CHAPTER XVII. The Earth's Moon

THE EARTH'S MOON

A NEAR VIEW OF A SATELLITE

Diameter--2163 miles

THE moon's diameter is equal to one-fourth that of the earth. As viewed from a nearby planet--neighbor Venus, the planetoids, or neighbor Mars--the moon and the earth would appear as two close stars.

Both Jupiter and Saturn have moons larger than ours, but Jupiter, for instance, is over a thousand times larger than the earth, and Saturn ranks next to Jupiter. The moons of Mars are exceedingly tiny, and Mercury and Venus have none at all. Neptune has one moon, Uranus four, Jupiter nine and Saturn ten. Of all these moons, it is most natural for us to want complete information on the moon that lies nearest to us, the moon of the earth, which travels around us as we journey around the sun, at a distance of only 240,000 miles. With the aid of the greatest of telescopes, through which the accompanying photograph was taken, the moon can be brought within a clear range of 60 miles, and even closer. However, an opera-glass reduces the distance to one-half, and such a glass, or a very small telescope, is much better in every way for the amateur.

With the nearest planets millions of miles in the distance and the nearest stars millions of millions of miles away, the short distance of 240,000 miles to the moon seems almost no distance at all; in fact, the moon lies so close to us that it not only rolls through the shadow of the earth, but we may also see the various features, and even the shadows of those features, upon its surface.

The moon and the earth form a little system of their own and are bound together by a strong attraction.

This strong attraction, called the force of gravity, has resulted in a strange thing happening to both the earth and the moon, for the earth pulls so hard on the moon that it has long since destroyed the moon's axial rotation with reference to itself, and the moon pulls so hard on the earth that it moves the great fluid body of the ocean. Thus the moon has always the same face toward the earth for it cannot turn around and show us the other side, while the pulling of the earth by the moon causes the ocean's waters to rise and fall every 12 hours and 26 minutes, or twice a day. When the Greek and Roman travelers first ventured to the ocean, they could not understand why great stretches of beaches were left dry, and with equal regularity covered up; where did the water go, and why? It seemed a hopeless mystery to people who had lived around a landlocked sea where the tide, with few exceptions, rises but a few inches. When the sun and moon are in line with the earth they co-operate in their pulling and hauling at the sea. The moon is then either "new" or "full" and it is then that the highest tides occur.

"The silver Moon o'er briny seas presides, And heaves huge ocean with alternate tides."

--Lucan's Pharsalia (ROWE'S Trans.)

At exactly new moon (the moon is called new when it lies between the earth and sun), the moon comes above the horizon at the same time as the sun and sets with it. A few days after new moon we sometimes see what is called the old moon in the young moon's arms, the dimly lighted portion being illuminated by light reflected from the day side of the earth. This earthlight at the moon is at least 50 times greater than moonlight at the earth. Its somewhat ruddy color is caused by the sunlight having passed twice through our atmosphere. The bright crescent, which is the young moon's arms enclosing the old moon, is the sun-illuminated portion of the moon.

"I saw the new moon late yestere'en, Wi' the auld moon in her arms."

--Old Scotch Ballad.

After "new moon" the moon appears a little to the east of the sun as a thin semicircle, the horns of which always point to the cast. The horns point to the east because the sun sets in the west and the illuminated part of the moon is on the side nearest to the sun, a fact sometimes forgotten by artists. The thin crescent of the moon gradually becomes broader as the moon moves away from the sun and in the course of four or five days increases to a semicircle.

"The Moon her monthly course had now begun, And with increasing horns forsook the Sun;"

--Lucan's Pharsalia.

The semicircle then increases to an oval and by the time the moon is behind the earth with the earth between it and the sun, the oval has increased to a full circle. Each day the moon rises about 50 minutes later than on the preceding day and in the course of a month changes from a crescent--a quarter--a full shining face, to a quarter, a crescent and again a slender new moon. It has now traveled completely around the earth. Since the moon has always the same face toward the earth (if one will walk around a table with the eyes always toward the center, this journey will be well illustrated), it will be seen by us in all its phases before it completes a day and night, or, in other words, although the earth turns all sides to the sun in 24 hours, the moon must travel all the way around the earth, which takes almost 30 of our days, before it completes a day and night. This means a continuous stretch of 14¾ times 24 hours of daylight, which is about equal to 29 of our days, of daylight, followed by 14¾ times 24 hours of night, when the sun is below the horizon. It would be a strange experience to travel to this country where the day and night each last half a month.

If a journey to the weird, rough country of the moon were possible, one would experience even greater surprises than the length of the day and the night, for the sky, as seen from this airless sphere, would be strangely different from anything that we are accustomed to. Here the sun hangs like a big gold jewel edged with a tiny fringe of scarlet, the pearly petals of its delicate corona far outstretched against the star-filled sky. The brilliant ball of the earth, which would appear almost 13 times as large in area as the moon, rests immovable and ever present, its great globe turning completely around every 24 hours. Also, as the moon does to us, it would exhibit to an observer on the moon an interesting variety of phases, mammoth crescents, quarters and disks. Such a sky!--a huge white planet, a flower-like sun and multitudes of unwinking stars. And even more, for stretched from horizon to horizon of that black dome, even though the sun shines brightly, is the misty arch of the Milky Way glowing in a glory quite unknown to mortals on earth. All this would happen for the simple reason that the moon has no appreciable amount of atmosphere to diffuse the sun's rays, make the sky seem blue and render the stars invisible. This would also unveil many of the smaller stars that are not seen here without optical aid--and every star would "burn" but none would "twinkle." In the morning of that long lunar day of 354 hours, the yellow face of the sun would slowly push its gayly bedecked head above the black rim of the horizon unheralded by a dawn; neither would twilight trail behind it when it sank beyond our sight after the long day was done, for these phenomena are due entirely to the light-reflecting and refracting power of an atmosphere.

The absence of an atmosphere on the moon, or at least the presence of only a very rare one, is proved by the suddenness with which a star will disappear when the moon passes between the star and us. Also surface features would not otherwise stand forth with such clearness nor shadows be so sharp and inky-black. When the moon passes in front of the sun at the time of an eclipse, its outline shows perfectly sharp against the yellow disk, even showing, like jagged saw-teeth, the "mountains of eternal light" which tower near the southern pole. When Venus makes a transit across the sun its whole edge is illuminated instead of being merely sharply defined, for Venus is enclosed in a wrapping of atmosphere.

The spectroscope has proved that there is no water on the moon. If it is airless and waterless it consequently must be lifeless. But hold, a moment. Perhaps we go too fast with our this anti that and therefore, for here come reports from Pickering, one of our most tireless observers, who declares that there is a considerable amount of dampness still lodged in the deep cavities of the circular mountains, and that this dampness ascends in mists when the sun rises. These mists do not seem to float freely but cling to ridges and higher levels and later dissolve there. The outlines of these cavities are slightly blurred until the mist is banished.

THE GRAY LAND ON THE MOON

The curious gray areas which extend over two-fifths of the surface of the moon are the most conspicuous features to be seen with the unaided eye. These areas are comparatively smooth and level and invariably lower than the surrounding country.

The rest of the moon is extremely rough, the southern hemisphere in particular presenting the most singular circumambient scenery of thousands of round pits fringed by lofty ramparts of circular mountains.

With the aid of a small telescope, the grayish spots on the moon somewhat resemble seas as they might appear at a great distance. Thus old astronomers, believing that they might at least be ancient sea-bottoms from which the water had evaporated, named them accordingly--although rather romantically. These names are still retained, disguised in Latin on the map of the moon and referred to in Latin by present day astronomers. Translated, however, they add a quaint glamour to the Gray Land and the eye wanders interestedly over "The Sea of Showers," "The Sea of Tranquillity," "The Sea of Clouds," "The Sea of Nectar," "The Gulf of Dews," "The Ocean of Storms," "The Bay of Rainbows," "The Marsh of Sleep" or "The Lake of Dreams."

Since the days of Galileo, improved telescopes and continued research have constantly increased our knowledge of the moon. The curious so-called "seas" are not, seemingly, old sea-bottoms; they are dark plains on the lunar surface much more likely to be great lava plains than sea-basins, according to the evidence that has been collected. Many scientists now regard these areas as a part of the surface where the thin crust became weakened and succumbed in an early stage of the moon's development; the lava then welled forth from the interior and flowed out in great molten sheets over the surrounding country. Since over 100,000 craters have also been observed on this side of the moon, all in fairly good condition, and since there has been no weathering, it is sometimes said that the moon presents a picture of the volcanic age petrified.

The gray patches are best seen when the moon is full. Under a telescope these areas appear darker with occasional traces of yellow or green tints. The colors may be due to some form of vegetation or masses of colored volcanic material.

MOON MOUNTAINS

The most prominent mountains on the moon are the Apennines. These extend in a continuous curve for 450 miles a little north of the center of the moon, forming an impressive "shoreline" for Mare Imbrium, the "Sea of Showers." Running northward, just above the Apennines, is the Caucasus range, and east of the Caucasus, lie the Alps. The Alps and Caucasus mountains are far less conspicuous than the Apennines, for not only do these latter mountains reach into a higher altitude but they also are crowned along their 450 miles with some 3000 steep and rugged peaks. [Figure 161] The Alps are noted for a remarkable flat-bottomed valley which cuts in a straight line through these mountains for a distance of 80 miles. This valley is from to 6 miles wide and at least 11,000 feet in depth. Such a long, level strip bordered by gigantic mountains is as unique a formation as the mammoth craters with the towering rims.

The Leibnitz and the Doerfel mountains are on the southern part of the moon near the pole. These mountains are so situated that the light of the sun always shines from their summits, and even during an eclipse they are visible in profile. Some of the peaks on these "mountains of eternal light" are very high, their needle-like points reaching upward for 26,000 to 27,000 feet. It has been estimated that if our mountains on earth were comparatively as high as the mountains on the moon, our earthly mountains would rise to the height of about 15 miles! The height and sharpness of the moon mountains is due partly to the low surface gravity, which is only about ⅙th that of the earth, and to the fact that there is no leveling influence such as is caused by frosts and rains.

Isolated mountains rising up like a huge lump, or a pen point, from a flat surface, are commonly found on the moon. These often stand several miles high and are particularly interesting as seen in the northern hemisphere of the moon, when the long shadow of such a solitary mountain stretches in inky-blackness against the smooth gray plain. Several of these may be seen in Mare Imbrium just above the crater Plato, the loftiest of which is Pico, rising about 8000 feet. Isolated mountains are very frequently found in the center of craters. This would seem a strange formation close at hand--a large crater, or a ringed plain, miles in extent, with a tall slender mountain standing in its center.

The oddest and most common mountains, however, are the circular mountains which surround a plain or a large sunken cavity, like a mighty wall. Such mountains appear on almost every part of the moon's surface and in some places they appear in such profusion that their rings frequently touch and even overlap one another. The peaks of the circular mountains are often two or three miles in height and their shadows sometimes cover a large portion of the plain which they surround. These shadows are continually varying, for during the increase of the moon they are thrown in one direction and during the decrease, in the direction exactly opposite. During full moon they disappear altogether and the plains are filled with light, but lunar scenes are much more interesting when the sunlighted portions are accentuated by the long, queer shadows, for these shadows are black and clear-edged and stand out like silhouettes done in ebony, even at this distance of 240,000 miles. Because they have no light reflected into them from an atmosphere, these shadows are actually so densely black that if one stepped into such a shadow he would instantly be blotted from view.

On account of the vividness of the shadows, moon-mountains are best observed during the first and last quarter of the moon. A good time to begin observing with a glass is when the moon is a narrow crescent in the western sky. [Figure 162] The most prominent object in the narrow crescent is the Mare Crisium or the Sea of Crises, 380 miles long. South of Mare Crisium is Mare Fecunditatis, the Sea of Fecundity and Mare Nectaris, the Sea of Nectar. When these three "Seas" are visible with Mare Tranquillitatis just coming into view, the moon is between 5 and 6 days old, that is, 5 or 6 days after new moon. The Leibnitz mountains may then be seen near the southern pole. Watch carefully evening after evening as the light creeps over new regions and brings them into view. The best place to select for observation is the boundary line between the illuminated and unilluminated portions, called the "terminator," for the shadows that are cast make the irregular features stand out more distinctly and bring out the individual beauties of the lunar scenes. Since we are looking down upon the moon, a mountain peak, at this distance, resembles a point of light, and a mountain range whose base is still in the shadow, but whose peaks are lighted by the rays of the sun, a straight or curved row of lights. Besides beautifying the country of the moon and revealing to us the peculiar sharpness of the mountain peaks, the shadows have proved of great practical value to astronomers, for by measuring the length of their shadows, the heights of the mountains are calculated.

THE CRATERS ON THE MOON

Craters are so numerous in some localities on the moon that one might walk for hundreds and hundreds of miles and step on nothing but crater rims. On the earth a crater is usually a rare object situated on the top of a mountain, but on the moon they are scattered all over the lunar plains, a state of landscape which permits of no short cuts. If, however, in the dim, distant past, life had ever developed on the moon, a moon-being would have been %th as heavy and able to jump six times as high as an earth-being for the surface gravity of the moon is only about ⅙th that of the earth. Thus if a lunarian had no other mode of transportation, he might at least have been able to surmount many of the minor obstacles by jumping over them.

A map of the moon resembles a big mud-ball with all the little pebbles picked out.

A crater only six miles in diameter may be easily seen in a small telescope, although there are thousands less than a mile in diameter which may be seen in a large telescope. Craters from 16 miles to 60 miles in diameter are common and a few even measure as much as 100 to 150 miles. These craters have deeply sunken floors and are usually surrounded by gigantic mountain walls which rise like a fringe of rock above the general level of the region outside. Near the center of many of the craters with the largest brims, one and sometimes two or three sharp-peaked mountains tower, casting a long, weird shadow over the crater's floor. The surrounding brim is almost invariably higher than the central mountain, yet many of these central mountains are a mile or so high.

Probably the deepest of the moon's craters is Theophilus, on the edge of the circular "sea" Mare Nectaris, and it is best seen while the moon is still a slender crescent. The encircling walls of this crater rise from 14,000 to 18,000 feet above its floor, the floor itself being 10,000 feet below the general level of the moon outside the wall. The walls of this amazing cavity, in the main, slope gently to the outer plain but rise very steeply from the depths of the inner floor which measures 64 miles across. Three lofty cone-shaped mountains rest in the center of this floor, their sharp, black shadows stretching to the left. One of these mountains rises 6000 feet, yet its summit is some 4000 feet lower than the level of the outside plain! Imagine standing on the rim of Theophilus and watching the darkness flow into its huge bowl until the mountain peaks in the center look like sunny isles in a dense, black sea! This is a real crater, for the word "crater" means "cup."

Most of the large craters on the moon, however, are not so "cup-like," but, to pursue the simile still farther, are more like platters and saucers and individual butter plates, for their diameters range from five times to more than fifty times their depth.

Chacornac mentions a walled-plain called Schickard, on the southeast portion of the moon, which is 134 miles in breadth, and, although encircled by a mountain wall which in one place is nearly 10,000 feet high, a spectator centrally located on the floor of the crater would think himself on a boundless desert, for this encircling wall, due to the curvature of the surface of the moon, would lie entirely beneath his horizon.

One of the most magnificent craters on the moon is the great crater Copernicus. Copernicus lies in an isolated position a little southeast of the range of the Apennines, on the darkened space called Mare Imbrium. Being not far from the center of the lunar disk, it is an easy object for the eye to find and to use as a guiding point from which to locate other craters. A circular range of mountains much terraced on the inner side surrounds the great plain of Copernicus, while in the very center of its 56 miles of floor stands a solitary mountain with an altitude of 11,000 feet. It is believed by many astronomers that such terracing as is shown in the interior of Copernicus, is mainly due "to the repeated alternate rise, partial congelation, and subsequent retreat" of a great flow of lava which rose up from the floor during a period long past. A number of other craters also show such terracing. The bright appearance of Copernicus is caused by an interesting system of bright streaks which radiate from the circular rim of its mountains. Tycho, near the southern pole, has also such a system of radiating streaks, but so enlarged and intensified are the rays of Tycho's system that they run for hundreds of miles and dominate the whole scene when the moon is full.

Aristarchus, northeast of Copernicus, is the brightest single point on the moon. The peak in the center of its 29 miles of brilliant interior shines so brightly that it has often been seen on the dark side after new moon. Indeed, when Sir William Herschel first observed it through a telescope he mistook it for a volcano in action. The walls of Aristarchus are also conspicuously terraced and rise about 4000 feet above its floor.

Southeast of the two bright craters, Kepler and Copernicus, and almost at the edge of the moon, lies the darkest and also one of the largest of the moon's craters, or walled-plains, as the large craters are now more frequently called. This huge crater, Grimaldi, extends north and south for a distance of 148 miles and covers an area of 14,000 square miles. It is very noticeably dark in comparison to all surrounding objects.

Gassendi, a little southwest of Grimaldi, contains a great variety of detail both on its rim and on its floor. Its plain is 54 miles in diameter and includes a number of central peaks.

Again starting from Copernicus and letting the eye travel northwest along the Apennine mountains almost to the Caucasus, one arrives at a group of three beautiful craters which rest conspicuously on the level floor of Mare Imbrium. The largest of these craters is named Archimedes after the most celebrated of ancient mathematicians. It is to be noted that lunar craters have been given the names of great men--Copernicus, Tycho, Kepler, great astronomers; Aristotle, Plato, great philosophers,--a very fine recognition of scholarly worth. Archimedes, 52 miles in diameter, has no interior mountain, but the shadows of its tall rim are imposing as they fall across its plain.

Aristillus is about 34 miles in diameter, and 10,000 feet deep. In the center of this deep cavity rises a massive many-peaked mountain whose base is often lost in the darkness of the crater's shadows. Autolycus, south of Aristillus and somewhat smaller, is 23 miles in diameter with a floor somewhat depressed below the country which surrounds it.

On the "shore-line" of Mare Imbrium, north of Archimedes, Aristillus and Autolycus, and not far from the "Valley of the Alps," lies Plato, one of the most easily found craters on the moon. Plato is a very huge oblong crater, 60 miles in diameter and containing an area of 2,700 miles. Its floor is exceptionally dark and flat and forms a striking contrast with the bright border of mountains which surround it. Quite a number of minute craterlets have been distinguished on its floor.

The southern hemisphere of the moon, particularly as one approaches the region about the southern pole, is pitted with such a bewildering number of both large and small craters that astronomers say that it is relief to the eye to study the comparatively smooth, shaded portions of the globe after having gazed for any length of time at the crowded mass of detail in this wild and rugged region. The two craters in the southern hemisphere that are perhaps the easiest for the amateur to locate are Clavius, an enormous crater near the mountains at the southern pole, and Tycho, just below it, with its wonderful streaks, or rays.

Clavius is a crater of gorgeous depth and has an area of 16,500 miles. Around its walls and on its floor are many secondary craters, while from its center rise tall mountain peaks, one of which reaches 24,000 feet above the bottom of one of its included craters.

Tycho is called "The Metropolitan Crater of the Moon," because its brilliant rays stand forth so prominently when the moon is full that all other craters are lost in obscurity. This magnificent crater measures 54 miles from rim to rim with its floor over 3 miles below the highest ridge of the massive mountains which surround it. These mountains are diversified by a series of terraces on their interior slopes while a peak 6000 feet in height rises in the center of its floor. The ray system of Tycho is wholly invisible at the time the sun rises or sets, which is the time when most of the objects on the moon are seen at their best. However when the sun has attained an altitude of 30 degrees, they mysteriously make their appearance, extending for hundreds and some even for several thousands of miles. These rays are never irregular because of interposed obstructions but stretch straight and true in a most remarkable way over mountains, pits and plains. So numerous are these bright rays about the brilliant crater of Tycho that at full moon they may even be located as a patch of light to the unaided eye, although an opera-glass, which brings the moon down to 120,000 miles instead of 240,000, greatly improves the seeing. William H. Pickering, in his book on "Mars," gives some of the latest information concerning Tycho:

"The white radiating lines or bands are seen to be due to numerous minute craterlets each giving out a triangular white streamer producing the general effect of a white band. It is probable that this observed regular distribution of the craterlets is due to their lying along invisible cracks radiating from the inner crater. It is much the same as the great volcanoes of the Andes, which stretch in a straight line for over 2000 miles between Peru and the strait of Magellan. The Alaskan volcanoes lie upon a uniformly curved line of nearly equal length.... This line formation is generally considered by geologists to be due to subterranean lines of weakness or cracks in the earth's crust."

The moon is considered to be a matured globe, evolutionally old, and it has even been referred to as being nearly dead. Lacking, air, water, life and even the diversion of sound, it surely is at least in but a semi-conscious stage, as worlds go. Mars is also called an old world, but Mars has air, its snow-caps melt in sheets of water, and we view the colors which mark its seasons, across a distance of 50,000,000 miles. The moon looks as it is, seared and old. There have been many theories advanced to explain the abundance of its craters and their peculiar construction, but some modified form of the volcanic action is the only tenable one. No one theory has as yet met with universal approval.

A great telescope with a 100-inch lens has lately been erected at Mount Wilson, near Pasadena, California. The telescopes which have mirrors, like this one, are called reflecting telescopes. The largest reflecting telescope before the one now mounted on Mount Wilson became available, was the splendid instrument at Little Saanich, Victoria, B.C., which has a 72-inch mirror. A telescope in which the light rays pass through a series of lenses fixed in a long tube pointed directly at the object is called a refracting telescope. The Yerkes telescope at the University of Chicago is an unusually fine 40-inch refractor.

With the greatest of telescopes the moon may be brought to within 60 miles of the earth and a lunar object a mile or so in diameter is easily discernible. The imagination is entranced. All success to astronomers!

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

Acrisius--a-crish'-e-us Ægean--ee-gee'-an Ægeus--ec'-juce Æsculapius--es-cu-la'-pe-us Albireo--al-bi'-re-o Alcyone--al-si'-o-ne Algenib--al-ge'-nib Algol--al'-gol Alioth--al-i'-oth Almach--al'-mach Alnilam--al-ni-lam' Alnitak--al-ni-tak' Alpha Centauri--al-fa sen-ta'-re Alphard--al-fard' Alpheratz--al-fe'-ratz Altair--al-tar' Alwaid--al'-waid Ambrosia--am-bro'-zhia Amphitrite--am-fe-tri'-te Andromeda--an-drom'-e-dah Andromids--an-drom'-ids Antares--an-ta'-rez Aphrodite--af-ro-di'-te Aquarius--a-qua'-ri-us Aquila--ak'-wi-la Aratus--ara'-tus Arcas--ar'-cas Archimedes--ar"-chi-me'-des Arcturus--ark-tu'-rus Ares--a'-rez Argonauts--ar'-go-nawts Ariadne--a"-ri-ad'-ne Aries--a'-ri-es Arion--a-ri'-on Aristarchus--ar"-is-tar'-chus Aristillus--ar"-is-til'-us Asterope--as-ter-o'-pe Astræa--as-tree'-ah Atlas--at'-las Atergatis--a-ter-ga'-tis Auriga--aw-ri'-ga Aurora--aw-ro'-rah Autolycus--au-to-ly'-cus

Bacchus--bac'-cus Bellerophon--bel-ler'-o-fon Berenices--ber"-e-ni'-ces Beta Centauri--be'-ta sen-ta'-re Betelgeuse--bet'-cl-gooz Boötes--bo-o'-tez

Caduceus--ca-du'-she-us Canopus--ka-no'-pus Canis--ca'-nis Canes Venatici--ca'-nez ven-at'-i-si Capella--ca-pel'-la Castor--kas'-tor Cassiopeia--cas"-se-o-pee'-ah Caucasus--caw'-ca-sus Centaurus--cen'-taw-rus Centaur--cen'-tawr Ceres--ser'-reez Cepheus--se'-fus Cerberus--cer'-be-rus Cetus--se'-tus Chaos--ka'-oss Chromosphere--kro'-mo-sfer Chimara--ki-mee'-rah Chiron--chi'-ron Constellation--con-stel-la'-tion Coma Berenices--co'ma ber-a-ni'-ses Copernicus--co-per'-ni-cus Cor-Carolli--kor-kar-o'-li Corona--ko-ro'-na Crete--cre'-te Cyclops--si'-clops Cycnus--sik'-nus Cygnus--sig'-nus

Danae--dan'-a-e Dadalus--ded'-a-lus Danaides--dan-a'-i-deez Deimos--dei'-mos Delphi--del'-fi Diana--di-an'-a Demeter--de-mee'-ter Deneb--den'-eb Delphinus--del-fin'-us Dolphin--dol'-fin Doerfel--doer'-fel Draco--Dra'-co

Electra--e-lek'-tra Elysian--e-lizh'-e-an Erechtheus--e-rek'-thuce Eridanus--e-rid'-an-us Etanin--et'-a-nin Eurydice--u-rid'-i-se Europa--eu-ro'-pa

Formalhaut--for'-mal-o

Galileo--gal"-i-le'-o Ganymede--gan-i-mee'-de Gassendi--gas-sen'-di Gemini--jem'-i-ni Gorgons--gor'-gons

Hades--ha'-deez Hecatoncheires--hec-a-ton'-sheires Helicon--hel'-i-con Hellespont--hel'-les-pont Hercules--her'-ku-leez Hesiod--he'-she-od Hesperides--hes-per'-i-dees Hesperus--hes'-pe-rus Hyades--hi'-a-deez

Isis--i'-sis

Janus--ja'-nus Juno--ju'-no Jupiter--ju'-pe-ter

Leda--le'-dah Leonids--le'-o-nids

Maia--ma'-ya Markab--mar'-kab Medusa--me-du'-sa Merope--mer'-o-pe Minotaur--min'-o-tawr Minos--mi'-nos Mintaka--min'-ta-ka Mirfak--mir'-fak Mizar--mi'-zar

Naxos--nax'-os Neptune--nep'-tune Nemean--ne-me'-an Nebula--neb'-u-la Nebulæ--neb'-u-lë

Oceanus--o-see'-a-nus Ophiuchus--o-fi-u'-kus Ossa--oss'-sah Orion--o-ri'-on Orpheus--or'-fe-us

Parnassus--par-nas'-sus Pegasus--peg'-a-sus Pelion--pee'-le-on Perseus--per'-se-us Phaethon--fa'-e-thon Phœbus--fo'-bus Photosphere--fo'-to-sfer Phlegethon--fleg'-i-thon Phœbe--fee'-be Pirene--pi-re'-ne Pleiades--ple'-ia-deez Pleione--ple'-io-ne Pluto--plu'-to Polaris--po-lar'-is Pollux--pol'-lux Prometheus--pro-me'-the-us Proserpine--pross'-er-pine Prœsepe--prë-se'-pe Procyon--pro'-cy-on

Regulus--reg' u-lus Rigel--ri'-gel

Sagittarius--sa-jet-ta'-ri-us Saturn--sat'-urn Schickard--schick'-ard Scheat--she-at' Sirius--sir'-us

Tartarus--tar'-ta-rus Taurus--taw'-rus Taygeta--tay-ge'-ta Thuban--thu'-ban Tycho--ty'-cho

Uffizi--oof'-fid-ze Urania--u-ra'-ne-ah Uranus--u'-ra-nus

Vega--Vee'-ga Venus--Vee'-nus Vindemiatrix--vin-de"-mi a'-trix

Zeus--zuce

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LITERATURE CITED

Text Book of Astronomy--GEORGE C. COMSTOCK; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1903.

Descriptive Astronomy--FOREST RAY MOULTON; American Technical Society, 1923.

Popular Astronomy--SIMON NEWCOMB; American Book Co., New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, 1892.

Manual of Astronomy--CHARLES A. YOUNG; Ginn and Co., 1904.

Uranography--CHARLES A. YOUNG; Ginn and Co., 1897.

Astronomy--CLERK AND OTHERS; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1898.

New Astronomy--SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY; Boston, 1900.

Popular Astronomy--NICOLAS CAMILLE FLAMMARION; trans. from the French by J. Ellard Gore, London, Chatto and Windus, 1907.

Astronomy for Amateurs--NICOLAS CAMILLE FLAMMARION; trans. from the French by Frances A. Welby; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1904.

Astronomy for All--BRUNO H. BÜRGEL; trans. from the German by Stella Bloch; Cassell and Co., New York, 1911.

Pith of Astronomy--SAMUEL G. BAYNE; New York, 1896.

The Dawn of Astronomy--J. NORMAN LOCKYER; Macmillan Co., New York, 1897.

The New Heavens--GEORGE ELLERY HALE; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1922.

Astronomy without a Telescope--EDWARD WALTER MAUNDER; Knowledge Office, London, 1903.

In Starland with a Three-Inch Telescope--WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1909.

Pleasures of the Telescope--GARRETT P. SERVISS; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1901.

Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes--T. W. WEBB; Longmans, Green and Co., New York, 1904.

Half Hours with the Telescope--R. A. PROCTOR; Longmans, Green and Co., New York, 1896.

The Story of the Heavens--SIR ROBERT S. BALL; Cassell and Co., New York, 1901.

The Call of the Stars--JOHN R. KIPPAX; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1919.

Friendly Stars--MARTHA EVANS MARTIN; Harper and Brothers, New York, 1907.

Starlore of All Ages--WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1911.

Star-names and their Meanings--RICHARD HINCKLEY ALLEN; G. E. Stechert, New York, 1899.

Half Hours with the Summer Stars--MARY PROCTOR; A. C. McClurg and Co., Chicago, 1911.

Stars in Song and Legend--JERMAIN G. PORTER; Ginn and Co., Boston, 1901.

Beginner's Star Book--KELVIN McKREADY; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1923.

Astronomy with an Opera-Glass--GARRETT P. SERVISS; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1912.

The Constellations--WILLIAM PECK; Silver, Burdett and Co., New York, Boston and Chicago.

Astronomy from a Dipper--ELIOT C. CLARK; Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1909.

Earth and Sky--JULIA E. ROGERS; Doubleday, Page and Co., 1910.

Splendors of the Sky--ISOBEL MARTIN LEWIS; Duffield and Co., New York, 1920.

The Moon--NASMYTH AND CARPENTER; James Pott and Co., New York, and John Murry, London, 1903.

The Moon--THOMAS GWYNN ELGER; George Philip and Son, London, 1895.

By Starlight and Moonlight--Warner and Swasey Co., Cleveland, 1909.

Mars and its Canals--PERCIVAL LOWELL; Macmillan Co., New York, 1906.

Mars as the Abode of Life--PERCIVAL LOWELL; Macmillan Co., New York, 1908.

Mars--WILLIAM H. PICKERING; Richard G. Badger, Boston, 1921.

"Popular Astronomy"--Astronomical Magazine.

Ovid's Metamorphoses--Trans. by English Authors, Sir Samuel Garth.

Prose translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses--HENRY T. RILEY; G. Bell and Sons, London, 1912.

Phaenomena--Aratus, trans. by G. R. MAIR; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

Hesiod and Theognis--REV. JAMES DAVIES; J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.

Festus--PHILIP JAMES BAILEY; Morton and Griswold, Louisville.

Paradise Lost--JOHN MILTON; Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, New York, Chicago, 1896.

Popular Religion and Folklore--WILLIAM CROOKE; 1896.

The Religions of the Ancient World--GEORGE RAWLINSON; United States Book Co., New York.

Student Mythology--C. A. WHITE; A. C. Armstrong and Son, New York, 1900.

Manual of Mythology--ALEXANDER S. MURRY; David McKay, Philadelphia, 1895.

Grecian and Roman Mythology--M. A. DWIGHT; A. S. Barnes and Co., New York.

Mythology of Greece and Rome--ARTHUR FAIRBANKS; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1912.

Myths of Greece and Rome--H. A. GUERBER; American Book Co., New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, 1893.

Age of Fable--THOMAS BULFINCH; David McKay, Philadelphia, 1898.

Famous Men of Greece--JOHN HARVEY HAAREN; University Pub. Co., New York, 1904.

Greek Poets--NATHAN HASKELL DOLE; Thomas Y. Crowell, 1904.

Studies of the Greek Poets--JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS; Adam and Black, London, 1893.

Mythology--THOMAS KEIGHTLEY; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1836.

Classic Myths in English Literature--CHARLES MILLS GAYLEY; Ginn and Co., Boston, N. Y., Chicago, London, 1893.

Myths of Northern Lands--H. A. GUERBER; American Book Co., New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, 1895.

Myths and Legends of Japan--F. HADLAND DAVIS; G. G. Harrap and Co., London, 1912.

Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru--LEWIS SPENCE; A. Constable and Co., London, 1907.

Romance of the Milky Way--LAFCADIO HEARN; Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston and New York, 1907.

Textbook in General Zoology--LINVILLE AND KELLY; Ginn and Co., Boston, New York, Chicago, 1906.

Physical Geography--Ralph S. Tarr; Macmillan Co., New York, London, 1901.

Geology--JOSEPH LECONTE; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1908.

INDEX

Achilles, 131 Acrisius, 66 Adams, 283 Ægeus, 103 Ærolites, 245 Æschylus, 21, 184 Æsculapis, 109, 169 Akrab, 157 Albireo, 115, 122, 124, 125 Alcor, 39, 47 Alcott, 157 Alcyone, 186 Aldebaran, 13, 184, 185 Algenib, 78 Algol, 31, 63, 64, 65 Alioth, 40 Allen, 96, 138, 176 Alnilam, 176 Alnitak, 11, 176, 177 Alpha Centauri, 101, 134, 141, 142, 209 Alphard, 135 Alphecca, 104 Alpheratz, 72 Alps, lunar mountains, 303, 304 Alps, Valley of, 304 Al Rischa, 83 Alshain, 129 Altair, 129, 192 Alwaid, 110 Amazon Star, 171 Ambrosia, 20, 24, 184 Amelia, 204 Amphitrite, 25, 131 Amru, 162 Andromeda, constellation, 71, 75, 79 Nebula, 72, 74 Triple star, 72 Andromids, 71, 91, 240, 244 Legend, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 Anger, 32 Antares, 3, 11, 13, 127, 145, 152, 153, 155, 156, 171, 185 Autolycus, lunar crater, 313 Apennines, lunar mountains, 303, 311, 304 Aphrodite, 33 Apollo, 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 28, 49, 77, 88, 116, 118, 120, 168, 169, 268 April meteors, 116 Aquarius, constellation, 128, 157 Legend, 128 Aquila, constellation, 127, 128, 129 Altair, 129, 192 Legend, 127, 128, 202 Arabian astronomers, 11, 40, 42, 60, 63, 146, 176, 184 Aratus, 8, 63, 79, 83, 93, 103, 104, 105, 129, 148, 149, 157, 174, 185, 186, 189, 192 Archer, The, 131, 132, 133, 134 Areas, 44, 97 Archæan Age, 293 Archilochus, 225 Archimedes, lunar crater, 312 Arcturus, 3, 11, 13, 38, 88, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 113, 114, 142, 147, 148 Argo, constellation, 29, 85, 209 Canopus, 163, 193, 197, 209, 210 Legend, 131, 193 Argonautic Expedition, 49, 85, 210 Ariadne, 88, 102, 103 Ariadne's Crown, 104 Ariel, 282 Aries, constellation, 29, 83, 84, 231 Legend, 84 Arion, 130 Aristarchus, lunar crater, 311, 312 Aristillus, lunar crater, 313 Aristotle, 202 Arrow of Hercules, 129 Arrow of the Archer, 133 Ascalaphus, 151 Aselli, 92 Asterion, 97, 98 Asterope, 186 Astræa, goddess, 24, 148, 149 Astræa, planetoid, 234 Astræus, 247 Astrology, 268 Atergatis, 56 Atlantides, 188 Atlas, 21, 48, 68, 107, 186, 188, 247 Auriga, constellation, 137 Capella, 138, 139, 140, 142 Legend, 20, 137, 138, 139 Aurora, 27, 77, 151, 170, 247, 248 Auroræ, 217

Bacchus, 102, 103 Bailey, 207, 209, 249, 274 Baker, 284 Ball, 111 Binds of Orion, 176 Barnard, 99, 122, 124, 142, 164, 251, 254, 255, 258, 259 Barritt, 231 Baumgardt, 220 Bay of Rainbows, 303 Bayne, 50 Bear Driver, 97 Bear's Stars, 27, 42, 44 Beehive, 93 Bellatrix, 271 Bellerophon, 77 Benetnasch, 40 Berenice's Hair, 88, 94, 95, 113, 146 Bessel, 164 Beta Centauri, 134, 209, 210 Betelgeuse, 13, 171, 172, 173, 180, 185 Biela Comet, 239, 244 Biela Meteors, 71, 244 Big Dipper, 5, 8, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 47, 59, 87, 96, 97, 140, 142, 163 Binaries, 39, 140 Birds, Three, 106, 108, 128, 258 Blue stars, 13, 99, 41, 111, 121, 174 Boomerang, The, 102 Boötes, constellation, 88, 96, 97, 113 Arcturus, 13, 96, 98, 99, 202, 142, 248 Legend, 38, 97 Bow and Arrow, The, 133 Bowl of Bacchus, The, 136 Bronze Age, 248 Bryant, 34 Bürgel, 281

Caduceus, 32 Callimachus, 139 Calliope, 113 Callisto, 44, 45, 60, 97 Cancer, constellation, 29, 91, 93 Præsepe, 92, 93, 186 Legend, 92, 107 Canes Venatici, constellation, 97, 180 Cor Carolli, 97, 98 Spiral Nebula, 98 Canis Major, constellation, 260, 264, 180 Sirius, 127, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 182, 191, 197, 200, 210 Legend, 160, 264 Canis Minor, 280 Procyon, 180, 282 Legend, 280 Canopus, 163, 197, 209, 210 Capella, 3, 11, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 159, 192, 194, 206 Caph, 60 Capricornus, constellation, 158 Legend, 158 Carina, 85 Carlyle, 97 Cassiopeia, constellation, 5, 8, 58, 59, 60, 61, 79, 192 Double stars, 62 Legend, 59, 60 Castor and Pollux, 6, 28, 29, 131, 192, 293, 194, 195 Caucasus, lunar mountains, 303 Celæno, 186 Celestial Bear, 47 Celestial Equator, 277 Centaurs, 109, 232 Centaur, The, 234 Centaurus, constellation, 234, 209 Alpha Centauri, 202, 134, 242, 142, 209 Beta Centauri, 134, 209, 210 Southern Pointers, 134, 209 Cepheus, constellation, 5, 57, 58, 59 Cepheids, 59 Legend, 55, 56, 57 Cerberus, 108 Ceres, goddess, 26, 249, 250 Ceres, planetoid, 233, 234 Cetus, constellation, 5, 59, 71, 80, 81, 158, 193 Myra, 82 Legend, 56, 57, 69, 79, 80 Chacornac, 311 Chain of Andromeda, 192 Chair of Cassiopeia, 58, 59, 60, 192 Chaos, 19, 30, 199 Chaldea, 12 Chaldean Legend, 92 Challis, 283 Chara, 97 Chariot, invention of, 137 Charioteer, The, 237, 138, 139 Charles' Heart, 97 Charles' Wain, 38 Chaucer, 105, 205, 231 Cheops, 50 Chinese Legend, 202 Chiron, 131, 232, 233, 193 Chromosphere, 223 Circumpolar stars, 8, 9 Clamor, 32 Clark, Alvan G., 164 Clark, Eliot C., 75 Clark Observatory, 220 Clavius, lunar crater, 314 Cleomenes, 33 Coal-sack, 222, 208 Collins, J. R., 206 Coma Berenices, constellation, 90, 94, 247, 186 Legend, 95 Comets, 235 general appearance, 237 detailed appearance, 238 Comets, density, 238 composition, 239 orbits, 237 revolution, 236 speed, 238 disintegration, 240 planetary influence, 237 origin, 240 Donati's comet, 238 Encke's comet, 237 Halley's comet, 236 Comet of 1811, 237, 238 of 1843, 238 of 1858, 237 of 1860, 238 of 1882, 238 Comstock, 242 Conon, 95 Constellations, 4, 12, 29, 39, 163 Legends, 71 Copernicus, 15, 198, 248, 257 Copernicus, lunar crater, 311, 312 Cor Carolli, 97, 98 Cor Hydræ, 135 Cor Leonis, 89 Corona, of sun, 215, 216, 217, 221 Corona Borealis, constellation, 29, 101, 102, 103, 104, 111, 113 Coroinds, 104 Legends, 102, 103 Coronis, 184 Corvus, constellation, 127, 136 Legend, 137 Crab, The, 29, 91, 92, 106 Crape Ring, 272 Crater, constellation, 127, 136 Legends, 136, 137 Crow, The, 136, 137 Crystal Spheres, 4, 18, 198, 199 Cubit, 167 Cup, The, 136, 137 Cup of Achilles, 136 Cup of Hercules, 136 Cup of Medea, 136 Cupid, 26, 150, 158 Cupid's Arrow, 129 Cyclops, 19, 21, 169 Cycnus, 125 Cygnus, constellation, 29, 88, 115, 120, 121, 122, 124, 128 Albireo, 115, 122, 124, 125 Deneb, 115, 122 61 Cygni, 122, 134 Coal-sack, 122 Legend, 125

Dædalus, 102 Danae, 66, 68 Danaides, 119 Dark Ages, 11 Dark nebulæ, 122, 157, 178, 208 Dark Sign, 107 Dark Stars, 61, 64, 122 Darkness, God of, 19 David's Chariot, 38 Dawn, Goddess of, 27, 77 Day Star, 211 Dead, King of, 126 Declination, 177 De Greer, 291 Deimos, 32, 268 Delphi, 17 Delphinus, constellation, 25, 29, 74, 84, 129, 158 Legend, as, 130, 131 Demeter, 149 De Mornay, 190 Deneb, 115, 122 Denebola, 90 Diana, 28, 168, 170, 183, 268 Diana's Arrow, 176 Diana's Hound, 180 Dippers, Big, Little, Milk, Pleiades, 186 Big, 8, 37, 38, 39, 45 Little, 8, 40, 45 Milk, 133, 186 Dipper of the Pleiades, 186 Dione, 276 Discord, 32 Doe's Leaps, 42 Doerfel, lunar mountains, 304 Dog-days, 160 Dog Star, 160, 191 Dolphin, 35, 74, 84, 130, 131, 158 Dominion Astrophysics! Observatory, 316 Donati's comet, 238 Double cluster, 65 Double-double, 115, 195 Double stars, 62, 90, 98, 115, 122, 135, 140, 147, 149, 155, 164, 177, 195 Douglas, 225 Draco, constellation, 5, 8, 29, 48, 51, 192 Legends, 48, 49, 105, 107 Dragon's Eyes, 110 Dubhe, 40 Dryden, 23

Earth, 228, 260, 270, 285 reeling motion, 50 revolution, 227 orbit, 15, 294 rotation, 294 axis, 294 diameter, 229, 285 age, 285 movement of crust, 291 surface features, 287, 288, 290, 292 Earth, strata, 292, 293 fossils, 293 shadow, 294 night, 295 Earth, ancient center of, 17 ancient geography, 18, 19 Earth and moon system, 285, 297, 298 Eclipse, sun, 215, 216, 217, 219 total, 219, 220, 221 annular, 219 partial, 219 ancient fear of, 222 ancient beliefs: Chinese, 224, 225 Chaldean, 222 European, 224 Grecian, 225 Hindu, 224 Peruvian, 224 Scandinavian, 224 Egypt, 157, 160, 161, 162 fable, 94 temples, 96, 160 Electra, 188 Ell and Yard, 176 Elysian Fields, 25 Emerson, 7, 272 Enceladus, 276 Encke's comet, 237 Enif, 74, 78, 130 Epimetheus, 132 Erechtheus, 137 Eridanus, constellation, 29, 173, 174, 193 Legend, 28, 124, 125, 174 Eros, planetoid, 234, 235 Eskimo Legend, 176 Etanin, 110 Ethiopian Legend, 56 Eudora, 184 Eudoxus, 18, 104, 199 Europa, 182 Europa, Jupiter's satellite, 257, 258 Euryale, 172 Eurydice, 25, 116, 119, 120 Eurystheus, 48, 88 Evening Star, 48, 151, 247 Eye of the Bull, 185

Fates, Three, 26, 30, 103, 151 Fish, The, 157, 158 Fish's Mouth Star, 157 Fishes, Age of, 293 Flammarion, 210, 220 Flying Eagle, 127, 128 Flying Horse, 30, 59, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 Forethought, 132 Forgetfulness, River of, 25 Formalhaut, 127, 145, 146, 157, 159, 192 French Legend, 201 Freya's Day, 269 Frigga's Spinning Wheat, 176 Frost, 39

Galaxy, 72, 146, 206, 207 Galileo, 15, 92, 205, 216, 218, 249, 257, 274, 303 Galilean Quartet, 257 Galle, 283 Ganymede, 24, 128 Ganymede, Jupiter's satellite, 257, 258 Garden of Darkness, 48 Garden of the Hesperides, 48, 68, 107 Gaseous nebulæ, 180 Gassendi, lunar crater, 312 Gate of Men, 92 Gemini, constellation, 194, 195, 231 Castor, 194, 195 Pollux, 194, 195 Cluster, 195 Legend, 193, 194 German Legends, 39, 176, 205 Germanic divinities, 268 Giant's Belt, 15, 176 Giant's Eyes, 196 Giant's War, 21, 49 Goblet of Apollo, 136 Golden Age, 23, 148 Golden Fleece, 49, 85, 131, 193 Golden Grains, 176 Golden Yard, 176 Gorgons, Three, 30 Graces, Three, 30 Grave of Curiosity, 201 Gravitation, 13, 226, 283, 298 Gray stars, 177, 195 Great Bear, 34, 42, 139 Great Dog, 160, 164, 180 Great Square, 74, 75, 78 Grecian temples, 17, 153 Greek and Roman names of divinities, 31 Green stars, 90, 111, 122, 155, 194 Grimaldi, lunar crater, 312 Grove of Mars, 49 Guardian of the Stars, 48 Guards, 41, 42, 49 Gulf of Dews, 303

Hagar, 47 Hale, 172 Hall, 267 Halley, 98, 163, 236 comet, 236 Hans-on-the-Middle-Horse, 39 Hare, The, 164, 181 Harp of Orpheus, 113, 120, 121 Harp Star, 114, 122 Harvard Observatory, 210 Harvests, Goddess of, 26 Hat of Darkness, 21, 26 Hearn, 203 Heart of the Lion, 89 Heart of the Scorpion, 11, 134, 152 Heaven, ancient, 18 Heaven, River of, 204 Heavenly Twins, 192 Heavens, changes in, 51 Hebe, 24, 106 Hebe, planetoid, 234 Hecatoncheires, 19, 21 Helena, 193 Helen of Troy, 193 Helical rising, 160 Heliades, 125, 174 Helicon, Mount, 30, 69, 77, 75 Helle, 84 Helvetius, 97 Henderson, 100 Hercules, constellation, 104, 105, 110, 111, 113, 115 Double stars, 111 Star cluster, 110, 113 Legends, 28, 48, 87, 88, 89, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 131, 132, 134 Hercules, hero, 25, 48, 80, 87, 88, 89, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 131, 132, 133 Hero, 85 Herodotus, 50, 130, 161 Heroes, 17, 28 Heroic Age, 23 Herschel, 10, 195, 210, 246, 280, 282, 311 Hesiod, 22, 23, 76, 132, 185, 189 Hesperides, 48 Hesperus, 48, 151, 247 Hippocrene, 76 Homer, 25 Hood, 44 Horn of Plenty, 138 Horns of the Bull, 185 Horse, original, 69 Horse and its Rider, 39 Hounds of Boötes, 146 Hour circle, 177 Hours, goddesses, 27, 33 Howe, 44 Hubble, 72, 124 Hunter, The, 168, 169 Hunting Dogs, 97 Huygens, 274 Hyas, 185 Hyades, 81, 184, 185, 186 Hydra, constellation, 29, 135 Double stars, 136 Legends, 92, 106, 107, 136, 137 Hyperion, 276

Icarus, 180 Immortals, 17, 24 King of, 24 Queen of, 24 Indian Legends, 46, 47, 102, 201, 245 Interferometer, 99, 153 Invertebrates, 293 Io, 257, 258 Irregular nebula, 180 Iris, goddess, 32 Iris, planetoid, 234 Irmin, 205 Iron Age, 23 Isis, 149 Isles of the Blest, 25

Jack-on-the-Middle-Horse, 39 Jacob's Staff, 176 Japanese Legend, 202 Japetus, 276, 277 Janus, 269 Jason, 49, 85, 131 Jewel of the Virgin, 147 Job's Coffin, 74, 129, 130 Josephus, 80, 236 Jove, 268 Judges, Three, 25 Juno, goddess, 24, 44, 45, 60, 92, 97, 107, 168, 269 Juno, planetoid, 234 Jupiter, god, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30, 32, 45, 66, 71, 77, 85, 109, 124, 128, 132, 137, 138, 151, 168, 169, 174, 182, 183, 189, 193, 194 Jupiter, planet, 6, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 237, 251, 252, 259, 260, 269, 280 atmosphere, 254 axis, 255, 281 density, 255, 270 diameter, 252 markings, 252, 253, 254, 270 revolution, 252 rotation, 254 satellites, 32, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259, 297 eclipse of, 141 seasons, 257 size, 252 surface, 254, 255

Kapteyn, 141 Keel, 85 Keeler, 275 Kennel, 146 Kepler, astronomer, 15, 232 Kepler, lunar crater, 312 Kids, The, 137, 159, 232 Kings, Three, 176 Kippax, 136, 185 Kneeler, The, 105 Knot Star, 83 Korean Legend, 202

Labors of Hercules, 25, 88, 105, 136 Laden, 48, 68, 105 Lake of Dreams, 303 Lalande, 21, 142, 185 Langley, 221 La Place, 285 Lassel, 282 Lawrence, Saint, 66, 241 Le Conte, 293 Leda, 193, 196 Ledæan Lights, 196 Lee, 39 Leibnitz, lunar mountains, 304, 306 Leo, constellation, 6, 29, 87, 88, 89, 91, 95, 113, 135, 194 Regulus, 89, 90 Denebola, 90 Leonids, 90, 91, 241, 242, 244 Legend, 87, 88, 89, 105 Leonidas, 37 Leonids, 90, 91, 241, 242, 244 Lepus, constellation, 164, 181 Red variable star, 164 Legend, 164 Leverrier, 283 Libra, constellation, 149, 153 Legend, 148 Lick Observatory, 258 Light and Day, divinities, 19 Light, 140, 141, 185, 206, 215, 259 Lilac stars, 94, 195 Lion, The, 87, 88, 89, 105 Lion's Skin, 170, 171 Little Bear, 42 Little Dipper, 8, 40 Little Dog, 191 Little Dog Star, 181 Lockyer, 160 Longfellow, 76, 121, 169 Lost Ones, 176 Lost Pleiad, 188 Love, Goddess of, 32 Lowell, astronomer, 263, 264 Lowell Observatory, 203, 265, 266 Lowell, poet, 30, 43 Lucan, 68, 153, 161, 202, 212, 298, 299 Lucifer, 247 Lyra, constellation, 29, 113, 115, 127, 128, 180 Lyrids, 116 Ring nebula, 115 Double-double, 115 Variable star, 115 Legend, 25, 113, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 202

Mad Stars, 184 Magellan, 210 Magellanic Clouds, 210 Magnetic Storms, 217 Maia, 186, 269 Malayan Legend, 4 Mammals, Age of, 293 Man, Age of, 293 Manger, The, 92 Manilius, 136, 138, 181, 201 Mars, god, 24, 32, 85, 269 Mars, planet, 6, 59, 185, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232, 252, 260, 261, 265, 280, 297 orbit, 260 rotation, 261 density, 261, 265 diameter, 261, 267 surface, 262, 263, 265 atmosphere, 261 seasons, 261, 262 temperature, 265 canals, 262, 263, 264 possibility of life, 252, 264, 265 satellites, 32, 267, 268, 297 eclipse of, 268 Marsh of Sleep, 303 Medician Stars, 257 Medusa, 31, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 Megrez, 40 Meissa, 175 Merak, 40 Mercury, god, 24, 32, 65, 84, 116, 118, 121, 151, 268 Mercury, planet, 32, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 258, 260, 278, 280, 297 orbit, 279 transit, 278 revolution, 279 diameter, 278 surface, 279 climate, 270 Meredith, 196 Merope, 186, 188 Meteors, 91, 104, 116, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246 Showers, 59, 65, 71, 90, 116, 241, 242, 244 Radiant points, 244 Legends, 66, 245 Mexican Legend, 190 Michelson, 99, 172 Milk Dipper, 133, 186 Milky Way, 10, 49, 59, 63, 72, 115, 191, 205, 206, 208, 210 Legends, 17, 24, 152, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 Milton, 198, 204, 247, 294 Mimas, 276 Minerva, 24, 103 Minotaur, 102 Mintaka, 11, 176, 177 Mirach, 72 Mirfak, 65 Mizar, 39, 40, 49 Months, naming of, 269 Moon, 100, 141, 175, 212, 297, 298, 300, 301, 304, 306, 314, 315 diameter, 297 distance, 297 phases, 299 "seas," 302, 303 mountains, 303, 304, 305 craters, 307, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314 atmosphere, 300, 301 shadows, 219, 220, 305, 307 Moon-goddess, 175 Morning Star, 247, 248 Moreaux, 279 Mountains of eternal light, 304 Mount Wilson Observatory, 10, 72, 99, 111, 124, 153, 172, 206, 265, 297, 305 Moulton, 61, 101, 221, 287 Mowers, Three, 176 Multiples, 140 Music, God of, 118 Music of the Spheres, 5, 200 Muses, 30, 69, 74, 76, 77 Muses, Grove of, 76 Myra, 81, 82 Mythology, 17, 18, 22, 23

Naked-eye double, 39 Naiads, 17 Names of stars, 11 Nebula of Andromeda, 72, 180 Nebula of Orion, 15, 178, 180 Nebulæ, 94, 98, 116, 124, 146, 178, 185, 210 Nebular Hypothesis, 285 Nectar, 24 Nemea, 89 Nemean Games, 89 Nemean Lion, 87, 88, 89 Neptune, god, 17, 21, 23, 24, 56, 76, 130, 131 Neptune, planet, 227, 228, 232, 251, 260, 282, 284 discovery, 282 orbit, 283 revolution, 283 diameter, 282 satellite, 259, 283, 284, 297 Nereids, 56 Newton, 56, 283 Nile, 161 Nile Star, 162 North Star, 7, 8, 9, 38, 40, 41, 44, 58, 59, 114, 140, 141, 177 Northern Cross, 5, 88, 115, 121, 122, 124, 125, 192, 208 Northern Crown, 101, 102, 103 Northern Fish, 157 Nova, 61 November meteors, 90, 91

Oberon, 282 Ocean of Storms, 303 Olbers, 233, 234 Olcott, 50, 160 Ophiuchus, constellation, 109, 110, 134 Legend, 127, 169 Olympus, Mount, 17, 20, 21, 24, 33, 77, 118, 128, 137 On His Knees, 105 Oracle, 17, 24, 56 Orange stars, no, 111, 121, 135, 194 Oriental Legend, 66 Orion, constellation, 5, 6, 28, 33, 81, 115, 125, 140, 167, 170, 171, 181, 191, 210 Orion's Belt, 11, 164, 176 Orion's Head, 175 Orion's Dogs, 164, 180 Nebula, 15, 178, 180 Betelgeuse, 13, 171, 172, 173 Rigel, 173, 174 Legends, 152, 167, 168, 169, 170, 183, 185, 189 Orpheus, 25, 49, 88, 113, 116, 118, 120, 121, 193 Osborn, 162 Ossa, Mount, 21, 22 Ovid, 23, 24, 29, 38, 45, 49, 97, 120, 125, 133, 150, 204, 205 Ox-driver, 38

Pallas, planetoid, 234 Pan, 158 Pandean pipes, 17 Pandora, 132 Pearl, The, 104 Peary, 42, 245 Pease, 153 Peck, 178 Pegasus, constellation, 5, 74, 78, 79, 130 Enif, 74, 78, 130 Legends, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77 Pegasus, Square of, 5, 78, 79 Pelion, 21, 22, 193, 131 Perseus, hero, 28, 30, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 80, 105 Perseus, constellation, 59, 62, 63, 65, 74, 78, 79, 139, 140 Double cluster, 65 Perseids, 65, 241 Algol, 31, 63, 64, 65 Legend, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69 Peruvians, 138 Phæd, 40 Phæthon, 27, 28, 49, 120, 125, 152, 174, 202 Phaola, 184 Phlegethon, 25 Phobos, 32, 268, 276 Phoebe, 276, 277 Pholyxo, 184 Phosphorus, 247 Photosphere, 215 Piazzi, 233 Pickering, E. C., 39 Pickering, W. H., 265, 266, 277, 301, 315 Pico, lunar mountain, 305 Pillars of Hercules, 108 Pirene, Spring of, 76 Pisces, constellation, 29, 83, 231 Legend, 84 Piscis, constellation, 157, 158 Formalhaut, 127, 145, 146, 157, 192 Pit of Darkness, 19, 21 Planetary nebula, 116 Planetoids, 232, 233, 234, 235, 260, 297 Planets, 4, 6, 31, 212, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 268, 287 orbits, 226 periods of revolution, 227 distances from sun, 227 rotation, 228 diameters, 229 solid and gaseous, 229 possibility of life, 251 satellites, 229 Plato, lunar crater, 305, 313 Pleiades, 176, 185, 189, 190, 191 Legends, 21, 183, 184, 188 Pleione, 186, 188 Pliny, 80, 108, 167 Plowing Oxen, 38 Plowshare, 38 Pluto, 23, 24, 25, 26, 119, 151, 169 Plutarch, 149 Pointers, The, 38 Polaris, 7, 41, 42 Pole Star, 7, 49, 50, 51, 97, 208 Pole of the Heavens, 7, 40, 59, 177 Pollux, 194, 195 Posidonious, 202 Prasepe, 92, 93, 186 Precession of the Equinoxes, 160, 163 Prixus, 84, 85 Proctor, Mary, 66, 176 Proctor, R. A., 44, 90 Procyon, 180, 181, 191, 192, 194 Prometheus, 127, 132, 133 Prominences, 213 Proserpine, 26, 149, 150, 151 Ptolemy, 163, 249, 257 Puppis V., 64, 85 Purple stars, 89, 111, 135, 177 Pythagoras, 247

Quadruple star, 157

Radiant point, 90 Ræ, 103 Ram, 49, 84, 85 Ras Alhague, 110 Ras Algethi, 110 Red stars, 13, 90, 111, 145, 147, 152, 156, 164, 171, 172, 184 dwarf red stars, 13, 172 giant red stars, 13, 172 Red Spot, Great, 254, 255 Regulus, 89, 90 Reptiles, Age of, 293 Retreat of the Howling Dog, 146 Rhea, goddess, 20 Rhea, satellite, 276 Rigel, 173, 174 Right ascension, 177 Ring nebula, 115, 180 Roberts, A. W., 64 Rock of Gibraltar, 109 Roemer, 141, 259 Rogers, Julia E., 124 Runaway stars, 98, 99

Sagitta, constellation, 29, 129 Legend, 106, 129 Sagittarius, constellation, 133, 134 Legends, 131, 132, 133, 134 Saxe, 119 Satellites, 229, 297 Mars', 32, 267, 268 Jupiter's, 32, 141, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259 Saturn's, 32, 259, 276, 277 Uranus', 259, 282 Neptune's, 259, 284 Earth's, 297 Saturn, god, 20, 23 Saturn, planet, 6, 228, 229, 230, 232, 251, 260, 269, 271, 276 revolution, 270 rotation, 270, 275 diameter, 269, 270 seasons, 270 markings, 270 rings, 271, 272, 274, 275 density, 270 system of, 276 satellites, 32, 259, 276, 277 Satyrs, 17 Scarborough, Sir Charles, 98 Scales, The, 148, 149, 153 Scheat, 78 Schiaparelli, 262, 263 Schickard, lunar crater, 311 Scorpion, The, 27, 168 Scorpio, constellation, 29, 110, 153, 210 Antares, 3, 11, 13, 127, 145, 152, 153, 155, 156, 171, 185 Legend, 168 Sea-goat, 158 Sea, God of the, 21 Sea, Goddess of, 25 Sea-monster, 56, 57, 59, 69, 79, 80 Seas, lunar, 302, 303, 306 Sea of Fecundity, 306 Sea of Clouds, 303 Sea of Conflicts, 306 Sea of Nectar, 303, 306 Sea of Showers, 303 Sea of Tranquillity, 303 Segment of Perseus, 78, 192 Serviss, 111, 240 Serpent Bearer, The, 110 Serpens, constellation, 109, 110, 127 Legend, 109 Serpent, The, 27 Seven Sisters, 188 Shades, King of, 25 Shades, Queen of, 26, 151 Shaft of Altair, 129 Shaler, 291 Shapley, 113, 210 Shedir, 60 Shelley, 194 Shephards, ancient, 12 Shepherd's Star, 11, 138 Sickle of Leo, 87, 89, 241 Sighs, River of, 25 Signs of planets, 31, 32 Silver Age, 23, 148 Sirens, Three, 30 Sirius, 127, 140, 141, 142, 145, 148, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 181, 191, 197, 206, 210 Sky Dragon, 48 Sky Sea, 84, 158, 159 Sisyphus, 119 Small Dog, 180 Smith, 130 Sothis, 16 Southern Cross, 124, 134, 163, 208, 209 Southern Fish, 157, 209 Southern Pointers, 134, 209 Southern Pole, 210 Spangles, The, 176 Spectroheliograph, 213 Spectroscope, 39, 140, 156, 180, 188, 195, 215, 250, 301 Spectroscopic binary, 39 Spence, 190 Spencer, 103 Spiral nebulæ, 72, 98, 116, 180, 206 Spica, 11, 127, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152 Square of Pegasus, 5, 30, 59, 78, 79, 159, 192 Stars, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 61, 64, 100, 189, 301 number, 9 distance, 39, 100, 101, 141, 142 fixity, 8, 40 pathways, 9 proper motion, 163 magnitude, 10 names, 10, 11 life cycle, 13, 15, 156 diameter, 12, 99, 122, 172 color, 3, 10, 13 giant, 13, 172 dwarf, 13, 172 variable, 82, 115, 164, 188 dark, 61, 64, 122 runaway, 98, 99 shooting, 90, 91, 239, 241, 244, 245, 246 double, 62, 90, 98, 115, 122, 135, 140, 147, 149, 155, 184, 177, 195 triple, 72, 90, 157, 177, 194 telescopic, 10 clusters, 92, 94, 113, 157, 186, 195, 209, 210 double cluster, 65 as clocks, 38, 62, 96 weather signs, 92, 139, 157, 159, 160, 161, 184, 185, 190, 194 String of Pearls, 176 Sun-god, 27, 77, 113, 116, 136, 174, 248 Sun, The, 12, 115, 156, 163, 211, 212, 213, 215, 226, 231 distance from earth, 211 rotation, 218, 219 diameter, 13, 212 chemical composition, 215 surface, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218 sun-spots, 82, 216, 217, 218, 226 eclipse, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221 Swan, The, 29, 88, 120, 124, 125, 128 Swedenborg, 211 Swedish Legend, 202 Sword of Orion, 178 Sword Handle of Perseus, 186 Symbols of gods, 31, 32

Tanabata, 204 Tartarus, 23, 25 Taurus, constellation, 6, 29, 139, 191, 186 Hyades, 81, 184, 185, 186 Pleiades, 176, 105, 189, 190, 191 Legends, 25, 169, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188 Taygeta, 186 Taylor, 182, 191, 197 Tears of Saint Lawrence, 65, 241 Tears, River of Many, 174 Telescopes, 10, 72, 99, 111, 172, 206, 315, 316 Tennyson, 15, 33, 151, 176, 182, 184, 190, 276 Tethys, 276 Thayer, 271 Theocritus, 93 Theophilus, lunar crater, 309 Themis, 276, 277 Theseus, 102 Thor's Day, 268 Thuban, 49, 50, 51 Tides, 298 Time, God of, 23, 138, 276 Titan, satellite, 276 Titania, 282 Titans, 19, 20, 21 Tiu's Day, 268 Triangulum, constellation, 83, 84 Trident, 17, 21 Triptolemus, 150 Tycho, lunar crater, 311, 312, 314, 315 Typhon, 22, 26, 84, 149, 150, 158 Turner, 174 Twins, 194

Underground god, 150 Urania, 23 Uranus, god, 19, 21 Uranus, planet, 195, 228, 229, 232, 233, 251, 260, 280, 281 discovery, 280 orbit, 281 revolution, 281 rotation, 281, 282 diameter, 280 density, 282 seasons, 281 satellites, 259, 282, 297 Urn of Aquarius, 157 Ursa Major, constellation, 29, 34, 42, 44, 60, 192 Alcor, 39, 47 Mizar, 39, 40, 49 Legends, 44, 45, 46, 47, 97 Ursa Minor, constellation, 29, 41, 42, 192 Pole Star, 7, 49, 50, 51, 97, 208 Legends, 44, 45, 97

Valley of the Alps, lunar vallew, 313 Vega, 3, 50, 114, 115, 121, 122, 134, 141 142, 192, 208 Vela, 85 Venus, goddess, 24, 26, 32, 33, 95, 150, 158, 268 Venus, planet, 6, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 247, 248, 249, 260, 280, 297 orbit, 250 Venus, revolution, 251 rotation, 250 diameter, 247 temperature, 251 atmosphere, 250 phases, 248, 249 transit, 250 possibility of life, 251 Vindemiatrix, 147 Vineyards, God of the, 103 Vipers, original, 69 Virgil, 125 Violet stars, 177 Virgo, constellation, 24, 146, 147, 231 Spica, 11, 127, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 Legends, 148, 149, 150, 151 Vesper, 247 Vesta, planetoid, 234, 235 Vulcan, 18, 22, 26, 137

Wagoner, The, 139 Wandering stars, 4 War, God of, 24, 32, 49 Water-bearer, 128, 157 Water-bearer's Urn, 158 Water-snake, 107, 136, 137 Watcher of the Bears, 97 Watch-dog on the Nile, 162 Weather stars, 92, 139, 157, 159, 160, 161, 184, 185, 190, 194 Webb, 111 West-wind, God of, 33 Whale, The, 69, 84 White stars, 11, 122, 145, 149, 173, 177 Wind-god, 17 Wine, God of, 136 Winged cup, 18 Wodan, 269 Wodan's Day, 268 Wood nymphs, 17 Wordsworth, 85, 206 World, ancient, 17 World, axis of, 48 World stream, 18 World year, 23 Worsley, 124

Yard Wand, 176 Yellow stars, 13, 96, 135, 147, 171, 177, 191 Yerkes Observatory, 122, 251, 255, 275, 316 Young stars, 13, 111, 156, 172, 173, 238

Zavijava, 147 Zephyrus, 33 Zodiacal constellation, 230, 231