunculi were frequent on different parts of the body, but more especially the fingers; in November, and part of December, they often broke out in the armpits, but without any other disorder.

A very few had pleurisies in December, and several died suddenly of apoplexies about this time.

It should have been before observed, that the continual fever of this year, particularly after the month of February, seldom affected one person in a house, without going through two thirds of the family; but it was rare to find two sick together, one being generally a few days recovered before the other was taken ill.

CHAP. IV.

Of the PLAGUE.

SECT. I.

Of the PLAGUE in General.

All the facts mentioned in the notes are taken from old journals or letters written at the times they happened.

It is the common opinion of the inhabitants of Aleppo, that they are visited with the plague about once in ten years, and that it is brought thither from some neighbouring city, where it first makes its appearance, as Antab, Urfa, &c. to the northward, or Damascus to the southward; from which last place it is generally alledged that the worst plagues have been brought; though some assert that those which have come from the northward have raged with the greatest violence.

With respect to the intervals between the returns of the plague, though that of 1742 is an exception, yet the common opinion seems in some measure to be founded on experience. And it seems a fact pretty well attested, that it never rages at Aleppo without having first visited some of the above mentioned places; though the first appearance of all is, from what I have been able to learn, always in some town on the coast of Syria. If it first shews itself in Sidon, Byroot, or Tripoly, Damascus is usually the channel through which it comes to Aleppo; but if in Scanderoon or Byass, then it commonly passes by way of Antab, Killis, Urfa, &c.

During the winter this disease is constantly moderate; as the spring advances it grows more violent, it comes to its height in June, decreases greatly in July, and certainly disappears in August; and this seems to be the constant course of the plague at Aleppo: so that none are ever seized with it in the months of September and October, even in such extraordinary instances as when it has made its appearance for three years successively, as it did in 1742, 1743, and 1744.

A considerable difference is observable, both as to the mortality and number of the infected, in different years; but it does not appear that it has ever raged in this country with the violence that it has often done in Europe.

Extreme heat seems to check the progress of the distemper; for though, during the few first hot days, the mortality, as well as the number of those newly infected, encreased, yet a few days longer continuance of that weather greatly diminished the number of the sick. Add to this, that the season wherein it always ceases at Aleppo, is that in which the heats are the most excessive.

Though the natives, as well as several authors, have a notion that the moon has some influence over this distemper, yet experience no ways favoured this opinion in the late plague at Aleppo.

Having the distemper once, does not prevent a second seizure, numbers of people being alive when I left Aleppo, who have had it twice or oftener; and I have even seen instances of the same person’s having had the disease three several times in the same season.

SECT. II.

Of the Plague, as it appeared in ~Aleppo~, in 1742, 1743, and 1744.

It is no wonder that the very name of plague among us should strike terror whenever it is mentioned; for, besides the numerous and terrible distresses of the whole body of the people during the rage of a pestilence, and the scenes of death and misery which are continually before our eyes, the distemper itself is the most lamentable to which mankind are liable. The torments of heat, thirst, and pain, frequently unite in some patients; an unspeakable languor and dejection in others; the loathsome remains of the distemper in the painful and putrid ulcers, even in those who escape; the desertion of friends and attendants; the want of common necessaries, and medical assistance, are all of them circumstances which aggravate the miseries of the sick, and contribute not a little towards augmenting the general horror.

And as there is no disease incident to mankind that is in its nature more terrible and destructive, so there is none more difficult to describe. Its symptoms are scarcely in all respects alike in any two persons; nay, they even vary extremely in an hour in the same subject. The disease begins often with the most flattering appearances, and ends fatally in a few hours. Some complain of a pain at their heart, are seized with a vomiting and giddiness, and die in a few minutes; while the most alarming attacks sometimes end speedily in health and security.

In general, however, a coldness or shivering, with sickness, vomiting large quantities of porraceous bile, often of a very offensive smell, pain in the back or loins, an intense headach, uncommon giddiness, and a sudden loss of strength, were the first complaints of those who were seized with this distemper; and these were usually attended with great uneasiness or anxiety about the pit of the stomach, and a sharp, shooting pain darting into the parotid, axillary, or inguinal glands.

These symptoms were soon succeeded by a violent fever; in which, while the patients complained of extreme inward heat, their skin felt but little hotter than usual. Sometimes this heat soon became general and intense, at other times particular parts only were affected therewith; and it seldom continued many hours together alike, but remitted and returned with considerable, but unequal force several times in a day. The face, in these exacerbations, became florid, and was often changed from a deep scarlet to a livid colour, resembling that of a person almost strangled. These appearances again would suddenly give place to a cadaverous paleness. The eyes soon lost their lustre, and acquired a kind of muddiness; and the countenance of the greatest part of the sick was ghastly, and confused beyond description.

The pulse, at the first seizure, was very little different from its natural state, only somewhat more quick and low. In a few hours it commonly encreased in quickness and strength; but these seldom continued in the same way an hour together, nay, scarce many minutes, but varied without any manifest correspondence with the other febrile symptoms, both as to strength and quickness, incessantly.

In those who complained of pains, either darting into the parotids, the armpits, or groins, a small, painful, hard, deep-seated tumor was discovered by the touch in the part, without any manifest discoloration of the skin. Such were the first beginnings of the pestilential buboes.

This was the common appearance of the distemper the first day of the disease; and those who had the most favourable escape were often attacked at first with as alarming symptoms as those who died in a few hours; for sometimes this febrile paroxysm dissolved in a few hours, and left the patient indeed languid, and weakened to an extreme degree, but free from other complaints, except the pain of the tumor above mentioned; which in many encreased from this time, both in size, tension, and pain, during about twelve or fifteen days, when it commonly suppurated, the patient, all the time, the first day excepted, walking about as usual.

But though many thus escaped, yet several who were seized in this manner, especially in the month of March 1743, suddenly dropped down dead, or at least lived but a few hours; the headach, vomiting, and pain about the præcordia, encreasing every moment to such a degree as to occasion immediate death, or fatal convulsions. Few of those who died in this manner had any appearance of such indurated tumors, though generally the armpits, groins, or internal parts of the arms and thighs, were livid or black, and the whole body was covered with confluent petechiæ, interspersed with livid pustules, especially after death.

Those who survived the first attack of the distemper, which was by much the greatest part of the sick, in the evening had a very considerable encrease of every symptom. The heat became excessive, both internally and externally; and as the sick were by this time for the most part delirious, it was often with difficulty they could be kept within doors. They were disposed to talk a great deal, but faultered so much in their speech as scarcely to be understood; the tongue having also shared in the debility that was evident in every other part of the body.

In this state they continued during most part of the night; towards morning the violence of the heat, inquietude, and delirium, abated; a manifest remission succeeded; some recovered their senses entirely, some in great part, and then complained much of intense headach, or pain of the buboes, which last would often increase suddenly, and decrease as quickly, in the space of a few hours. About one half of the sick about this time had an additional complaint of a painful pustule, like an angry, confluent pock, surrounded by a circle of a deep scarlet tinge, which soon became livid, and was attended with an intense burning pain; from which circumstance, as well as from its fiery aspect, it has probably obtained the name of carbuncle.

These pustules broke out indiscriminately on all parts of the body, and increased from the size of a large pock to the extent of an inch and a half diameter, sometimes, though rarely, to three inches.

The remission of the feverish symptoms was commonly but of very short continuance, the rigors, anxiety, and delirium soon returning with greater violence, with a frequent and strong subsultus tendinum. These symptoms, however, did not proceed with a regular increase during the day; but the rigors and heats coming and going by turns, formed short, but alarming intermissions, each paroxysm surpassing the former either in violence or duration; till, in the evening, the pulse was scarcely to be counted by reason of its depression and quickness. The patient grew comatose, with a quick, laborious, and interrupted respiration.

The buboes, which some hours before seemed manifestly to increase, now often subsided, and almost disappeared, and the livid circle about the carbuncle became black, resembling a large eschar made by a caustic; and livid or black spots, of different dimensions, about this time often appeared dispersed over the whole body.

Under these circumstances, dreadful as they seemed, some hope of recovery still remained; for though many died on the third day, yet several had a favourable crisis by a profuse sweat: some struggled under these difficulties to the fifth day, a few to the seventh, and here and there one even to the eleventh, before any critical alteration appeared.

If the disease was not wholly carried off by a copious sweat on the third day, it was always considerably abated, and was in general totally removed by a second, though less profuse one, by the fifth; so that no symptoms of the disease were then left, weakness excepted, and the pain proceeding from the buboes and carbuncles. And it may here be remarked, that all who were attacked had buboes; though, even in many that recovered, they discussed without any manner of bad consequences: but the carbuncles did not appear on above one half of the sick, and often begun to digest before the critical sweat happened.

It is evident, from the account already given, that nothing could be more difficult than to form a judgment about the event of this disease, or be more just than what Morellus observes on a similar occasion. This author, after reciting several circumstances proving the irregularity of its type, concludes, “That, in respect to the plague, even our senses and reason deceive us, the aphorisms of Hippocrates are erroneous; and Hippocrates himself, was he present, would likewise be mistaken.”

The tongue was in some quite moist, and in all respects like that of a person in health through the whole course of the distemper; in others it was at first white, but soon became yellow, black, and covered with a dry, rough scurf or fur. Some had no thirst at all, and could scarcely be prevailed upon to take liquids in sufficient quantities. But the generality of the sick were extremely thirsty, and drank with great eagerness whatever they had given them, especially at particular times; for the intenseness of their thirst had irregular intervals, and did not continue alike through the progress of the distemper, nor often correspond with the violence of the fever.

In most patients the vomiting ceased after the first few hours, excepting when they overloaded their stomachs during this excess of thirst; at which times the vomiting returned.

The urine was as little to be depended on as a sign as any other circumstance, being scarce alike at the same time of the disease in any two persons; and its appearance varied no less in the same patient every day. In general, however, it was somewhat of a deeper yellow than usual in a person in health, and without sediment.

Some had a diarrhœa during all the time, others were costive; in most the discharges were natural. The distemper, however, seemed never to admit of a critical solution by either stool or urine. Some few had hæmorrhages from the nose or uterus: and if these happened after the second day, a plentiful sweat, which was most commonly critical, soon followed; a circumstance different from what usually has happened in the plague at other places.

In the years 1742 and 1743, the buboes often appeared as soon as the patients were taken ill, in some not till twelve hours after, and in a few not till after two or three days: but, in 1744, some perceived the buboes a day or two before they had any other symptom of the disease. And during all the time the plague raged at Aleppo, none of the sick were without them, except such who died suddenly. In general, the sick had but one, and they were more common in the axillary or inguinal glands than in the parotids. Some few had even two or three, which were not confined to one side of the body. Their first appearance, as hath been mentioned, was like a small indurated gland; deeply seated; in some they were fixed but more frequently moveable, and most commonly painful to the touch. They would often, increase considerably in a few hours with intense pain, and would as suddenly subside; and these changes would frequently succeed each other several times in twenty-four hours. Sometimes an exacerbation immediately following the decrease of the bubo, would prompt one to imagine this decrease to have been the cause; but this was not so constantly the case as to induce me to think it was so in reality.

The buboes, so far as I could learn, never advanced towards a regular maturation, till a critical sweat had carried off the fever. In ten, twelve, or fifteen days from the first attack, they commonly suppurated with the usual attendants of heat and pain. Sometimes, nay frequently, I have known them to disappear soon after the critical sweat, and discuss without any detriment to the patient. At other times, when grown pretty large, about the height of the disease, they sunk, and mortified without being attended with fatal consequences: for as soon as the crisis was compleat, the mortification stopped, and the eschar separated gradually, leaving a large deep ulcer, which healed without difficulty by the usual methods.

The inguinal buboes were seldom single, there being generally two, and in the same groin. The superior was the largest, of a long figure, somewhat resembling a cucumber, lying obliquely, but lower than where the venereal buboes appear, and it was this which commonly came to suppuration. Once I met with a case where an axillary bubo divided into two; one part getting under the pectoral muscle, the other sinking deeper into the armpit: both of them grew painful and inflamed; but that in the armpit only suppurated.

I met with no instance of a bubo not followed or preceded by the fever.

In respect to the carbuncles, it has already been observed, that they broke out on all parts of the body, the muscular and tendinous especially. From the size of a silver penny they often spread themselves speedily to the extent of an inch and half, two inches, nay sometimes three inches, diameter, frequently penetrating deep into the substance of the parts they attacked. Their most common time of appearing was on the second day of the disease. Their progress was very quick, and not above one half of the sick had them. In such as died, I was told, (for I saw none of those cases myself) that from the pustule issued a quantity of ichorous matter; but the black circle remained hard and dry; in the others the mortification usually stopped on the third day, and in a day or two more digested, and began to separate round the edges. The separation of the whole eschar was completed rather sooner than in such as are made by a caustic.

A few of the sick had pustules, which were filled with well-concocted matter, without any livid or discoloured circle about them: these, after a certain time, dried up, and fell off, as it commonly happens in the distinct small-pox; and as all the patients who had this eruption recovered, it was considered as a favourable symptom.

To enumerate all the various changes that happened, with the sudden and unexpected transitions from extreme danger to great safety, would be tedious, and little instructive. Such, however, were the general outlines of the distemper, and the most usual symptoms; which though they by no means furnish one with the necessary helps to form a certain prognostic, yet some hints may from thence be deduced for establishing a rational, and perhaps a successful practice.

Upon considering, however, the several circumstances attending this fatal distemper, the various shapes it assumes, the sudden transitions from one appearance to another, the precipitate advances to its height, and the danger which the physician incurs in visiting the sick, the wonder ceases, that we meet with in authors so various and contradictory accounts of the proper methods for treating it. Some plead for evacuations, others decry them with vehemence: if we allow, that difference of climates, different constitutions of the air in the same climate, and perhaps some variety even in the plague itself, might lead practitioners to judge not always alike concerning it; yet it is not so easy to reconcile the jarring opinions of those who have practised at the same time, and in the same place, in respect to this essential part of management: and as in a disease, wherein reason is often perplexed, and experience itself fallacious, one would chuse to rely much on proper authority, it is greatly to be lamented, that nature has not been more, and opinion less, attended to. As the plague has so often visited that country, one might reasonably have expected among the natives some vestiges of unbiassed observation, and attempts at least towards a proper method of cure; but, so far as I have hitherto been able to discover, no traces of any thing satisfactory are to be met with among them. The Turks have less faith in medicine for the cure of this disease than of any other, believing it to be a curse inflicted by God Almighty for the sins of the people; and as the chief of those who practise physic are either Christians or Jews, and not so strongly prepossessed with the doctrine of predestination, consequently afraid of catching the distemper, they rather endeavour to confirm the Turks in their false notions, lest they should be forced to visit the sick. Hence it follows, that the greatest part of those who are seized with the plague, either are left to struggle with the violence of the disorder without any assistance, or must submit to the direction of the meanest and most ignorant of mankind. The practice which seems to prevail most generally amongst them, is to bleed all who apply to them, and in every stage of the disease; after which they endeavour to promote sweat by a few grains of bezoar, in the simple distilled water of scorzonera; which is the medicine they chiefly confide in, such is the slender acquaintance they have yet acquired in the materia medica.

From the most impartial and attentive observation I could make, it seemed to me, that very plentiful bleeding at the first appearance of the disease was of great service; but after the first day was always prejudicial.

Vomiting was also of the utmost consequence at the beginning: warm water was commonly sufficient to procure it, as the sick had generally a propensity to this discharge. If a stimulus was required, a small dose of ipecacuanha or sal vitrioli was all that was necessary for most patients.

Though purging with the violent cathartics is justly condemned; yet an emollient glyster, or even a gentle laxative with manna and crem. tartar. when the patient was costive, and the head much affected, was not only safe, but often of great service; and, when the symptoms were not violent, I have frequently given a gentle purge of infus. sennæ, mann. & crem. tartar. the second day of the disease with success. It may appear strange; but it is a fact confirmed to me by many instances, that a purgative of this kind, given after the critical sweat, was the most effectual means to bring the buboes to suppuration.

The natural crisis of the disease was always by sweat; and, when the same evacuation could be procured by art, it was also of service; but there were two great inconveniences attending attempts of this kind on the first day. One was, that the common medicines in the usual doses for this purpose, if they failed of procuring the desired diaphoresis, threw the patient into a flame, and greatly augmented all the symptoms: the other inconvenience was, that though we succeeded in raising a sweat, it was requisite to continue it a much longer time than most of the people in that country could be persuaded to endure; and, if checked, it was of bad consequence, either increasing all the symptoms, or, what was often the case, bringing on a diarrhœa; which though at first it seemed to relieve, yet generally proved fatal in the end.

The cordial and diaphoretic medicines found to be most efficacious were, Rad. contrayerv. Valerian. sylvest. Croc. Anglic. Pulv. contrayerv. comp. Pharm. Edin. and Theriac. Androm. or Diascord. when a diarrhœa attended. Anodynes also greatly assisted the other medicines in their operations; but those of the gentler kind, as syr. diacod. seemed to agree better with the sick than opium.

I made an attempt to try the effects of the cortex in this distemper; but a popular clamour being raised against that medicine, I thought it most prudent to desist, as I was convinced that my youth, and the short time I had then resided in the place, would render any efforts I could make to get the better of it ineffectual. No fair trial was made of the rad. serpentar. Virgin. because few of the natives would take it on account of its bitterness: for whoever would obtain a ready compliance with his orders in that country, must as seldom as possible offend their palates with unpleasant remedies; because whatever may be the consequence to themselves, they will often chuse to incur distant, though great risks, rather than submit to present inconveniences. Small doses repeated every four hours, was the most effectual method of giving these medicines, and plenty of diluent liquors, acidulated with spirit of vitriol, not only assisted in promoting a diaphoresis, but was of the utmost consequence in moderating the fever, which the cordials and diaphoretics were otherwise apt to increase.

Nitrous medicines in this disease neither were attended with their usual success in allaying heat, nor could the sick in general bear the common doses without a sensible increase of languor and dejection, or danger of bringing on a diarrhœa.

The following method of treating the sick I found the most successful upon repeated trials.

As soon as the patient was seized, from 10 to 20 ounces of blood, according to the present condition of the sick, or violence of the symptoms, were ordered to be taken from the arm. Seldom more than a pound however was taken from any; that being a quantity greatly exceeding what they usually lose at once in any disease.

After bleeding, if the nausea was considerable, they were ordered to drink plentifully of warm water, (which was presently brought up again, and with it a quantity of bile), and this operation to be repeated several times. If the nausea was not sufficient, which was but seldom the case, a small dose of rad. ipecacuan. or sal. vitriol. was given to promote the vomiting. It appeared from experience of such consequence that those evacuations should be made early, that most of my acquaintance had previous directions to set about them immediately, in case any person should be infected in their family.

A gentle anodyne was given after vomiting, or, if that did not settle their stomachs, Riverius’s saline draught, with an ounce of diacodium, or 15 drops of laudanum.

These evacuations being premised, small doses of the cordial and diaphoretic medicines, above mentioned, joined with a very small proportion of nitr. stibiat. were given every four hours; and the sick were encouraged to drink liberally of a decoction of scorzonera roots and barley, or even of spring water, but always tepid, if they could be persuaded to drink it so, and acidulated with as much sp. vitrioli, as to make it agreeable. A certain proportion of this spirit, with syrup of violets, made it more grateful both to the eye and the palate, and was no small inducement to them to drink the necessary quantity.

In the winter, the sick were ordered to be removed into a larger and more airy room, than they were accustomed to sleep in at that season; and the air to be both warmed and corrected by a moderate fire. In the summer, all the doors and windows were allowed to be opened, excepting that which was immediately opposite to the patient’s bed; and many of them would not even bear that restriction, but would have all open in the day time, and often in the night lay upon the house top. Their covering was the same as in health.

A moderate cordial of some of the simple waters, with a little Tinct. croci, Tinct. Valerian, sylv. Confect. alkerm. well acidulated with sp. vitrioli, and commonly sweetened with syrup of white poppies, was allowed them when faint or uneasy, and they expressed great satisfaction upon taking this mixture. For children, this alone, with plenty of acidulated liquors, was what I chiefly used, and with good success.

When the sick could be persuaded to submit to the above regimen, a sweat often broke out the second or beginning of the third day, when they were covered up, and the sweat was encouraged so long as they could bear it.

Whether it proceeded from the carelessness of the attendants, in giving way to the impatience of the sick, and so not encouraging the sweat so long as it ought to have been, or from the nature of the disease, I know not, but certain it is, that this first sweat, particularly if it happened on the second day, though it greatly relieved the patient, yet did not entirely carry off the fever. A continuance of the same medicines, in somewhat larger doses, generally enabled nature to throw off every subsequent exacerbation by a plentiful sweat, till a compleat crisis was obtained.

When the sweat was sufficient, and had greatly mitigated the symptoms, notwithstanding some degree of fever still remained, a mild cathartic was given the next morning, the other medicines were continued during its operation, and an anodyne was ordered early in the evening.

When an encrease of the symptoms seemed to be the consequence of a sudden sinking of the buboes, which sometimes happened on the second or third day, a blister applied just below the bubo was of service.

Upon the first appearance of a coma, or debility in the tongue, a blister was applied to the head, and to the other usual parts, as necessity required. Some patients, who had been deemed past recovery, having struggled through the disease, and apparently by the use of blisters, at length brought them into credit, and induced the natives to submit, with less reluctance, to a practice which they would otherwise have abhorred. Stimulating cataplasms of one part garlic, and two parts crum of bread, with the addition of a little vinegar, applied to the soles of the feet, were of great service in this case; and if the patient was costive, emollient laxative glysters were injected. The dose of the alexipharmics was encreased, and diluting acidulated liquors given often in small quantities.

Suppurating cataplasms were sometimes applied to the buboes, but as they were kept on with difficulty, the Empl. Diachyl. cum Gum. was more generally used; and when a stimulus was required, a few cantharides, or a little euphorbium was added. In most of the sick, they were left to open of themselves, on account of the dread the natives have of the lancet or caustic, and the want sometimes of proper persons to apply them: and indeed, by what I observed, none suffered from the long delay in opening them, farther than the usual inconveniences attending other tumors thus left to themselves; and they never required any method different from the common to heal them.

When the buboes mortified, they were treated as the carbuncles; and though, upon the separation of the mortified parts, the ulcers were often large and deep, yet they healed very soon.

Sometimes the carbuncles were scarified, but oftener not: the dressings that agreed best with them, were Ung. Basilic. Flav. with a small proportion of Ol. Terebinthinæ, and sometimes Tinct. Myrrh. applying over all an emollient cataplasm; and after the indurated black parts were separated, they soon healed, without any particular accidents.

SECT. III.

Of the method used by the ~Europeans~ for their preservation from the Plague.

Next to the protection of Divine Providence, the means that the Europeans at Aleppo depend upon for their preservation during the time of the plague, are either retiring from the city, or shutting up at home, in such a manner as effectually to prevent all communication with either persons or goods capable of conveying the infection. The first method was formerly the common practice of the English, when the nature of their business was such as allowed them to retire early in the season, and their number so considerable, that they encamped upon the Bylan mountains, without any danger from the Curds: so that, by keeping the person employed to go to the village to market at a proper distance, and using the necessary precautions in receiving provisions, &c. if the plague should be there, they were quite secure, and had at the same time an opportunity of amusing themselves by riding, shooting, and other country-recreations, and enjoying the cool air and verdure among those mountains; a pleasure at other times surpassing most others in that warm climate, though now barely sufficient to allay the melancholy reflexions so natural on this occasion. At present, however, as the nature of their business is such as prevents their retiring early, their number small, and the Curds more troublesome than heretofore, so that they cannot well encamp upon the mountains, a retirement from the place is attended with considerable inconveniences; for it is next to impossible, when the season is advanced, but one or other of the servants who must unavoidably be hired to carry baggage, &c. on the road, (for all sorts of necessaries must be carried along with one in this country, even provisions and bedding) either has the distemper in his own family, or at best has daily intercourse with numbers in that condition. And though, by carrying tents, the danger of sleeping in an infected village may be avoided; yet it may nevertheless happen to be at the very place where the retirement has been intended, it being, I believe, very rare that it rages at Aleppo without likewise affecting most other places within a few days journey round it, and full as rare that the people will confess its being amongst them.

Shutting up at home is attended with none of these inconveniences, and, when conducted in the proper manner, its salutary effects are found by experience to be such, that persons in this situation remain without danger in the middle of a city where the plague rages with the greatest violence; a circumstance so evident, that all the Christians and Jews who can afford it follow the example of the Franks in this respect. And though the Turks cannot, on account of their religion, do it avowedly; yet such of them as have been any ways conversant with the Europeans, and are not mere bigots, either keep at home, on pretence of being indisposed, or retire to some garden for change of air, if their affairs will not admit of their going abroad to some distant place, where they imagine the disease does not reach. A journey to Mecca, on pretence of devotion, is their most common expedient.

It having been mentioned, that the Europeans are not so subject to the epidemic diseases of that country as the natives, it is necessary to inform the reader, that experience confirms their being liable to the plague, some of them having generally been infected when the distemper raged in the place, either before they shut up, or after they came abroad. It may also be proper to add, that their servants, who are natives, and are a much greater number than the Europeans, enjoy the same benefit from shutting up.

While the number of the sick is inconsiderable, as is commonly the case during the winter, the Europeans content themselves with using the following precautions, viz. to have no more intercourse with the natives than what they are necessarily obliged to by their business; to keep their servants at home, if possible, which however is not easily accomplished; not to make use of a common barber, if it can be avoided; and to carefully enquire concerning the health of those who wash their linen, chusing for that office such as are not employed by the natives. This does not however prevent their visiting each other, and enjoying their usual recreations abroad in the country.

During this time it is usual for the natives to make use of all the arguments in their power to persuade the Europeans, that either the whole of the reports concerning the distemper are false, or, when this cannot be accomplished, that the little which had appeared is now quite over; which last pretence, however untrue, or indeed vain to hope for, many are willing to be deceived by, till either some European, their dependants, or others under their immediate inspection, being infected, causes a general consternation, and occasions their shutting up with all expedition. Such of the Franks as act with the most prudence not only use the precautions already mentioned, but also make the proper dispositions for shutting up, so as to be ready to do it upon the first visible increase of the distemper, which they look upon as unavoidable in the spring, and lay their account with being confined till July. The progress of the disease is so quick, that the difference between such as shut up early, and those that brave it out to the last, is seldom more than a few days.

As it would be disagreeable for a single person to be confined by himself, they generally divide into small parties, and shut up in such houses as are most spacious and convenient. It is an advantage to be in one that has no communication, by way of the terrace, with any other; for though when the distemper is not frequent, going over the house-top to visit such other of their friends as are also shut up, is sometimes practised, yet, when the plague rages much, it is reckoned safest not to trust to any one, lest they should be guilty of irregularities; and when such communications are open, it is impossible to be sure of keeping the servants in order. Provision is made, as has been already mentioned, for a confinement till July; for, after the doors are once shut, nothing is admitted but letters, and what is absolutely necessary for the table, and these too with the precautions which shall be mentioned. One thing, though it may seem trifling, conduces not a little to their ease, and that is, to have one person that can shave; for a long beard is extremely disagreeable in hot weather. Cats, being great ramblers, are looked upon as dangerous animals at such times; and therefore the Europeans either confine theirs at home, or send them to be taken care of by some of their dependants, in a distant part of the city; and no quarter is shewn to any strange cats that shall happen to be seen within their bounds, but such are immediately shot, and thrown into the street by the help of a pair of tongs.

This disposition being made, and the distemper so far advanced that it is thought imprudent to go abroad any longer, the street-door is locked, and, for the greater security, sealed up; and, if there are any windows, or passages of any kind below stairs, through which the servants might possibly receive any thing from without, they are secured also; even the small hole cut in the door through which the water, for the service of the family is conveyed, has a lock and key, so that it is never opened, but when the Sacka (or water-carrier) comes, and then usually one of the Europeans attends; for these water-carriers, being of the same race with the servants, are the most likely to bring them such things as they may desire. A window above stairs is next allotted, through which the necessary provisions, &c. are to be received; and such an one is usually chose as looks into the most private part of the Khane, or street, to avoid drawing together a concourse of idle passengers, which the novelty of the sight would naturally do: but the more this window is exposed to the eyes of the family within, the better it is for preventing irregularities from servants. The necessary apparatus for this window, consists of a rope, which, with the addition of a few yards of an iron chain, and a hook to the lower end, reaches within two or three feet of the ground; an iron or copper pail, which is hung on the hook of the chain, and let down for conveying things to or from a person below, whom they hire on purpose, and is all day in waiting to bring the necessary provisions, carry messages, &c. A quantity of vinegar, a pail of water, a long reed split at one end for conveying letters, and some brimstone to smoke them with, as also a pair of tongs for taking out the provisions. Meat, poultry (which last must be well picked) and every thing else that will allow of it, is dipped in water, mixed with a small proportion of vinegar, and hung up some little time before it is touched. Bread, which will admit of nothing of that nature, is exposed to the air for some hours before it is handled; and letters or other papers, are sprinkled with vinegar and smoked with sulphur; for which purpose, if it was a more general practice to have a box so contrived, as to impregnate the papers more throughly with the fumes of that mineral, it might perhaps be more safe. Some few, in place of sulphur, smoke their letters with the following, which is what is commonly used in the Lazaretto at Malta.

The impatience under confinement, with the melancholy occasion of it, the apprehension that some of the company may have received the infection, though it may not as yet have appeared, the singing before the corps in the day, and the shrieking of the women for the dead, both day and night, all contribute to make the first week’s confinement very disagreeable. Custom, however, soon renders those things so familiar, as to lose much of their force; and the company falling into various ways of amusing themselves, in a very little time, though they cannot help feeling for the unhappy sufferers, yet the only uneasiness most people express, on their own account, is from a want of liberty to go abroad; this want, they endeavour to supply by an evening’s walk upon the house-top, from whence as many of the European houses are but at a small distance from each other, they enjoy the conversation of some of their friends, though too far off for secrecy.

Though the shutting up of the Europeans and many Christians, as also the retirement of some Turks, as has been already mentioned, in a great measure puts a stop to trade while the distemper rages violently, yet the markets are all open, and as great plenty of provisions, and every thing else to be had as at any other time: the streets too, though not so much crouded, yet are still pretty full of people; the generality of the Turks visit the sick, and attend their funerals, in the same manner as at other times; and though the Christians and Jews do not, except on very emergent occasions, visit their sick friends, and very few besides a priest, and those who carry the bier, attend the funerals, yet there is no want of servants and relations, to do the necessary offices about the sick, the same as if it was any common distemper.

As soon as the number of the sick begins to decline, the same causes that prevented some from shutting up early, together with a natural desire that all have for liberty, generally induces several to get abroad too soon. The difference between the first and the last, in opening as in shutting up, seldom exceeds a few days; and yet this, however, makes a very considerable one in the risk, for both the increase and decrease of the distemper, are very sudden.

The first step upon opening, is usually to ride abroad; and though it is at a season wherein there is not the least verdure, except in the gardens, yet, after so long a confinement, the sight of the open country affords no small pleasure. Care is taken, while the gentlemen are abroad, to prevent the servants in the family from having intercourse with any body; and, after the doors are opened, the same precautions are used for a week or two, as before shutting up.

The above precautions, are all that the Europeans commonly practise; but by myself, and such of the natives, who being obliged to be amongst the sick, asked my advice, the following rules were observed, which, though nothing new, I have taken the liberty to insert; as they have hitherto proved successful, and many of them may be useful to the Europeans, while their business obliges them to go abroad: to this, however, it is but justice to add, that the trials were not many, and that there were some few persons who were equally in the way of the disease, without being infected, though they used no precautions at all. The rules laid down were these:

Never to go abroad in the morning fasting.

To avoid, as much as possible, all excesses, violent passions, or large evacuations, but not to live more abstemiously, either with regard to eating or drinking, than usual: perhaps one or two glasses of good wine more than customary, might rather be beneficial than otherwise; and a plentiful use of acid liquors, such as a very weak sour punch in the summer, is not only agreeable but useful.

While in the sick person’s chamber, passing a corpse, or near any thing infected, not to swallow the saliva, and to breathe, in the natural way through a handkerchief or spunge, wetted either with plain vinegar, or such as had rue infused in it.

When examining the pulse, and other circumstances that require being very nigh the sick, to hold the breath as much as possible, and, as soon as retired from the chamber, to wash the mouth, face, and hands with vinegar.

Upon returning home, to put on other cloaths, and expose such as had been wore to the air; perhaps it might also be of service to smoke them with sulphur, but this was not practised. At such times also, it is proper once more to wash the mouth, face, and hands with vinegar.

As to medicine, a large dose of the extract of the bark, with a draught of wine and water, well acidulated with elixir of vitriol, taken twice a day, were all that were used. For such as can take the bark in a liquid form, a strong decoction of it may answer the purpose as effectually.

SECT. IV.

Of the MAL d’ALEPPO.

A Cutaneous disease, thought by some to be peculiar to this place, has acquired the name of Il mal d’Aleppo, or Aleppo evil, among the Europeans. The natives call it Habt il senne, or Botch of a year, from the supposed time of its duration. In Turkish, Haleb Choban, or the Aleppo ulcer. This disease is not, however, peculiar to this place, being almost as common at Antab, and all the other villages on the banks of the rivers Sejour and Coick, as at this place; which favours the opinion of its being occasioned by the water.

The natives reckon but two species of this disorder, and distinguish them by the names of male and female; but there is a third kind of cutaneous distemper, which, though it is commonly ascribed to the bite or sting of a common millepedes, or wood-louse, seems to me to be altogether of the same nature, though milder in degree.

What they call the male distemper, makes its appearance in the form of a small, red, hard tubercle or pimple, which commonly passes some weeks unregarded, as it gives no manner of uneasiness: afterwards it begins to encrease, and usually comes to the size of an English sixpence, which, after some months, begins to be scurfy on the top; by degrees the little matter that oozes out of it, forms into a thick crusty scab; which, unless it is picked off, or otherwise disturbed, remains upon it till the parts underneath being healed, it falls off, and leaves but a very small mark. The whole of its duration is seldom above eight months.

What is called the female species begins like the former; but after a month or two it becomes somewhat painful, encreases often to double the extent of the male, discharges a good deal of the ichorous matter from under the scab, and by degrees comes to have the appearance of an indigested scorbutic ulcer, with a livid circle round it; but seems to be no deeper than the tunica cellulosa. In this condition it remains for several months, and is in general about a year from its first appearance before it is cured: but this is not a thing certain, many getting well some months sooner, while others remain several months longer. After it is cicatrised, it leaves an ugly scar, which remains thro’ life, and for many months has a livid colour. When they are not irritated, they seldom give much pain.

The third kind of Mal, which they call the pinch of a millepedes, begins like the two others, but seldom grows larger than about twice the size of a large pin’s head, and never changes its appearance, remaining a small tubercle for many months, without any pain, after which, it usually throws off a few scurfy scales and disappears; but some remain a much longer time.

It affects the natives when they are children, and generally appears in the face, though they also have some on their extremities; for most of them have two, three, or sometimes more, it being rare that they have but one. In strangers, it commonly appears some months after their arrival; and they have them not so frequently on the face as the natives: very few escape having them, but they seldom affect the same person above once; dogs and cats are as subject to the disease as men; it commonly breaks out upon the nose of these creatures.

In respect to the cure, like the tooth-ach, or ague with us, every one pretends to an infallible remedy for them; but the many beautiful faces, daily impaired by the disease, are too evident proofs of their ill success: and in truth, from what I have observed, it is infinitely better to apply nothing, than any of the numberless medicines they make use of.

Of several applications that I made trial of upon myself and some others, I found the mercurial plaister the most efficacious; the prescription was the same as the Emplastrum commune cum mercurio, with a smaller proportion of mercury, and a little larger of Bals. sulphur.

If this was applied at the beginning, it often prevented their making any farther progress; if they had begun to run, it hindered them from increasing so much as they would otherwise have done, and generally cured them before their usual time. This is to be understood of that called the female; for the male, as well as the third kind, seldom require any medicinal application.

The reader, it is hoped, is now no longer a stranger to most of the particulars relating to Aleppo; but I cannot conclude these sheets, without rendering justice to their natural patrons, the gentlemen of the British factory there, who still maintain that excellent character, for which they have been long celebrated, of mitigating the inconveniences that necessarily attend their residence in that city, by the perfect harmony in which they live, and improving every circumstance of advantage by the same social quality, of which, having been so long witness, and in which being so much a partaker, I make no doubt, the public will receive with candor, this testimony which gratitude requires.

FOOTNOTES

Thought to be the ancient Beræa, Beroe, or Berrhæa.

Two hours and four minutes on horseback, in the usual way of riding for pleasure, which, I am apt to believe, is nearer four miles than three and an half per hour.

Divan is a part of the room raised above the floor, as is said in the text: this is spread with a carpet in winter, in summer with fine matts, along the sides are thick mattrasses about three feet wide, covered commonly with scarlet cloth, and large bolsters of brocade hard stuffed with cotton are set against the walls (or rails, when so situated, as not to touch the wall) for the conveniency of leaning. See plate 15 and 16. As they use no chairs, it is upon these they sit, and all their rooms are so furnished. The word divan is also employed to signify a number of people assembled in council.

See plate 15.

The ancient Singas.

Xylon sive gossypium herbaceum J. B. i. 343. Gossypium foliis quinquelobis caule herbaceo. Hort. Upsal. 203.

Cicer sativum flore candido. C. B. P. 347.

Lens vulgaris semine subrufo. C. B. P. 346.

Lens Monanthus, Hort. L. B.

Faba rotunda oblonga seu cylindracea minor, seu equina alba, Mor. Hist. ii. 85.

Lathyrus sativus flore purpureo, C. B. P. 344.

Vicia minima cum filiquis glabris Inst. R. H. 397.

Phaseolus minimus fructu virido ovato.

Melo vulgaris, C. B. P. 310.

Melo magnus cortice virente lævi semine parvo, J. B. i. 244.

Anguria-citrullus dicta, C. B. P. 312.

Nigella flore minore simplice candido, C. B. P. 145.

Fœnumgrecum sativum, C. B. P. 348.

Carthamus officinarum flore croceo Inst. R. H. 457.

Nicotiana major latifolia, C. B. P. 169.

Sapa vini.

Cerasus sativa fructu rotundo rubro et acido, Tourn.

Cerasus major fructu magno cordato albo.

Cerasus.

Armeniaca fructu majore nucleo amaro, T. 623.

Armeniaca.

Persica molli carne et vulgaris viridis alba, C. B. P. 440.

Prunus.

Gorylus sylvestris, C. B. P. 418.

Malus sativa.

Pyrus sativa.

Malus Cydonea vel Cotonea.

Malus Punica sativa, C. B. P. 438.

Amydalus dulcis et amara, J. B. i. 174.

Morus fructu nigro, C. B. P. 459.

Morus fructu albo, ditto.

Nux inglans, J. B. i, 241.

Ficus sativa.

Cornus hortensis mas, C. B. P. 447.

Terebinthus Indica Theophrasti, pistachio Dioscoridis Lob. adv. 413.

Ziziphus Dodonæi pemp; 807.

Olea sativa.

Rhus folio ulmi, C. B. P. 414.

Siliqua edulis, C. B. P. 402.

Platanus Orientalis verus, Park. Theatr. 1427.

Populus alba majoribus foliis, C. B. P. 429.

Salix vulgaris alba arborescens, C. B. P. 473.

Salix Syriaca folio oleagine argentea, Rawolf, 74.

Carpinus Mathioli.

Quercus latifolia.

Fraxinus excelsior, C. B. P. 416.

Lilac Mathioli, Tourn. 601.

Zizipha alba Raw. p. 38. Azedarach Dod. pempt. 848.

Lotus—Celtis fructu nigro, Tourn.

Eleagnus Orientalis angustifoliis fructu parvo olivæ formi subdulce, T. Cor. 53.

Tamariscus Narbonensis Lobel.

Terebinthus vulgaris, C. B. P.

Mespilus vulgaris.

Sambucus fructu in umbella nigro, C. B. P. 456.

Rosa alba vulgaris major, C. B. P. 482.

Rosa Damascena Lob. Icon. 206.

Rosa rubra multiplex, C. B. P. 481.

Rosa lutea simplex, ditto 483.

Rosa Moschata simplici flore, ditto 482.

Rhamnus prim. Clus. Ger. 1334.

Punica flore pleno majore, T. 636.

Cupressus Dod. 856.

Rubus vulgaris, sive rubus fructu nigro, C. B. P. 479.

Brassica capitata alba, C B. P. 111.

Brassica alba capite oblongo non penitus clauso, ditto.

Brassica Gangyloides, ditto.

Spinachia vulgaris.

Cichorium latifolium, sive endiva vulgaris, T. 479.

Raphanus major orbiculat. vel rotundus, C. B. P. 96.

Raphanus minor oblongus, ditto.

Rapa sativa rotunda radice candida, C. B. P. 89.

Beta rubra radice rapæ, C. B. P. 118.

Daucus sativus radice luteo, Inst. R. ii. 307.

Daucus sativus radice atro rubente, J. B. 3. part. ii. 64.

Brassica cauliflora, C. B. P. 111.

Lactuca.

Faba rotunda oblonga seu cylindracea minor, seu equina alba, Mor. Hist. ii. 85.

Tubera terræ edulia.

Cinara hortensis foliis non aculeatis, C. B. P. 385.

Pisum hortense majus flore fructuque albo, C. B. P. 342.

Pisum arvense fructu albo, ditto 343.

Portulaca latifolia seu sativa, C. B. P. 288.

Cucumis vulgaris maturo fructu subluteo, C. B. P. 310.

Cucumis sativus vulgaris fructu albo, C. B. P.

Melo vulgaris, C. B. P. 310.

Melo magnus cortice virente lævi semine parvo, J. B. i. 244.

Anguria citrullus dicta, C. B. P. 312.

Corchorus, sive melochia, J. B. ii. 982.

Phaseolus vulgaris, Lob. Icon. 59.

Cucumis flexuosus, C. B. P. 310.

Ketmia Brasiliensis folio ficus fructu pyramidato sulcato, T. Inst. 100. Bamia.

Lupinus.

Cucurbita longa, folio molli, flore albo, J. B. ii. 214.

Cucurbita lagenaria, ditto, 216.

Melongena fructu oblongo violaceo, Inst. R. H. 151.

Melongena fructu rotundo, ditto.

Melongena fructu incurvo, ditto, 152.

Melopepo fructu maximo albo, Tourn.

Pepo rotundus aurantii forma, ditto, 311.

Apium hortense, seu petroselinum vulgo, C. B. P. 153.

Nasturtium hortense vulgatum, C. B. P.

Mentha.

Cepa vulgaris floribus & tunicis candidis, C. B. P. 71.

Allium sativum, C. B.

Carvi Cæsalpin. 241.

Coriandrum majus, C. B. P. 158.

Anethum hortense, ditto, 147.

Arundo vallatoria.

Arundo vulgaris.

Buglossum angustifolium majus flore cæruleo, C. B. P. 256.

Buglossum vulgare albo & violaceo colore, H. R. Par.

Buglossum sylvestre minus.

Malva vulgaris flore minore, C. B. P. 314.

Asparagus sylvestis tenuissimo folio, C. B. P. 490.

Capparis spinosa fructu minore folio rotundo, C. B. P. 480.

Dens leonis latiore folio, C. B. P. 126.

Dens leonis orientalis tenuissimo divisis tomentosis & incanis, T. Cor.

Sisymbrium aquaticum Mathioli, 437.

Sisymbrium Creticum Raphani foliis eleganter dissectis, T. Cor. 35.

Satureia sativa, J. B. iii. 272.

Sisyrinchium majus flore lutea macula notata, C. B. P. 40.

Tordylium orientale secacul Arabium dictum, Boer. Ind. Alt. 68.

Rosa centifolia Batavica, Clus. H.

Rosa omnium calendarum, H. R. Par.

Granadilla.

Jasminum vulgatius flore albo, C. B. P. 397.

Jasminum luteum, vulgo dictum bacciferum, ditto, 398.

Jasminum Arabicum, Cluss.

Nerium floribus rubescentibus, C. B. P. 464.

Myrtus.

Lawsonia ramis inermibus, Flor. Teyl. Ligustrum Ægyptiacum latifolium, C. B. P. 476.

Cenista juncea, J. B. i. 395.

Alcea rosea hortensis maxima folio ficus flore albo, H. R. Par.

Alcea rosea hortense folio ficus, ditto.

Solanum bacciferum fruticosum, C. B. P. 166.

Alkekengi officinarum, Inst. R. H. 151.

Hyacinthus Indicus tuberosus flore hyacinthi orientalis, C. B. P.

Tagetus.

Campanula Indica, J. B. Convolvulus Indicus folio subrotundo flore violacea, C. B. P.

Jalappa flore purpureo, Inst. R. H. 129.

Jalappa flore flavo, ditto.

Capsicum siliquis longis propendentibus, I. R. H. 152.

Capsicum siliqua propendente rotunda & cordiformi, ditto, 153.

Lycopersicon Galeni Ang. 217.

Rosmarinus hortensis angustiore folio, C. B. P. 217.

Ocimum vulgatius, C. B. P. 326.

Amaranthus maximus, C. B. P. 120.

Balsamina fœmina, C. B. P. 306.

Ruta.

Absynthium.

Aurantium acri medulla vulgare, Fen. Hesp.

Aurantium medulla dulci vulgare, ditto.

Aurantium sinense, ditto.

Limon vulgaris, ditto.

Limon dulcis, ditto.

Citreum vulgare, Tourn.

Citreum magno fructu, ditto.

It must be observed, that all the various species of each plant are placed together, though to be met with at different seasons, and such as are produced only by culture, are marked with *.

Hyacinthus orientalis flore violaceo, C. B. P. 44.

Hyacinthus orientalis primus albus.

Narcissus pallidus medio aureus, C. B. P. 50.

* Narcissus orientalis flore multiplico & pleno albo luteo, ditto, 49.

* Narcissus juncifoliis luteis minor, ditto, 51.

Tulipa precox rubra.

Tulipa.

Viola martia purpurea flore simplice odoro, C. B. P. 199.

Viola martia alba, ditto.

Viola martia multiplice flore purpureo, ditto.

Viola montana.

Viola tricolor hortensis repens, L. B. P. 199.

Viola orientalis tricolor arvensis longifolia flore minimo, T. Cor. 30.

Geranium tuberosum majus, C. B. P. 318.

Geranium cicutæ folio inodorum, C. B. P. 319.

Geranium robertianum 1. rubens, C. B. P. 319.

Geranium orientale batrachoides aconiti folio flore variegato, T. Cor. 20.

Geranium latifolium longissima acu, C. B. P. 319.

Bellis chalepense precox.

Colchicum commune, C. B. P. 67.

Iris vulgaris Germanica, sive sylvestris, C. B. P. 30.

Iris alba Florentina, C. B. P. 31.

Xyphion angustifolium flore cinereo, Inst. R. H. 364.

Xyphion angustifolium flore vario, ditto.

Narcisso Leucoium pratense multiflorum, Inst. R. H. 387.

Buphthalmum.

Calendula flore citrino, C. B.

Lamium purpureum fœtidum folio subrotundo, sive galeopsis Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 230.

Lamium orientale foliis eleganter laciniatis, T. Cor.

Fumaria officinarum & Dioscoridis flore purpureo, C. B. P. 143.

Fumaria officinarum & Dioscoridis flore pallescente, ditto.

Bursa pastoris major folio sinuato, C. B. P. 108.

Dens leonis latiore folio, C. B. P. 126.

Dens leonis orientalis tenuissime divisis tomentosis & incanis, T. Cor. 35.

Hypecoon tenuiore folio, Inst. R. H. 230.

Hypecoon orientale latiore folio flore magno, T. Cor. 17.

Hypecoon orientale fumariæ folio, ditto.

Muscari arvense junci folium cæruleum minus, Inst. R. H. 348.

Muscari Byzantinum flore candicante, Inst. R. H. 347.

Crocus vernus latifolius flavo varius, C. B. P. 65.

Ranunculus grumoso radice, C. B. P. 180.

An Ranunculus stellatus echinatus Creticus, ditto.

Ranunculus nemorosus luteus, C. B. P. 178.

Ranunculus nemorosus purpureus, Tab. Icon. 45.

Ranunculus arvensis foliis chamomæli flore minore atro rubente, Inst. R. H. 291.

Ranunculus foliis chamomæli flore citrino, ditto.

Ranunculus arvensis parvus folio trifido, T. 101.

Ranunculus rutæ folio scrotinus flore aureo pleno, H. R. P.

Ranunculus vernus rotundifolius minor, Inst. R. H. 286.

Ranunculus orientalis pulsatillæ folio flore magno, T. Cor.

Ranunculus Illyricus radicibus bulbosis foliis longis, J. B. iii. 863.

Ranunculus Lanugenosus angustifoliis grumosa radice minor, C. B. P. 181.

Ranunculus arvensis echinatus, C. B. P. 179.

Ranunculus arvensis foliis chamomæli flore minore luteo, Inst. R. H. 291.

Ranunculus orientalis aconiti folio flore luteo maximo, T. Cor. 20.

Ranunculus nemorosus ex rubro purpureus, Lob. Icon. 46.

Ranunculus ceratophyllus seminibus falcatis in spicam adactis, Mor. H. ii. 440.

Rubia tinctorum sativa, C. B. P. 333.

Rubia sylvestris monspesulana major, J. B. iii. 715.

Aparine vulgaris, C. B. P. 334.

Aparine minimo Raii; Galium Parisiense tenui folio flore atro purpureo, Tourn.

Pervinca vulgaris angustifolia flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 123.

Plantago latifolia sinuatis, C. B. P. 183.

Plantago angustifolia major, ditto.

Androsace vulgaris latifolia annua, Inst. R. H. 123.

Pimpinella sanguisorba minor hirsuta, C. B. P. 160.

Veronica orientalis hederæ terrestris foliis flore magno, T. Cor. 7.

Veronica orientalis ocimi folio flore minimo, ditto.

Veronica verna trifido vel quinquifido folio, Inst. R. H. 145.

Veronica mas supina & vulgatissima, ditto, 143.

Veronica aquatica minor folio subrotundo, ditto.

Veronica Chia cymbalaria folio verno flore albo umbilico virescente, Tourn. Cor. 7.

Veronica orientalis minima foliis laciniatis, T. Cor. 7.

Veronica aquatica major folio subrotundo, Inst. R. H. 145.

Veronica terrestris annua folio polygani flore albo, Morris. H. ii. 322.

Arum angustissimo folio, Inst. R. H. 160.

Arum Byzantinum, J. B. ii. 185.

Arum venis albis Italicum maximum. H. R. Par.

Dracunculus polyphyllis, C. B. P. 195.

Linaria segetum numullariæ folio villoso, Inst. R. H. 169.

Linaria angustifolio flosculo albis longius caudatus, Triumfet. 87.

Linaria Constantinopolitana lini sativi folio flore luteo, T. Cor. 9.

Linaria minima hirsuta folio acuminato in basi articulato flore luteo minimo, Mor. Hist. ii. 503.

Horminum coma purpurea violaceo, J. B. iii. 309.

Horminum orientale foliis rugosis et verruscosis angustis flore albo, Tourn. Cor. 10.

Cyclamen vernum anguloso folio triplici viriditate sericea vario maximis floribus albis imo osculo purpurascente Antiochenum nuperorum, H. R. Par.

Sclarea vulgaris languinosa amplissimo folio, Inst. R. 179.

Sclarea orientalis betonicæ folio acutissimo coma purpurascente, T. Cor. 10.

Sclarea Syriaca flore albo, Inst. R. H. 179.

Sclarea rugosa verrucosa laciniato folio, ditto.

Sclarea Syriaca flore cæruleo, ditto.

Sclarea folio salviæ flore purpureo, Inst. R. H. 180.

Rapistrum monospermum, C. B. P. 95.

Rapistrum arvense folio auriculato acuto, Inst. R. H. 211.

Rapistrum montanum, sive sylvestre irionis folio, Column.

Thlaspi arvense perfoliatum majus, C. B. P. 106.

Thlaspi orientale saxatile flore rubeate foliis polygalæ petalis florum æqualibus, T. Cor. 15.

Thlaspi montanum sempervirens, C. B. P. 106.

Thlaspidum hirsutum calyce flore auriculato, Inst. R. H. 214.

Leucoium incanum simplex sativum diversorum colorum.

Leucoium luteum vulgare, C. B. P. 202.

Leucoium maritimum sinuato folio, C. B. P. 201.

Leucoium orientale siliqua eleganter lunata, T. Cor. 16.

Hesperis peregrina siliquis articulatis, C. B. P. 202.

Hesperis maritima supina exigua, Inst. R. H. 223.

Hesperis orientalis glastifolio flore magno violaceo, T. Cor. 16.

Hesperis sicula frutescens siliqua tricuspide, Inst. R. H. 223.

Raphanistrum Alepicum flore diluto violaceo, T. Cor. 7.

Raphanistrum arvense flore albo, Inst. R. H. 230.

Alsine spergula dicta major, C. B. P. 251.

Alsine.

Myosotis hirsuta altera viscosa, Inst. R. H. 245.

Myosotis arvensis polygonii folio, ditto.

Myosotis orientalis perfoliato lychnidis folio, T. Cor. 18.

Myosotis Hispanica segetum, Inst. R. H. 245.

Sedum minus teretifolium album, C. B. P. 283.

Tribulus terrestris ciceris folio seminum integumento aculeato, Mor. Hist. ii. 102.

Anemone, 2 spec.

Apium anisum dictum semine suaveolente, Inst. R. H. 305.

Apium palustre & apium officinarum, C. B. P. 154.

* Apium dulce celeri Italorum, H. R. Par.

* Apium hortense petroselinum vulgo, C. B. P. 153.

Rubeola angustiore folio, Inst. R. H. 130.

Tordylium minus limbo granulato Syriacum, Mor. Umbel. 37.

Scandix semine rostrato vulgaris, C. B. P. 152.

Scandix Cretica minor, ditto.

Scandix orientalis flore maximo, T. Cor. 23.

Caryophyllus sylvestris, C. B. P. 209.

Caryophyllus altilis major, C. B. P. 208.

Allium angustifolium umbellatum flore albo, Inst. R. H. 385.

Allium montanum.

Allium montanum latifolium maculatum, C. B. P. 74.

Allium saxatile acori radice flore purpureo, Bocc. Mus. ii. 84.

Allium Pyrrhinum, C. B. P. 75.

Convolvulus major, J. B. Lin. Sp. pl. 2.

Convolvulus argenteus folio altheæ, C. B. P. 285.

Tithymalus Myrsinites latifolius, C. B. P. 296.

Tithymalus Cyparissias, ditto, 291. Euphorbia 49. Lin. Sp. pl. 50.

Tithymalus tuberosa pyriformi radice, C. B. P. 252. Lin. Sp. pl. 33.

Tithymalus Cyparissias Pros. Alp. exot. Lin. Sp. pl. 38.

Tithymalus Græcus Helioscopius maximus foliis eleganter crenatis, T. Cor.

Marrubium album villosum, C. B. P. 230.

Marrubium album vulgare, ditto.

Clinopodium orientale hirsutum foliis inferioribus ocymum superioribus hyssopum referentibus, T. Cor. 12.

Clinopodium Austriacum, Clus. Hist. 353.

Jonthlaspi luteo flore incanum montanum Dioscordis, Colum. Par. i. 280.

Isatis sylvestris vel angustifolio, C. B. P. 113.

Cicuta major, C. B. P. 160.

Sium.

Cotyledon Cretica tuberosa radice flore luteo parvo, T. Cor.

Acanthus aculeatus, C. B. P. 383.

Myagrum sativum, C. B. P. 199. Alysson segetum foliis auriculatus acutis, Inst. R. H. 217.

Sisymbrium annuum absynthis minoris folio, Inst. R. H. 226. Sophia Chyrurgorum, Lob. Icon.

Hypecoon tenniore folio, Inst. R. H. 230.

Hypecoon orientale fumariæ folio, T. Cor.

Hypecoon orientale latiore folio flore magno, ditto.

Myrrhis orientalis foliis chamomæli, T. Cor. 23.

Caucalis orientalis arvensis tenuifolio flore purpureo magno fructu, T. Cor. 23.

Caucalis Monspeliaca echinato magno fructu, C. B. P. 153.

Caucalis erecta maximo fructu longius aculeis donato, T. Cor. 23.

Bupleurum orientale angustifolium semine longiore, ditto, 22.

Thapsia carroti folio, ditto, 148.

Papaver erraticum majus, C. B. P. 171.

Papaver.

Papaver hortense semine albo sativum Dioscoridis album Plinio, C. B. P. 170.

Campanula pentagoniæ flore amplissima Thracica, Tourn. Inst. 312.

Lithospermum minus repens latifolium, C. B. P. 258.

Lithospermum arvense minus, Inst. R. H. 137.

Symphitum orientale echii folio ampliore longissimis villis horido flore croceo, T. Cor.

Symphitum orientale echii folio flore albo tenuissimo, ditto.

Verbascum pulverulentum flore luteo parvo, J. B. iii. 872.

Salvia montana maxima foliis hormini flore flavescente, Inst. R. H. 180.

Salvia major calyce florum purpurascente, ditto.

Salvia minor aurita & non aurita, C. B. P. 237.

Eruca Halepensis caulibus & siliquis hirsutis.

Eruca latifolia alba sativa Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 98.

Erysimum orientale folio sonchi flore sulphureo siliquis longissimis, Boer. Ind. Alt.

Erysimum vulgare, C. B. P. 100.

An Erysimum Græcum angustifolium majus procerius & minus hirsutum, T. Cor. 17.

Sinapi arvense precox semine nigro, Mor. Hist. ii. 216.

An Sinapi Græcum maritimum tenuissime laciniatum flore purpurascente, T. Cor. 17.

Glaucium flore violaceo, Inst. R. H. 254.

Glaucium flore luteo, ditto.

Glaucium orientale flore magno aureo, T. Cor. 18.

Lychnis orientalis saponariæ folio subhirsuto, T. Cor. 24.

Lychnis viscosa flore muscoso minor, H. R. Par.

Lychnis sylvestris hirsuta annua flore minore carneo, Mor. Hist. ii. 541.

Lychnis sylvestris quæ saponaria vulgo, Inst. R. H. 356.

Lychnis papaver spumeum angustifolio glabra flore purpureo, H. R. Bloss.

Lychnis orientalis calyce pyramidato striato longissimo, T. Cor. 24.

Lychnis segetum rubra foliis perfoliata, C. B. P. 204.

Lychnis sylvestris alba spica reflexa, Bot. Monsp.

Lychnis sylvestris pluribus foliis simul junctis, C. B. P. 205.

Lychnis segetum rubrum foliis perfoliatæ amplioribus, Jussieu.

Lychnis supina sicula calyce amplissimo striato, T. Cor. 24.

Lychnis sylvestris viscosa rubra altera, C. B. P. 205.

Lychnis orientalis supina maritimi capsulis lychnidis coronaria, T. Cor. 24.

An Lychnis orientalis minime granimeo folio calyce purpurascente striato, T. Cor. 24.

Anagallus cæruleo flore, C. B. P. 252.

Scrophularia orientalis chrysanthini folio flore minimo atro purpureo, T. Cor. 9.

Cucubalus Lugd. 1429.

Linum orientale pumilum flore luteo magno, T. Cor. 24.

Linum sativum humilius flore majore, Mor. Hist. ii. 573.

Gladiolus floribus uno verso dispositis major & procerior flore purpureo rubente, C. B. P. 41.

Lilio narcissus polyanthus flore incarnato fundo ex luteo albescente, Sloan.

Lilio narcissus luteus autumnalis major, Inst. R. H. 386.

Delphinium segetum flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 426.

Delphinium arvense flore versicolore, Clus. App. 2.

Buglossum angustifolium majus flore cæruleo, C. B. P. 256.

Buglossum vulgare albo & violaceo colore, H. R. Par.

Buglossum sylvestre minus, C. B. P. 256.

Galium luteum, C. B. P. 335.

Galium arvense flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 115.

Galium album linifolium Micheli.

Aristolochia longa vera, C. B. P. 162.

Aristolochia orientalis foliis lanceolatis.

Sideritis orientalis phlomidis folio, T. Cor. 12.

Sideritis foliis hirsutis profunde crenatus, C. B. P. 233.

Sideritis Cretica viscosa angustifolia, Zan.

Cassida orientalis chamedrys folio flore luteo, T. Cor. 11.

Trifolium capitulo spumoso aspero majus, C. B. P. 329.

Trifolium pratense luteum capitulo lupuli vel agrarium, C. B. P. 328.

Trifolium pratense album, ditto, 327.

Trifolium stellatum, ditto, 329.

Trifolium cum glamerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis, Raii Syn. 194.

Melilotus Messanenses procumbens foliculis rugosis sublongis spicis florum brevibus, Raii Hist. 952.

Melilotus.

Antirrhinum arvense majus, C. B. P. 212.

Moldavia orientalis salicis folio flore parvo cæruleo, T. Cor. 11.

Medica major erectior floribus purpurascentibus, J. B. ii. 382.

Medica cochleata δικαρπος capsula rotunda spinosa foliis eleganter dissectis, H. L. Bat.

Medica sylvestris, an. Tourn. 47.

Medica orbiculata elegans orbiculis circumoras rugosis, Raii Hist. 962.

Medica sylvestris floribus e luteo pallescentibus, Inst. R. H. 410.

Medica Cretica orbiculata fructu utrinque turbinato, T. Cor. 28.

Medica orbiculata fructu lato simplice voluto, Raii Hist. 962.

Anonis spinis carens ruteo minor, Bot. Monsp.

Anonis flore luteo parvo, H. R. Par.

Galega vulgaris floribus cæruleis.

Reseda vulgaris, C. B. P. 100.

Vulneraria flore purpurascente, Inst. R. H. 391.

Valerianella fructu stellato.

Orchis.

Jacea montana pumila capite magno straboli, J. B. iii. 30. Centaurium majus incanum humile capiti pini, Inst. R. H. 448.

Coronilla Cretica herbacea flore parvo purpurascente, T. Cor. 44.

Aquilegia sylvestris, C. B. P. 144.

Scabiosa orientalis argentea foliis inferioribus incisis, T. Cor. 34.

Thymus vulgaris tenuiore folio, C. B. P. 219.

Echium vulgare, C. B. P. 254.

Echium majus & asperius flore diluto purpureo, Bot. Monsp.

Echium foliis angustis & villosis, Inst. R. H. 130.

Echium rorismarini folio, ditto.

Echium Creticum angustifolium rubrum, C. B. P. 234.

Echium orientale majus & asperius flore leucophæo, T. Cor.

Chamæpytis lutea vulgaris, sive folio trifido, C. B. P. 249.

Chamæpytis Austriaca Gerard. Ruyschiana flore cæruleo magno, Boer. Ind. Alter.

Nasturtium orientale foliis inferioribus millefolium, superioribus perfoliatum referentibus, Inst. R. H. 214.

Nasturtium hortense vulgatum, C. B. P. 103.

Alysson vulgare polygoni folio caule nudo, Inst. R. H. 217. Paronychia vulg. Dod. pempt.

Alysson orientale polygoni folio flore luteo, T. Cor.

Eryngium stellatum capitulis cæruleis, Rawolf.

Onobrychis foliis viciæ fructu echinato major floribus dilute rubentibus, C. B. P. 350.

Onobrychis orientalis incano flore luteo fructu magno radiato, T. Cor. 26.

Onobrychis orientalis Galegæ foliis erectior floribus lineis purpereis utrinque reticulato, ditto.

Ornithopodium scorpoides siliqua compressa, Inst. R. H. 400.

Ornithopodium portulacæ folio, ditto, 401.

Ferrum equinum siliqua singulari, C. B. P. 349.

Lotus.

Medicago annua trifolii facie, Inst. R. H. 412.

Medicago vulnerariæ facie Cretica, ditto.

Vicia segetum siliquis singularibus glabris, C. B. P. 345.

Vicia orientalis flore suave rubente siliquis brevissimis, Boer. Ind. Alt. 2.

Vicia sylvestris hirsuta incana, C. B. P. 345.

Vicia angustifolia purpuro violaceo siliqua lata glabra, Bot. Monsp.

Astragalus orientalis incanus foliorum alis prodeuntibus, T. Cor. 28.

Astragalus orientalis incanus foliorum conjugationibus densissimus, ditto, 29.

Astragalus incanus siliqua incurva, Bot. Monsp.

Astragalas orientalis maximus incanus erectus caule ab imo ad summum florido, T. Cor. 29.

Astragalus luteus annuus Monspelianus procumbens, Mor. Hist. ii. 108.

An. Astragalus montanus vel onobrychis aliis, J. B. ii. 339.

Betonica orientalis sideritidis facie flore dilutissime purpurascente, T. Cor. 13.

Jacea montana pumila capite magno straboli, J. B. iii. 30. Centaurium majus circanum humile capite pini, Inst. R. H. 448.

Borago floribus cæruleis, J. B. iii. 574.

Asperago vulgaris, Inst. R. H. 135.

Cynoglossum Creticum latifolium fœtidum, C. B. P. 257.

Orobanche major garophyllum olens, C. B. P. 87.

Orobanche subcæruleo flore sive 2 Clus. Hist. 271.

Mentha sylvestris longiore folio, C. B. P. 227.

Mentha angustifolia spicata, ditto.

Mentha.

Juncus.

Melissa hortensis, C. B. P. 229.

Thymus vulgaris tenuiore folio, C. B. P. 219.

Verbena tenuifolia, C. B. P. 269.

Verbena.

Lepidium latifolium, C. B. P. 97.

Lepidium humile minus incanum Alepicum, Inst. R. H. 216.

Malva rosea folio subrotundo flore dilutius rubente, C. B. P. 315. Alica, Lin. Sp. pl. 1.

Malva rosea flore candido, ditto.

Quinquefolium.

Lilium album vulgare, J. B. ii. 685.

Lilium purpuro croceum majus, C. B. P. 76.

Lappa major arctium Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 198.

Artemisia.

Leontopetalon foliis costæ ramosæ innascentibus, T. Cor. 49.

Leontopetalon foliis costæ simplici innascentibus, ditto.

Hyosciamus rubello flore, C. B. P. 169.

Hyosciamus vulgaris vel niger, ditto.

Hyosciamus Creticus luteus major, C. B. Prodrom. 92.

Ruta sylvestris flore magno albo, C. B. P. 336. Harmala Dod. pempt. 121.

Ruta sylvestris linifolia Hispanica, Bocc. Mus. p. ii. 82. tab. 73.

Tabago Belgarum, sive peplus Parisiensium, Lugd. 456.

Capparis spinosa fructu minore folio rotundo, C. B. P. 480.

Asphodelus albus ramosus mas, C. B. P. 28.

Asphodelus albus minimus, ditto, 29.

Asphodelus luteus & flore & radice, ditto, 28.

Asphodelus flore suave rubente, Lob. Icon. 91.

Ornithogalum majus spicatum flore albo, C. B. P. 70.

Ornithogalum angustifolium bulbiferum, ditto, 71.

Ornithogalum umbellatum angustifolium medium, ditto, 70.

Ornithogalum spicatum flore viride lactescente, ditto.

Ornithogalum Byzantinum flore albo, Inst. R. H. 380. Hyacinthus stellaris amænus flore albo, C. B. P. 46.

Ornithogalum Lusitanicum capillaceo flore luteo, T. Inst. 380.

Glycyrrhiza siliquosa vel Germanica, C. B. P. 352.

Solanum officinarum acinis luteis, C. B. P. 166.

Solanum bacciferum fruticosum, ditto.

Fœniculum sylvestre perenne færulæ folio breviori, Inst. R. H. 311.

Fœniculum dulce majore & albo semine, ditto.

Fœniculum annuum umbello contracta oblonga, ditto. Visnaga, J. B. 3. 2. 31.

Fœniculum orientale cuminum dictum, Inst. R. H. 312.

Cnicus sylvestris hirsutior sive carduus benedictus, C. B. P. 378.

Cnicus exiguus capite cancellato semine tomentoso, Inst. R. H. 351.

Cucumis sylvestris asininus dictus, C. B. P. 314. Elaterium, Boer. Ind.

Al hagy Maurorum, Rawolf 94. T. Cor. 54.

Acacia.

Tragacantha orientalis humillima incana flore purpurante, T. Cor. 29.

Kali.

Carduus stellatus luteus foliis Cyani, C. B. P. 387. Spina solstitialis, Dod. pempt. 734.

Carduus orientalis lanceolatus flore parvo purpureo, T. Cor. 31.

Carduus orientalis calcitrapa folio flore flavescente odoratissimo, ditto.

Carduus tomentosus acanthi folio Alepicus magno flore, Inst. R. H. 441.

Gundelia orientalis acanthi aculeati folio floribus intense purpureis capite araneosa lanuguine obsito, T. Cor. 51.

Molucca lævis, Dod. pempt. 92.

Molucca spinosa, ditto.

Stachys major Germanica, C. B. P. 236.

Marrubium nigrum fœtidum Ballote Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 230.

Chamænerion villosum majus flore parvo, Inst. R. H. 303.

Ricinoides ex qua paratur turnsol Gallorum, Inst. R. H. 655.

Ricinoides Americana verbasci folio, Plum. lat.

Stramonium fructu spinoso rotundo flore albo simplice, Inst. R. H. 118.

Heliotropium majus Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 253.

Heliotropium minus supinum, C. B. P. ditto.

Plumbago quorundam, Clus. Hist. 123.

Anagallis cæruleo flore.

Dipsacus.

Cotula Cretica montana abrotani folio, T. Cor. 37.

Ptarmica orientalis foliis santolini incanis semiflosculis florum pallide luteis, ditto.

Ptarmica orientalis santolini folio radice repente, Miller.

Millefolium orientale altissimum luteum abrotani folio, T. Cor. 37.

Elichrysum sylvestre latifolium flore magno singulare, Inst. R. H. 452.

Conyza orientalis pumila incana oleæ folio. T. Cor. 33.

Gramen pratense.

Gramen segetale.

Gramen panaceum.

Gramen dactylum Ægyptiacum.

Jacobea orientalis cacaliæ folio, T. Cor. 37.

Jacobea senecionis folio tenuissime diviso non incano flore magno.

Chenopodium fœtidum, Inst. R. H. 506.

Chenopodium folio sinuato candicante, ditto.

Scorzonera purpureo flore chalepense, Cat. Stirp. Or.

Scorzonera foliis laciniatis supina, Bocc. Boer. Ind. Alt.

Scorzonera latifolia sinuata, C. B. P. 275.

Buphthalmum.

Calendula.

Chrysanthemum majus folio profundus laciniato magno flore, C. B. P. 134.

Tragopogon purpureum.

Tragopogon pratense luteum majus, C. B. P. 274.

Achillea.

Phytolacca Americana majori fructu, Inst. R. H. 299.

Lathyrus latifolius, C. B. P. 344.

Lathyrus Bæticus flore luteo, Park. Theat. 1064.

Lathyrus luteus latifolius, Bot. Monsp.

Lathyrus angustissimo folio semine rotundo, H. R. Par.

Clymenum Hispanicum flore vario siliqua plana, Inst. R. H. 396.

Hedysarum clypeatum flore suaviter rubente, Hort. Eyst.

Matricaria orientalis tannaceti folio incano & villoso flore parvo, T. Cor. 37.

Chamomælum Chium vernum folio crassiore flore magno, ditto.

Chamomælum orientale foliis pinnatis, ditto.

Cannabis.

Lapathum acutum sive oxylapathum, J. B. ii. 983.

Lapathum folio acuto rubente, C. B. P. 114.

Parletaria orientalis polygani folio canascente, Hort. Pis.

Adianthum foliis coriandri, C. B. P. 355.

Urtica urens minor, C. B. P. 232.

Urtica pilulifera folio angustiore caule viride belliarica of Salvadore, Boer. Ind.

Rhagodiolus alter, Cæsalp. 511.

Senecio minus vulgaris, C. B. P.

Salix orientalis flagellis deorsum pulchre pendentibus, T. Cor.

Nymphœa lutea major, C. B. P. 193.

Convolvulus Syriacus. Scammonia Syriaca, C. B. P. 294.

Siliquastrum, Cast. Dur. 415.

Cotinus coriaria, Dod. P. 780.

Tamariscus Germanicus, Lob. Icon. 218.

Vitex foliis angustioribus cannabis modo dispositis, C. B. P. 475.

Paliurus, Dod. pemp. 756.

Agnus castus.

Emerus Cæsalpini.

Colutea foliolis ovatis integerrimis caule fruticoso.

Erica humilis cortice cinericeo arbuti flore albo, H. R. Par.

Cistus fœmina folio salviæ elatior & rectis virgis, C. B. P.

Cistus mas folio oblongo incano, C. B. P.

Genista tinctoria Lusitanica maxima, Inst. R. H.

Aristolochia Cretica scaudens altissimæ pistalochiæ foliis.

Securidaca lutea, C. B.

Valeriana hortensis, C. B.

Echium Creticum.

An. Valeriana orientalis minime flore leucophæo.

Tithymalus myrsinites angustifolius, C. B. P.

Horminum orientale annuum sativo simile coma carens flore violaceo.

Trifolium bituminosum arboreum angustifolium ac sempervirens, Hort. Carth.

An. Campanula angustifolia pumila floribus cæruleis uno versu dispositis.

Bupleurum orientale angustifolium semine longiore.

Bryonia Cretica maculata, C. B.

Cuminoides.

Chamædrys Alpina frutescens folio splendente.

Gallium montanum latifolium ramosum.

Quinquefolium orientale erectum montanum hirsutum luteum flore majore.

Anonis viscosa spinis carens lutea major, C. B. P.

Cannabina Cretica fructifera.

An. Phlomis orientalis hormini folio flore minore calyce Glabro.

Phlomis orientalis angusto & longiore folio flore luteo.

Elichrysum montanum longiore folio & flore purpureo.

Elichrysum angustifolium incanum maximo flore.

Onobrychis.

Thymbria legitima, Clus.

Alysson fruticosum incanum.

Clematites.

Carduus Creticus rapifolio.

Stæchas purpurea, C. B. P.

Vulneraria flore purpurascente.

Pastinaca sylvestris altissime.

Astragalus Alpinus procerior alepecuroides.

Lunaria leucoii folio siliqua oblonga majore.

Nigella orientalis flore flavescente semine alato plano.

Atriplex latifolia sive halimus fruticosus, Mor. Hist.

An. Thymellæa Cretica oleæ folio utrinque glabro.

Marrubium sideritidis folio flore luteo.

Satureia sativa.

Vicia perennis incana multiflora, Bot. Monsp.

A rotoloe of Aleppo is five pounds.

Leban is a coagulated sour milk, usually prepared by boiling the milk, and, when hot, putting a small proportion of leban into it, which coagulates the whole before next morning. How it was made originally, I could never learn, the natives never using any other than the above method: but, from some experiments which I have been told were made, it would appear, that by first letting some milk stand till sour, then putting a little of it to some fresh milk, which it will turn also, next day repeating the same with this new-turned milk, and so continuing for a number of days, one may at last produce the true leban.

I dissected a male of this species, which was shot a few hours from the city. It was a little bigger than a large mastiff-dog, which it resembled in many respects. Its colour was grey, and streaked transversely with black; the hair harsh, and somewhat longer than that of a dog; and from the hind-part of the head, down the neck and back, it had a long white mane, as described by Aristotle. The opinion of this animal’s being incapable of moving the neck, &c., is without foundation, it having vertebræ, and as easy a motion of the head as dogs, or other animals of that species. I could not observe any thing in the eye particular when dead: however, as I saw it not alive, I cannot contradict what Pliny says, Oculis mille esse varietates colorumque mutationes. Just over the anus was an aperture, which at first sight appeared like a female pudendum, but proved on examination only a shallow kind of sack. Its use I could not find out: but this seems to have given rise to what the ancients report of this animal, and what the natives of this country still believe, viz. that it changes its sex every year. The penis differed from that of a dog, in having no bone. The scrotum was but small, and at first sight seemed to contain but one testicle, the other being close bound up by the skin, so as not to appear externally. The vasa præparantia and deferentia were traced from the testicle through the rings of the muscles; but they were unfortunately cut out with the entrails, which the person who killed the animal had thrown away for the lighter carriage.

Hist. Animal. lib. 8. cap 899.

Plin. Hist. Natural. vol. 2. lib. 8. p. 184.

Rana arborea, seu ranunculus viridis.

Gallus gallinaceus & gallina domestica.

Gallus & gallina ex Persia.

Gallo pavo.

Anser.

Anas.

Galinula choloropus major Aldrovandi.

Rallus aquaticus Aldrovandi.

Anser ferus.

Boscas major, anas torquata major Aldrovandi.

Penelope Aldrovandi.

Tulica.

Platea seu Albordeola.

Querquedula secunda Aldrovandi.

Scolopax Aldrovandi.

Coturnix.

Ortygometra Aldrov. Crex Aristotelis.

Oriolus Alberti.

The kata (See plate IX.) is about the size of a partridge, and its shape between that and a pigeon. The bill is of a light colour, tipp’d with black, short, and thick; the legs white, covered with short feathers on the fore-part; three toes stand forward, and a small spur behind. There is a good deal of variety in their plumage. The bird now described is one of the most beautiful. Round the eyes, and the fore-part of the neck (except under the throat, where it is black), the feathers are of a bright colour; the tips being black, form a sort of ring on the upper part of the breast, which is of a cinnamon colour, terminated at the lower part by a ring of black, like the former. The belly is white. The back, and that part of the wing next to it, is of a mouse-colour, with most of the feathers tipp’d with a bright yellow. Of the same colour is the tip of the pinnion; but the short feathers under it are broad, and tipp’d with black, or a coffee-colour, with a narrow rim of white at the very extremity, having the appearance of so many half-moons. The long feathers of the wing are of a mouse-colour, with the quill black. The feathers on the rump are agreeably variegated with black, white, and yellow. The tail, which is short, like that of a pigeon, ends in two long, very narrow, black feathers or quills, running out near three inches beyond the others, and ending in a point. These birds are in such plenty in the months mentioned in the text, that a whole ass-load has often been taken at once shutting of a clasp-net.

Otis seu tarda avis.

Stella avis.

Perdix ruffa Aldrov.

Francolinus olinæ, known to the French by the name of gelinot.

Alauda vulgaris.

Totavilla olinæ.

Alauda cristata galerita.

Calandra.

Hortulanus Aldrovandi.

Citrinella.

Galinago minor.

Galinago minime.

Turdus.

Turdus Iliacus.

Turtur.

Œnas, sive vinago.

Columba tabellaria.

Vultur niger.

Anocratulus sive pelicanus Aldrov.

Tinnunculus vel centheris.

Ciconia alba vulgaris.

Ciconia nigra.

Buba.

Grus Γερανος.

Grus Numidica.

Ardea cinerea major sive pella.

Phœnicopterus.

Corvus aquaticus.

Œdicnemus Bellon. Charadrius Gesner.

Corvus.

Cornix cinerea frugilega.

Cornix.

Monedula.

Pica varia caudata.

Ardea cinerea minor, Germanis nycticorax.

Sturnus.

Merula vulgaris.

This bird is about the size and shape of a starling, and seems of that species. The bill is short, and black; of which colour are also the legs. The plumage on the body is of a flesh-colour: the head, neck, wings, and tail, are black.

Larus cinereus tert. Aldrov.

Hirundo domestica.

Hirundo agrestis sive rustica Plinii.

Hirundo apis.

Upupa.

Merops sive apiaster.

Passer domesticus.

Fringilla.

Carduelis.

Linaria vulgaris.

Turdus pilaris.

Motacilla alba.

Cuculus.

Ispida, An veterum Alcyon?

Picus varius major.

Œnanthus nostra tertia. Muscicapa tertia Aldrov.

Passer troglodites Aldrov.

Jaquacati guacu Margrav.

Pluvialis viridis.

Pluvialis cinerea.

Luscinea, seu philomela.

See Plate X. where it is drawn with its neck stretched out, being the common action of this bird. The length of the bird in this posture, from the point of the bill to the end of the tail, is 15 inches; the neck, from the setting on of the shoulders, 5½; the bill 2 inches; from the tip of one wing to that of the other, when extended, 20½ inches. The body of the bird is but small, about the size of a rail; and the colour of the feathers resemble also those of that bird. The top of the head, and tips of the wings, are black; the legs are long, of a greenish white colour: the toes four. This bird is common on the river Coic near Aleppo.

See Plate XI. The description is as follows. From the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, 11½ inches; the breadth between the tips of the extended wings 23 inches; weight of the bird 4 ounces. The bill is somewhat more than an inch in length, the upper mandible being the longest, and a very little crooked at the extremity. From the upper part of the thigh to the extremity of the middle claw, is 7 inches. These long legs are bare of feathers from the middle of the thigh, and black. The claws are also black, three in number; of which the middle one is the longest, and is joined by a membrane to the outer claw. This bird has no back-claw.

The crown of the head is black; the neck white, except a streak of black, which is continued from the chin to the breast. The breast, with the greater part of the belly, is black; the feathers of the lower part of the belly and the thighs white. The back is of a mouse-colour. The tail is not forked, and about 4 inches in length; the half next to the body white, the other half black. The nine longest quill-feathers of the wings are black; the others white, but black at the tips; so that the whole lower part of the wing appears of that colour. The covert-feathers are of the same colour with the back. In the fore-part of each wing is a little sharp, straight, blackish horn, like a cock’s spur; below which for a little way the covert-feathers are white.

This bird is also found nigh the river Coic.

The two outer feathers tipp’d with white.

Seven of the outer covert-feathers black.

Cyprinus Rondeletii, Gesneri, & aliorum.

Mystus Niloticus Bellonii.

Barbus Rondel.

Nasus Alberti, Aldrov.

Tœnia cornuta Schonfeldii.

Anguilla Rondeletii, & omnium fere autorum.

The fish, Plate XII. No. 1. in its shape resembles very much the Silurus Rondeletii, like it too having no scales. Its length (from the nose to the tip of the tail) 20 inches, weight 20 ounces; but they are of different sizes. The head and back are black: the lateral line runs quite from the head to the tail, on the middle of the side; below which, to the belly, the colour generally changes to a dark purple. Of the same colour is the under-part of the head. The head is flat, and in length near 5 inches; the body is round, till within a few inches of the tail, where it grows flat. The mouth is not so large in proportion as that of the silurus. It has no tongue; and the structure of the mouth and palate agree exactly with the description of that fish. From the edge of the nostril on each side arises a small cirrus, and from the angles of the mouth two others, that are stronger, and twice as long. On the lower lip are four more, the two external being the longest. The eyes are situated near the corner of the mouth, close upon the inferior edge of the upper jaw. The branchiæ are four on each side; and all of them have a double row of sharp points, like the teeth of a comb. It has two fins near the branchiæ, consisting of seven radii; to the anterior part of which joins a pretty strong prickly bone. About an inch above the anus are two smaller fins. A long fin extends from under the anus to the tail, as another of the same kind does from the neck all along the back: neither of these join with the tail, which is round at the tip, and composed of about 22 feathers.

This fish is found in the river Orontes, and, I believe, also in some stagnant waters near it. The markets of Aleppo are plentifully supplied with it from the month of November till the beginning of March. The flesh is red, like beef, of a rank taste; and though, for want of better, ate much by the people, yet is esteemed unwholsome. The name it usually goes by is simack il aswad, which signifies the black fish. Its proper name however among the natives is siloor.

Silurus Rondeletii, Gesneri, P. 1047.

Cobitis fluviatilis barbatula Gesner.

Alburnus Ausonii.

Capito sive cephalus Ges. p. 215.

Rutilus sive rubellus fluviatilis Gesner.

Gobius fluviatilis Gesner.

Mugilis vel cephali fluviat. spec. min.

Leuciscus Bellonii.

Carassius simpliciter dictus.

Phoxinus squamosus major.

The fish, Plate XII. fig. 2. has, upon a slight view, so much the appearance of an eel, and, except its not being so fat, eats so like that fish, that though it is much oftener brought to the tables of the Europeans at Aleppo than any other fish found in the river Coic, it has never been suspected of being any ways different from the common eel; and yet, upon examination, it will be found of quite another genus.

The head is long and small: the extremity of the upper jaw runs out to a narrow point, like the bill of a bird; on each side of which, a little distant from the extreme point, are two tubuli, or processes. As in the common eel there are two fins at the gills, from the occiput, all along the ridge of the back, small prickles are placed at little distances, resembling the teeth of a saw. These terminate at the origin of a membranaceous fin, rising about four inches from the tail, and is continued (as in the eel) along the lower part of the belly to the anus; at which place are also found two or three prickles. The colour of the head and back is blackish, variegated with dark yellow spots; the lower belly white, changing gradually into a yellowish cast. The fin of the lower belly, near to the anus, is yellow; the other half spotted with black. The length of the fish described was eleven inches.

The fish, Plate XIII. fig. 1. is about four inches long. The head is large and flat, the body oblong and compressed. Its colour is mostly of a dark silver. The eyes are large and protuberant. From the lower jaw arise four cirri; the longer measure one inch, the shorter two-thirds of an inch. From the upper jaw arise two longer, each measuring two inches and a half, of a firmer texture than either those of the lower jaw, or of two other small ones placed just by the nostrils. Between the two long cirri are two small tubuli. The whole of the cirri are of a white colour, excepting the two longest, which are of a darkish colour, like the upper part of the head. The fins are eight in number; two by the gills, each furnished with a strong saw-like bone: two small ones near the anus; one of eight radii, situated half-way between the anus and the tail; one consisting of seven radii on the back. Another fin, of a membraneous and fleshy texture, arises from the middle of the back, and is continued all along to the tail. The tail is forked.

Plate XIII. fig. 2. represents a fish, which in its general form, somewhat resembles the above. It is in length three inches: the head is rather flatter: the mouth has a more inferior situation, and is in proportion larger, than that of the former fish: eyes much smaller. The cirri, situated as in the other, are eight in number, but much shorter, these that rise from the upper jaw (being the longest) measuring only one inch; they are also flatter at their origin. They both agree in the number of their fins; neither has the saw-like bone in the fin of the back, but only in those near the gills. The fleshy fin of the back is much smaller than in the zakzuk, and rises at a much greater distance from the backfin. The colour is a pale silver, marbled with grey, particularly the lower part of the fins and tail; the two larger cirri likewise marbled, the others white.

These two fishes, fig. 1. & 2. have no scales; and the palate, and other structure of the inside of the mouth, is like that of the silurus.

This last described fish is also from the river Coic.

This calculation was made by some priests from the harach, (a pole-tax levied upon the male Christians and Jews, after they arrive at a certain age that they are supposed to be capable of work): an estimate of the bread consumed in the city, and the number of those who died of the plague in 1742; which they found to be among the Christians in the proportion of five to the hundred, and from thence they calculated the Turks to be in the same proportion, and so reckoned the number at 300,000: but as all the Christians who can afford it keep out of the way of infection, which but few Turks dare do, it is plain a much greater proportion of the latter must die of the disease, and so cause a fallacy in this calculation; so that I have only reckoned them at 200,000.

Their menses begin from the age of twelve to fourteen, and continue till forty, sometimes forty-five. In most they return once in four weeks, and continue from three to seven days.

See Plate XIV.

This appears to be the same with what in India they call bing, and is no other than the leaves of the female hemp, first powdered, then put into wet pepper, and covered with hot ashes till it forms a sort of paste, which they press into a thin cake, and then cut it into small lozenges, and dry it. About half a drachm of this put into a pipe of tobacco, or rather the nargeery, and smoked with the tobacco, will make a person drunk, or rather mad; and a few grains, mixed with any thing sweet (particularly, as they say, figs, though perhaps what it is swallowed in is of little consequence), will, if taken inwardly, have the same effect. They assert that acids will immediately put a stop to its effects. This intoxicating quality of the hemp is mentioned by Galen.

Composed of 720 drachms of quick-lime, and 90 drachms of orpiment powdered. This they moisten a little at the time of using.

Jareed is a kind of javelin, or small stick, about two feet and a half long, which they learn to throw very dextrously, so as to go pointed as a dart. The exercise here meant is the throwing this when on horseback, a mock-fight with this weapon being a common entertainment: and it is surprising to see with what dexterity they manage their horses, so as to avoid running one against another, when numbers are galloping seemingly in the greatest disorder.

Forsitan expectes ut Gaditana canoro Incipiat prurire choro plausuque probata Ad terram tremulo descendant clune puellæ.

Juv. sat. xi. l. 162.

Zumr.

Napheer.

Snooge.

Tabble.

Nakara.

Santeer.

Tamboor.

Naii.

Kaman jee.

Diff.

Jampridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes, Et linguam & mores, & cum tibicine chordas Obliquas necnon gentilia tympana secum Vexit.

Juv. sat. iii. l. 62.

Explanation of Plate XV. The windows are represented as opening on the outer court-yards of a great house, where the colonade, or gallery, and stair-case, are easily distinguished. In the front of the picture, the Turkish method of decorating their rooms with Arab inscriptions, painting and carving, is exhibited. The carpet, matrass, and cushions, denote the divan properly furnished; in the nearest corner of which sits a kadee, smoking the nargeery after the Persian manner. He is dressed in what they call a ferragee, which is lined with fur, and has wide sleeves. This dress, though most commonly worn by the lawyers, is also sometimes wore by other persons of distinction: but the turbant is of that sort which is peculiar to that profession. In the centre sits a sardar, or aga of the Janizaries. The form of his turbant is that which belongs to the officers of that body; but that of his robe is what is wore indiscriminately by all well-dressed people, only peculiar to such vests as are lined with short-haired furs, as sable, ermin, squirrel, &c. which they wear in the spring and autumn. He is drinking coffee; and before him stands a servant to receive the coffee-cup, in that dress, and humble, submissive attitude in which they are accustomed to wait upon their masters. In the farther corner sits a bashaw, smoking a pipe after the manner of the Turks. His turbant is in the form that all the people of fashion in that country wear, and his robe that which constitutes a full dress in the winter; when it is lined with long-haired fur, such as is taken from the ounce, foxes of different kinds, &c. The whole forms a scene of a Turkish entertainment.

Plate XVI. represents a Turkish lady of condition in the proper dress of Aleppo. She is represented as sitting carelessly on a divan, smoking a pipe, and her servant presenting a dish of coffee in the usual manner.

They have several methods of doing this; but the most common composition is the following, viz. Take 120 drachms of sumach, and boil it in 360 drachms of water, to the consumption of two-thirds of the liquor. In this decoction, when strained, infuse the following ingredients for some days; green vitriol, galls, allum, fresh branches of walnut-tree, of each 5 drachms. With this the beard being first washed, and well dried, is rubbed over, and the tincture suffered to remain on about the space of an hour, after which they wash with warm water.

The composition is as follows. Put 60 drachms of oil into an earthen vessel on a gentle fire; and, when it begins to boil, throw in by degrees 60 drachms of galls: cover the vessel with a smooth stone, and let it remain on the fire till the galls become of a black, burnt colour. It is then to be removed from the fire, and what is found sticking to the cover being taken off, mixed with the finer part of what remains in the vessel. To this must be added the following ingredients, finely powdered, crude sal. ammoniac 20 drachms, æs. ust. 20 drachms, henna 120 drachms: the whole, by kneading with the hands, is formed into little pieces or tablets. It is applied with a little bit of wet stick.

This is made of a mineral substance, called also Ispahany, from the place it is brought from. It appears to be a rich lead-ore, and is prepared by roasting it in a quince, apple, or trufle: then it is levigated with oil of sweet almonds on a marble-stone. If intended to strengthen the eyes, they often add flowers of olibanum or amber.

The method of applying the henna is thus. They take some of the henna in powder, and making it into a paste with water, roll or spin it out into small threads; then they take a piece of leaven, and with a rolling-pin roll it out into a very thin cake, which they cut out into proper forms, for covering the hands, feet, fingers, and toes; and upon this the threads of the henna-paste are placed in the forms they intend to imprint upon the parts. A piece of the henna-paste is applied to the tip of each finger and toe; and then the pieces of leaven-cake, prepared as above, are tied on to the different parts they are intended for, and suffered to remain there for two or three hours; at the expiration of which all is taken off, and the mark of the several figures made with the henna are found imprinted on the parts to which they were applied. They then cover the whole hands and feet with a paste made of wheat-flour, a small proportion of crude sal ammoniac, and a little quick-lime, with a sufficient quantity of water, which in about half an hour turns all the parts that had been before dyed of a dirty red or yellow, with the henna, into a sort of black, or rather very dark green colour.

Chinganas are a race of people, who are generally esteemed to be the same with our Gypsies. They very much resemble Arabs, and, like them, live under tents; but they are not acknowledged by them, or esteemed orthodox Moslems. They are extremely poor, and some few are lodged in tents round the skirts of the town all the year round, and hire themselves for labourers, and other menial offices; but the greatest number come thither in the spring from all parts, to assist in reaping the corn.

Shorba.

Kabab.

Yahny.

Kharoof Mahshee.

Yaprak.

Kheiar Mashsee.

Badinjan Mahshee.

Paloosa.

Kennafy is a mixture of flour and water, made just thin enough to run through the holes of a vessel they have on purpose, held over a hot copper plate, which dries it quickly; so that it has the appearance of a number of threads. This is mixed with butter and honey, and baked in the oven.

The fast of Ramadan happens successively in every season of the year: for as the Turks keep the lunar months, without any allowance, as the Jews have, to make them correspond with the seasons, so they lose about eleven days in every solar year; and by this means the month of Ramadan anticipates about that number of days every year. In other affairs, that are requisite to fall at particular seasons, as farming their duties on tobacco, &c. they observe the Greek months, which correspond to the Julian calendar.

Sallah il Subh, at day-break.

Sallah il Dohr, at noon.

Sallah il Assr. The common opinion is, that this praying-time is mid-way between noon and sunset; but their true calculation, I have been told, is as long after noon as half the distance of time between Sallah il Subh and Sallah il Dohr amounts to.

Sallah il Muggreb, at sunset.

Sallah il Ashie, at an hour and a half after sunset.

The Koran expressly says, that they shall have but four women, whether wives or concubines (Sale’s Koran, ch. iv. p. 60.); and most of the learned among them know this strictly to be their law: but what I have mentioned above being the common practice, the far greater part of the people believe it to be lawful. See Sale’s Koran, Preliminary Discourse, § 6. p. 133.

The tokens of virginity are expected by all sects in this country, but more indecently exposed by the Turks than any other.

Sheih here signifies a saint, or holy man; but the name is also applied to the head person in a village.

Hara is the general name given to the different divisions of the city, which answers to our word parish.

This service in English may be rendered thus. “O man, from the earth thou wert at first created, and to the earth thou dost now return. This grave being the first step in thy progress to the mansions of the other world, if in thy actions thou hast been benevolent, thou art absolved by God; but if, on the contrary, thou hast not been so, the mercy of God is greater than all things. But remember what thou didst believe in this world, That God is thy Lord, Mohammed thy Prophet, and in all the Prophets and Apostles, and pardon is extensive.”

The Curds have a different service; which though it does not so much regard the people of Aleppo, yet for its singularity I shall mention.

“If thou hast taken, thou shalt give: If thou hast done, thou shalt find: If thou believest not, thou shalt see presently.”

Burgle is wheat boiled, then bruised by a mill, so as to take the husk off, then dried, and kept for use. The usual way of dressing it is either by boiling it like rice into a pilaw, or made into balls with meat and spices; and, either fried or boiled, these balls are called cubby.

The Greeks, Syrians, and Maronites, are kept upon the same occasions, but differ as to the number of days. They are as follows:

Greeks. Syrians. Maronites. Soom il Kebeer, or Great Lent before Easter 48 days. 48 days. 48 days. Soom il Rassle, or Fast of the Apostles 12 12 4 Soom il Seida, or Fast of the Holy Virgin 15 15 15 Soom il Milaad, or Lent before Christmas 40 25 20 --- --- -- 115 100 87

The Armenian Lents differ considerably from the others, and are

Soom il Ratas 7 days. Soom il Rasheishie 7 Soom Mar Elias 7 Soom il Kebeer, or Great Lent before Easter 48 Soom Kirkoor Saureech 7 Soom il Seida 7 Soom il Raffa il Saleeb, or Elevation of the Cross 7 Soom il Ajeeb il Saleeb 7 Soom Sarkees 7 Soom Mar Jacob 7 ---- 111 Soom Marè Hannah il Chinkaly, which is a voluntary fast, and all not obliged to keep it 48

Besides these Lents, all the native Christians keep fast Wednesdays and Fridays (one or two excepted), through the whole year.

1 Day fast the 3d of the month Tishereen il Awal. 1 ditto the 10th of ditto. 1 ditto the 10th of the month of Taibaat. 1 ditto the 14th of the month Adar. 1 ditto the 17th of the month Tammoose. 1 ditto the 9th of the month Abb. -- 6

From the Italian word franco, free or exempt, in allusion to the privileges the Europeans enjoy.

1753.

An officer of ceremony (in the nature of one among the Turks of the same name), who walks before the consul with a staff tipp’d with silver. He is also employed as a messenger, and takes care of all letters.

Or interpreters.

One of the Terra Santa, pretty large, whose church the French, and many of the natives of the Romish faith (when not prohibited by the bashaw) frequent.

One of Capuchins. } Each has only two or three friars. One of Carmelites. }

The Jesuits College seldom has more than two or three.

This is attributed to the dews, which fall in small quantities during the nights at that season, and which the natives who sleep abroad have nothing to shelter them from; and as the Europeans, who usually sleep on bedsteads, are exempted from this complaint, and, by lying abroad without this conveniency, have been seized with the ophthalmia, this conjecture seems to have some foundation in experience.

Lowthorp’s Abridgment of the Phil. Transactions, vol. iii. p. 605.

See Page 4.

On the 16th of this month, the thermometer was unfortunately broke, and it was the beginning of September before another could be procured.

The thermometer now used was a small portable one.

A town in the gulf of Scanderoon, the chief port in that part of the country for landing goods from Egypt; the inhabitants of which have a good deal of commerce with the Curds, who dwell on these mountains.

See the method in the chapter on the plague.

From what I have since seen of the manners of the people, I have reason to believe that those symptoms were often concealed.

A high part of the suburbs to the north-east.

In a letter written, at Aleppo in the year 1719, by an English gentleman who had then been about thirty years in that country, the author says, that, since he had been there, the plague had never visited them oftener than once in ten or twelve years. Those within the memory of the people were in 1719, 1729, 1733, and the late one, which ended in the year 1744; since which time ten years are now elapsed without any appearance of it, either here or upon the coast of Syria.

Some have told me, that the plague of 1719 came from the northward; but none of the journals or letters I have perused make any mention of this circumstance; though all of them confirm its raging at Tripoli, Sidon, &c. some months before it appeared at Aleppo.

In the year 1728 the plague made great havock in Egypt, and in the summer of that year it raged at Byass, and the parts adjacent; but did not break out at Aleppo till the year 1729.

At Tripoly, Sidon, and Damascus, the plague raged in the year 1732. It was 1733 before it raged at Aleppo.

For the progress of the last plague, see p. 191. concerning its coming to Aleppo; from thence it went to Damascus, and the coast of Syria, where its greatest force was exerted in the year 1744; at which time it was greatly abated at Aleppo.

In the year 1719, the plague made great havock, and advanced so fast in the spring, that the Europeans shut up about the middle of March, and opened about the middle of July.

In 1729 the number of the sick being few, it was the middle of May before any shut up, and they were not above a month confined.

In 1733 the disease raged with violence, though not quite so much as in 1719. The Europeans, however, shut up, and got abroad again at the same seasons as in the former year.

In 1742 they were confined much about the same time as in 1729.

In 1743 the distemper raged with violence, though not quite to that degree as in 1733. The Europeans shut up the 11th of April, and opened about the middle of July.

In 1744 the number of the sick being inconsiderable, and the terror from the distemper much abated by being used to it, few of the Europeans shut up. The progress of the disease was just as above mentioned.

Unde fit ut in peste fallat nos sensus, fallat ratio, fallant Hippocratis aphorismi; & ipse, ut puto, in his falleretur Hippocrates. De Febre Pestil. c. 5.

Curds, or, as the English commonly call them, Gourdeens, are a race of hardy, robust people, who inhabit most of the mountains Amanus, and live chiefly by plunder, making excursions for this purpose into the neighbouring plains, and retiring to the mountains again whenever any force is sent against them.

It is lawful for them to abstain from going into an infected city, but not to fly from one infected while they are in it.

Take of Sulphur, six pounds. Orpiment. Crude Antimony. Litharge. Cummin seeds. Euphorbium. Black pepper. Ginger, of each four pounds. Assa fœtida. Cinnabar. Sal Ammoniac, of each three pounds. Arsenic, one pound. Reduce these into a powder, to which add: Of Raspings of pine wood, six pounds. Bran, fifty pounds.

INDEX.

Air, how regulated in the plague, page 246.

Aleppo, its buildings inferior to no Turkish city, 1. Its situation, ibid. 2, and extent, 2. Its buildings described, 2-5. Streets, markets, and other conveniencies, 5, 6. Water and fuel, 7. Adjacent country, 8. Latitude and longitude, 9, 10. Seasons, 12, 13. Rains and winds, 14, 15. Soil, culture, and produce, 15, 16, 17. Different religions professed there, 77, 119. Number of inhabitants, 77. Languages, 78. Persons of different sexes described, ibid. 79. Dress, 79, 100, 101. Dispositions, ibid. 80. Food, 80, 81. Ceremonies and entertainments of visits, 82, 83. Bagnios, 84-88. Manner of travelling, 89. Time and manner of sleeping, ibid. 90. Amusements or diversions, 91, 92, 93. Music and musical instruments of various kinds, 93-96. Education and literature, 96, 97. Physic and physicians, 98, 99, 100. Manner of painting their beards, eye-lids, and other parts of the body, 102, 103. Ornaments of their women, ibid. 104. Military and civil government, 120, 121. Capital and other punishments, 121, 122. Different sects of christians, 77, 123.

Animals about Aleppo used for food, an account of, 50-56. For burden, 56, 57, 58. Noxious, &c., 59-63.

Anodynes, used in the plague, 246.

Antelopes, two kinds about Aleppo, described, 54. How caught by falcons, 67.

Apoplexies at Aleppo commonly end in hemiplegias, 220. Several die suddenly of them, 223.

Arab Camel, an account of, 57.

—— Horses, valued for their fleetness, 58.

Arabia Deserta, described, 11.

Armenians, their lents, and how kept, 124.

Ass, two kinds of in Syria, 58. Both of considerable use there, ibid.

Astrology, much regarded by the Turks, 96.

Bagnios of Aleppo described, 84, 85. How used by the men, 85, 86; and by the women, 87, 88. Entertainments of, 87.

Baraban, a large falcon used for hawking at Aleppo, 67.

Bazar. See market.

Beards, the method of dying them used by the Turks, 102.

Beef, not much used by the Turks or Jews at Aleppo, 50. Why best there in the summer, ibid.

Bees, cultivated about Aleppo, 62.

Birds about Aleppo at different seasons, 64-72. The locust bird described, 70.

Bittern, a remarkable sort of, described, 71, 72.

Black-fish, very plentiful at Aleppo, 73. A description of, ibid. 74.

Bleeding, scarce ever performed on children at Aleppo, 201. What used in place of it, ibid. Its use in the plague, 242, 245.

Blistering, the people at Aleppo very averse to, 201, 248. Its use in the plague, 248.

Buboes, Pestilential, their first appearance, progress, and cure, 231, 234, 237, 238, 248, 249.

Buffaloes, plenty of in Syria, 51; but few near Aleppo, ibid.

Buffoons, used in all merry-makings by the Turks, 23.

Buildings at Aleppo described, 2, 3, 4, 5. Materials for, some account of, 48, 49. Are carried on with great ease and dexterity, 49.

Burgle, a food at Aleppo, described, 123.

Butter, how supplied at Aleppo, 53. Commonly bad, ibid.

Camels, of great use in Syria, 56. Four sorts described, ibid. 57.

Carbuncles in the plague described, 233, 239. Method of cure, 249, 250.

Cats, dangerous animals in the time of a plague, 255.

Cheaux at Aleppo, who, 132.

Chincough, a disease frequent among children, 217. Its symptoms and cure, 201, 217.

Chinganas, a race of people among the Turks, described, 104. Bring the plague to Aleppo, 191.

Christians, number of at Aleppo, 77. Different sects, ibid. Manner of living, 123, 124, 125. Of burying and mourning, 130.

Coaches, none used at Aleppo, 89.

Coffee, in high esteem at Aleppo, 21. Ceremonies of at a visit, ibid.

Coffee-houses frequented only by the vulgar at Aleppo, 91.

Coic river near Aleppo described, 8, 9.

Colleges, a number of insignificant ones at Aleppo, 96, 97.

Cordials and diaphoretic medicines, the most efficacious in the plague, 243, 244, 246.

Cotton produced in Syria, 18.

Coursing, in great esteem among the people of fashion at Aleppo, 67.

Crabs, abundance of at Aleppo, 77.

Curds, a race of people in Syria, some account of them, 250.

Dancing, not esteemed a fashionable accomplishment among the Turks, 92.

Diarrhœas and Dysenteries, frequent at Aleppo, 192, 200, 203. Their symptoms and cure, 192. In the plague, 236.

Diseases epidemical, at Aleppo, from 1742 to 1747, inclusive; some account of, 190-212. In 1752, 212-218. In 1753, 218-223.

Divan among the Turks described, 4.

Dogs of several kinds, in great plenty at Aleppo, 60. Not subject to madness, ibid.

Dromedary, a beast of burden in Syria, an account of, 57.

Druggoman at Aleppo, who, 132.

Dysentery, produced from bad bread, 212.

Emeers among the Turks, who, 122. Their priviledges, ibid.

English at Aleppo, some account of, 135.

Europeans at Aleppo, some account of, 132, 133, 134. Why not so liable to epidemics as the natives, 138. Subject of a fever on their first arrival, 140.

Exercises, little used among the Turks, 88. Some of them described, 89.

Falcons. See Hawking.

Fever, acute at Aleppo, 190. Its symptoms and method of cure, ibid. Intermittent, its progress and cure, 99, 200, 202. Inflammatory among children, 201. Method of cure, ibid. Malignant, 202. Symptoms and cure, 203. Putrid, its symptoms, 206, 207. Cure, 207. A different kind of fatal fever, 207. Its symptoms, 208, 209. Cure, 209, 210. Continual, 212, 213, 218, 219, 220. Symptoms and cure, 215, 216. Frequent among children, 217. Concomitants, ibid. Continual, of a more violent kind, 220. Symptoms, 220, 221. Cure, 222. Summer fever among children, ibid. Continual fever, very infectious, 223. Fever, violent in the plague, 230.

Fish, seldom used by the Turks, 72. The different sorts at Aleppo, 73-77.

Flowers, a great variety about Aleppo, some account of, 27, 28, 29.

Fowls, tame, several kinds used for food at Aleppo, 63. Those of the game kind, 63, 64, 65.

Foxes, found in Syria, 66.

French, their number at Aleppo, 132.

Frogs are in great abundance about Aleppo, 55. Used for food by the christians, 56. Some tree-frogs, 63.

Fruits, various kinds about Aleppo, an account of, 20, 21, 22, 29.

Fuel, at Aleppo, account of, 7.

Funeral rites and service at Aleppo described, 115-119.

Furunculi at Aleppo, frequent, 222.

Games, of what kinds used at Aleppo, 91. Not practised for money by the Turks, 92.

Gardens about Aleppo, some account of, 9.

Goats, two kinds about Aleppo, 52, 53. Used chiefly for their milk, 53.

Gonorrhæa, the Turks ignorant of its nature or the cure, 143.

Goose, a distemper at Aleppo described, 140, 141. Its cure, 141.

Greeks, the most numerous sect of christians at Aleppo, 77. Some account of their manner of living, 123. Of their lent or fast-days, ibid.

Greyhounds about Aleppo described, 61.

Gypsum, in small quantities produced in Syria, 49. Its use, ibid.

Haleb. See Aleppo.

Hara and Harem among the Turks, what, 114, 115.

Hares in great plenty about Aleppo, 55. A particular method of dressing them by the Arabs, ibid. Hares caught by the hawks frequently there, 67.

Hattat, a composition used by the natives for dying some parts of their bodies, 102. Its composition, ibid.

Hawking, in great repute among the people of fashion at Aleppo, 67. Several kinds of described, ibid. 68.

Hemp, how used by the Turks for intoxicating, 83. Its effects, how stopped, ibid.

Henna, how used by the Turks in dying their hands and feet, 103, 104.

Herbs-pot, and other kinds about Aleppo, an account of at different seasons in the gardens, 23-26; and in the fields, 27.

Hogs, wild, a rarity at Aleppo, 55.

Horses, different kinds about Aleppo, some account of, 58.

Hospitality, much practised at Aleppo, 119.

Houses. See Buildings.

Hyænas, found in the mountains of Syria, 59. An account of a dissection of one, ibid. The story of its imitating the human voice groundless, ibid.

Jackalls in great plenty about Aleppo, 60.

Jareed, an offensive weapon among the Turks, and its use described, 89.

Jerboa, a wild beast found in the mountains of Syria, 61.

Jews, number of at Aleppo, 77. Their manner of living there, 130. Of treating their poor, 131. Fasts, ibid. A particular ceremony of their weddings, 132. Burying and mourning, ibid. Suffer greatly by a plague at Aleppo, 192; and by the small-pox, 194.

Inoculation, not much practised at Aleppo, 194. Their injudicious manner of performing it, 194, 195.

Insects about Aleppo, some account of, 61, 62, 63.

Ismed, a powder used by the natives for blacking the inside of their eye-lids, 102.

Kata, a remarkable bird very plentiful at Aleppo described, 64, 65.

Kennasy, a kind of food used by the Turks described, 107.

Khans or Caravan Seraijs at Aleppo, an account of, 5.

Kiosks at Aleppo described, 4.

Lapwing, a remarkable kind of, described, 72.

Leban, a favourite dish among the inhabitants of Aleppo, what, 54.

Lents, various, of the different sects of christians at Aleppo, 123, 124.

Letters or Papers, the manner of smoaking them to prevent communicating infection, 257.

Lime-stone in plenty near Aleppo, 49.

Lizards in great abundance in Syria, 63.

Locks made of wood at Aleppo, 6.

Locusts, in vast numbers, do great mischief in Syria, 62. Are used for food by the Arabs, ibid.

Mahommedans, their number at Aleppo, 77. Their supposed superiority over all other professions, 79.

Mal d’Aleppo, what, 142, 262, 263, 264. Dogs and cats subject to it, 264. Cure, 264, 265.

Market-places at Aleppo described, 5, 6.

Maronites, their Lent and fast-days at Aleppo, 123.

Marriages very early at Aleppo, 78. How brought about among the Turks, 111. Ceremonies of, 112, 113. A Maronite wedding described, 125-129.

Measles, Sydenham’s description and method of cure the best, 211. The bad practice at Aleppo in this disease, ibid.

Metals, none found in Syria, 47.

Milk, how supplied at Aleppo, 53. Generally very bad, ibid.

Mosques at Aleppo, some account of, 5.

Mourning not worn at Aleppo, 118.

Muftee, his account of the Mahommedan faith, 119.

Music, and Musical Instruments of various kinds used at Aleppo, described, 93-96.

Mystus, two species of fishes under that name described, 76, 77.

Nitrous medicines, their use in the plague, 245.

Oil of several kinds plentifully produced in Syria, 18, 19. The bad consequence of eating too plentifully of it, 141.

Ophthalmia very common at Aleppo, and why, 137. A particular kind of it described, 222.

Opium not so generally used by the Turks as is reported, 83. Different methods of using it, 83, 84. Its effects, 84.

Orontes, the most considerable river in Syria, described, 11.

Ounce, a wild beast, found on the mountains of Syria, 61.

Phthisis, air of Aleppo bad for it, 143.

Physic, and Physicians, very imperfect among the Turks, 97, 98. Their practice trifling, 99, 100.

Pigeons, several kinds about Aleppo, account of, 65, 66. Some employed as carriers, how trained, 66.

Pipes for smoaking tobacco, different sorts of the Turks and Persians described, 82, 83.

Plague brought to Aleppo, 192. Its symptoms, ibid. and method of cure, 192, 193. Another plague, and its progress, 197, 198, 199. Another, 201, 202. From whence commonly brought, and which the worst, 225. Intervals, 225, 226. Progress, 226. Its force in different seasons, 226, 227. Not so violent as in Europe, 227. Its violence checked by heat, 227, 228. Not influenced by the moon, 228. Relapse of the distemper frequent, ibid. The cause of numerous and terrible distresses, 228, 229. Symptoms various in different, and sometimes in the same persons, 229. Its general appearance and symptoms, 229-234. Crisis, 234. Uncertain prognostics, 235. Other symptoms, 235-240. Different opinions about the method of cure, whence, 240. The manner of treating it, 242. That which was most successful, 242-250. Method used by the Europeans for their preservation from it, 250-255. Manner of shutting up, 255-258. Precautions after it, 259. Sudden both in its increase and decrease, 259. Rules to be observed by those who are among the infected, 260, 261.

Plants, a great variety of, produced about Aleppo at different seasons, some account of them, 30-46.

Pleurisies frequent at Aleppo, 196. Concomitant symptoms, and method of cure, 196, 203.

Ploughs and Ploughing about Aleppo described, 16.

Porcupines, a few about Aleppo, 55. Are sometimes ate by the Europeans, ibid.

Pox, Small, of different kinds at Aleppo, 193. Several of their symptoms, 193, 194. Method of cure, 194, 204, 205, 206.

Prayers, stated times of, among the Turks, 107. These very exactly observed by them, 119.

Purging, its use in the plague, 242, 243.

Pulse, its state in the plague, 230, 231.

Quinsies, inflammatory, frequent at Aleppo, 191, 203.

Rabbits, some tame ones kept at Aleppo, 55.

Ramadan, a moveable feast among the Turks, an account of, and how kept, 108.

Reptiles, account of several about Aleppo, 61, 62.

Rheumatisms frequent at Aleppo, 196. Concomitant symptoms, and method of cure, ibid.

Rotoloe, a Turkish weight, what, 56.

Salt, valley of, described, 49, 50.

Scorpion, and Scolopendra, frequent about Aleppo, 62. Their sting not mortal, ibid.

Seasons at Aleppo described, 12-16.

Sefy, a large falcon for hawking, described, 67.

Serpents of various kinds abound about Aleppo, 61.

Shaheen, a remarkable small falcon used in hawking, 68. How they catch the largest eagles, ibid.

Sheeb, among the Turks, what, 114.

Sheep, different sorts about Aleppo, account of, 51. One kind with a remarkable large tail described, 51, 52. Skin of this tail used medicinally, ibid.

Sheera. See Hemp.

Shooting, as a sport, rarely used at Aleppo, 67.

Shutting-up, a preservative from the plague, 252. How practised at Aleppo, 255.

Silk-worms not much cultivated near Aleppo, 62.

Simack il inglese, a remarkable kind of fish, described, 75, 76.

Slaves, well used at Aleppo, 113.

Smoaking tobacco, several methods used by the Turks and Persians, 82, 83.

Snakes, large, white, inoffensive snakes found in the houses about Aleppo, 62.

Soil about Aleppo described, 15, 47, 48.

Sweating, a critical symptom in the plague, 243, 247.

Syria, a general view of that country, 10, 11.

Syrians, their Lent and fast-days at Aleppo, 123.

Thirst, sometimes violent in the plague, 236.

Toads, very rare about Aleppo, 63.

Tobacco, cultivated in Syria, 17. A pipe of tobacco part of the entertainment of a visit, 81. Is smoaked to excess by most people at Aleppo, 82. Different ways of smoaking it, 82, 83.

Tongue, its state in the plague, 235, 236.

Trees, several kinds of, about Aleppo, 22, 23.

Turkman camel described, 56.

Turks, number of, at Aleppo, 77. Their manner of living, 105-109. Courtships and marriages, 111, 112, 113. Slaves, 113. Women, how treated, 113, 114, 115. Funerals, funeral-service, and mourning, 115-118. Religion, and remarkable hospitality and charity to the poor, 119.

Turtle-land abound about Aleppo, 55. Used for food, 55, 56.

Tygers found on the mountains of Syria, 61.

V, U.

Visits, ceremonies and entertainments of, at Aleppo, 81.

Vomiting a symptom of the plague, 236. Advantages of it in that distemper, 242, 245.

Urine, its appearance in the plague, 236.

Water plentiful at Aleppo, 7.

Weather at Aleppo, general observations on it, 145, 146, 147. Usual through the different months of the year, 148-157. During the years 1742 to 1747 inclusive, 158-166. A more particular journal of the weather for the years 1752 and 1753, 167-189. The method and instruments used in keeping it, 146, 147, 167, 168.

Winds at Aleppo, account of, 14, 15.

Wines, and Vineyards about Aleppo, some account of, 19, 20.

Winter, at Aleppo, short and moderate, 12.

Wolves are of a smaller kind than those in Europe, 60.

Women at Aleppo described, 78, 79. Their early marriages, 78. Easy labours in childbed, 79. Of all conditions suckle their own children, ibid. Their manner of using the bagnio, 87, 88. Method of travelling, 89. Few except prostitutes paint, 102. Black the inside of their eye-lid, 102, 103. Dye their feet and hands with henna, 103. Wear a ring through their nostril, 104. Other ornaments, ibid. Are kept much at home, 113. On what occasion suffered to go abroad, 113, 114. Mourning for the dead, 115, 118. Attend their husbands as servants at table, 129. Appear veiled before strangers, 130.

Wrestlers, employed to perform at Turkish entertainments, 92.

Zanous, a small falcon used in hawking, 68.

FINIS.

ERRATA.

Transcriber’s Note: The errata have been corrected. Errata in the errata are noted.

Pag. 4. note, lin. 5. in place of not touch the wall, read not to touch the wall. Pag. 25. l. 6. in place of June and August, read June, July, and August. 29. l. 22. soon evaporated, read soon evaporated by the summer’s heat. (Transcriber’s Note: this was on page 49.) 57. l. 5. barley, flour, &c. read barleyflour. 70. l. 9. that come, &c. read come. 80. l. 21. that there many amongst, read that there are many amongst. 108. l. 3. eat gain, read eat again. 149. l. 11. Gr. H. Bar. 22. 3, read 29. 3. 136. l. 19. he dare, read he dares. 156. l. 9. it is not unusual, read it is unusual. (Transcriber’s Note: original text actually read “It is not usual”) 191. l. 14. Pierian mountains, read mountains Amanus. Plate VII. Phlomis orientalis homini folio, read Phlomis orientalis hormini folio.