Chapter I.--the Modern Cycle. by G. Lacy Hillier, Author of

“Cycling,” in the Badminton Library.

Chapter II.--CYCLING AND HEALTH. By Sir B. W. Richardson, President, Society of Cyclists.

Chapter III.--CYCLING FOR LADIES. By C. Everett-Green, Author of “A Great Indiscretion,” etc.

Chapter IV.--THE CAMERA AND THE CYCLE. By L. Rivers Vine.

Chapter V.--RACING. By G. Lacy Hillier.

Chapter VI.--A CYCLIST’S HOBBIES: FISHING, NATURAL HISTORY, ARCHÆOLOGY. By John Watson, F.L.S., Author of “Sylvan Folk,” “Nature and Woodcraft,” etc.

Chapter VII.--A MODEL CYCLING TOUR: 1. THROUGH ENGLAND ON MY CYCLE. By Sir B. W. Richardson.

Chapter VIII.--A MODEL CYCLING TOUR: 2. IN NORMANDY. By Percy A. Thomas, B.A.

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1 CHRISTIAN YEAR 2 COLERIDGE 3 LONGFELLOW 4 CAMPBELL 5 SHELLEY 6 WORDSWORTH 7 BLAKE 8 WHITTIER 9 POE 10 CHATTERTON 11 BURNS. Songs 12 BURNS. Poems 13 MARLOWE 14 KEATS 15 HERBERT 16 HUGO 17 COWPER 18 SHAKESPEARE’S POEMS, etc. 19 EMERSON 20 SONNETS OF THIS CENTURY 21 WHITMAN 22 SCOTT. Lady of the Lake, etc. 23 SCOTT. Marmion, etc. 24 PRAED 25 HOGG 26 GOLDSMITH 27 LOVE LETTERS, etc. 28 SPENSER 29 CHILDREN OF THE POETS 30 JONSON 31 BYRON. Miscellaneous. 32 BYRON. Don Juan. 33 THE SONNETS OF EUROPE 34 RAMSAY 35 DOBELL 36 POPE 37 HEINE 38 BEAUMONT & FLETCHER 39 BOWLES, LAMB, etc. 40 SEA MUSIC 41 EARLY ENGLISH POETRY 42 HERRICK 43 BALLADES AND RONDEAUS 44 IRISH MINSTRELSY 45 MILTON’S PARADISE LOST 46 JACOBITE BALLADS 47 DAYS OF THE YEAR 48 AUSTRALIAN BALLADS 49 MOORE 50 BORDER BALLADS 51 SONG-TIDE 52 ODES OF HORACE 53 OSSIAN 54 FAIRY MUSIC 55 SOUTHEY 56 CHAUCER 57 GOLDEN TREASURY 58 POEMS OF WILD LIFE 59 PARADISE REGAINED 60 CRABBE 61 DORA GREENWELL 62 FAUST 63 AMERICAN SONNETS 64 LANDOR’S POEMS 65 GREEK ANTHOLOGY 66 HUNT AND HOOD 67 HUMOROUS POEMS 68 LYTTON’S PLAYS 69 GREAT ODES 70 MEREDITH’S POEMS 71 IMITATION OF CHRIST 72 UNCLE TOBY BIRTHDAY BK 73 PAINTER-POETS 74 WOMEN POETS 75 LOVE LYRICS 76 AMERICAN HUMOROUS VERSE. 77 MINOR SCOTCH LYRICS 78 CAVALIER LYRISTS 79 GERMAN BALLADS 80 SONGS OF BERANGER 81 RODEN NOEL’S POEMS 82 SONGS OF FREEDOM 83 CANADIAN POEMS 84 CONTEMPORARY SCOTTISH VERSE 85 POEMS OF NATURE. 86 CRADLE SONGS. 87 BALLADS OF SPORT. 88 MATTHEW ARNOLD.

London: WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED, Paternoster Square.

FOOTNOTES:

Magnan, Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 1887; Lombroso, Tre Tribuni, pp. 3-9, 16-23, 148-150; Saury, Études Cliniques sur la Folie Héréditaire, 1886.

Psychologie du Génie, 1883.

De Renzis, L’opera d’un Pazzo, 1887.

Revue des Deux Mondes, 1886.

De Pronost., i. p. 7.

Problemata, sect. xxx.

Horace, Ars Poet., 296-297.

Observationes in Hom. Affect., 1641, lib. 10, p. 305. More singular examples in Italy were collected by F. Gazoni, in the Hospitale dei folli incurabili, 1620.

Diderot, Dictionnaire Encyclopédique.

I Mattoidi e il Monumente a Vittorio Emanuele, 1885.

Magnan, Annales Médico-psych., 1887; Déjerine, L’Hérédité dans les Maladies Mentales, 1886; Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain, 1885.

I Caratteri dei Delinquenti, 1886, Turin.

Méd. de l’Esprit, ii.

Lamartine, Cours de Littérature, ii.

Revue Britannique, 1884.

Canesterini, Il Cranio di Fusinieri, 1875.

Plutarch, Life of Pericles, iii.

Kupfer, “Der Schädel Kants,” in Arch. für Anth., 1881.

Welcker, Schiller’s Schädel, 1883.

Mantegazza, Sul Cranio di Foscolo, Florence, 1880.

Turner, Quarterly Journal of Science, 1864.

De Quatrefages, Crania Ethnica, Part i. p. 30.

Zoja, La Testa di Scarpa, 1880.

Sul Cranio di Volta, 1879, Turin.

Welcker, Schiller’s Schädel, 1883.

Revue Scientifique, 1882.

Wagner (Das Hirngewicht, 1877) gives these measurements of scientific men of Gottingen:--

Dirichlet Mathematician Age 54 1520 g. Fuchs Physician “ 52 1499 g. Gauss Mathematician “ 78 1492 g. Hermann Philologist “ 51 1358 g. Hausmann Mineralogist “ 77 1226 g.

Bischoff (Hirngewichte bei Münchener Gelehrten) gives the following measurements:--

Hermann Geometrician Age 60 1590 g. Pfeufer Physician “ 60 1488 g. Bischoff Physician “ 79 1452 g. Melchior Meyer Poet “ 61 1415 g. Arnoldi Orientalist “ 85 1730 g. Thackeray Novelist “ 52 1660 g. Abercrombie Physician “ 64 1780 g. Cuvier Naturalist “ 63 1829 g. Doell Archæologist “ 85 1650 g. Schiller Poet “ 46 1580 g. Huber Philosopher “ 47 1499 g. Fallmerayer Historian “ 74 1349 g. Liebig Chemist “ 70 1352 g. Tiedemann Physiologist “ 79 1254 g. Harless Chemist “ 40 1238 g. Döllinger Physiologist “ 71 1207 g.

The measurement of the cerebral area often gives superiority even to those men of genius who present a feeble weight. Fuchs had a cerebral surface of 22,1005 square c. and Gauss of 21,9588; while with the same weight the same surface in an unknown woman was 20,4115 and in a workman 18,7672.

Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, 1861.

Die tiefen Windungen des Menschenhirnes, 1877.

Mendel, Centralblatt, No. 4, 1884.

Ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Affenspalte und der Interparietal Furche beim Menschen nach Rasse, Geschlecht, und Individualität, 1886.

Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, 1886, p. 135.

La Circonvolution de Broca, Paris, 1888.

Vorstudien, &c., 1st Memoir, 1860.

Le Cerveau et la Pensée, t. ii. p. 46.

Gallichon in Gazette des Beaux Arts, 1867.

Lombroso, Sul Mancinismo motorio e sensorio nei sani e negli alienati, 1885, Turin.

Essay VII., Of Parents and Children.

Lettres à Georges Sand, Paris, 1885.

Destouches, Philos. Mariés.

Beard, American Nervousness, 1887; Cancellieri, Intorno Uomini dotati di gran memoria, 1715; Klefeker, Biblioth. eruditorum procacium, Hamburg, 1717; Baillet, De præcocibus eruditis, 1715.

Savage, Moral Insanity, 1886.

Guy de Maupassant, Étude sur Gustave Flaubert, Paris, 1885.

Revue des Deux Mondes, 1883, p. 92.

Revue Bleue, 1887, p. 17.

Darwin’s Life, 1887.

Genie und Talent.

Fischer, Æsthetik, ii. 1, p. 386.

“I am one who, when Love inspires, attend, and according as he speaks within me, so I express myself.”

Schilling, Psychiat. Briefe, p. 486.

Ball, Leçons des Maladies Mentales, 1881.

Radestock, p. 42.

Apologia.

Letter of April 20, 1752.

Verga, Lazzaretti, 1880.

Réveillé-Parise, p. 285.

Arago, Œuvres, iii.

Kreislauf des Lebens, Brief. xviii.

Dilthey, Ueber Einbildungskraft der Dichter, 1887.

Lazzaretti, op. cit., 1880.

Des Hallucinations, p. 30. Recent investigations in hypnotism show that the hallucination often has the character of real sensation; that, for example, visual suggestions may be modified by lenses. See my Nuove Studii sull’ ipnotismo.

Studi Critici, Naples, 1880, p. 95.

Souvenirs, p. 73, Paris, 1883.

Confessions d’un Enfant du Siècle, pp. 218, 251.

Introduction to Essai sur les Mœurs.

Siècle de Louis XIV., 1.

Dictionnaire Philosophique, art. Climat.

Tagebuch, ii. p. 120.

Paradoxe sur le Comédien.

Noise had become an obsession to Jules de Goncourt, says his brother Edmund, in a note to the former’s Lettres: “It seemed to him that he had ‘an ear in the pit of his stomach,’ and indeed noise had taken, and continued to take as his illness increased, as it were in some féerie at once absurd and fatal, the character of a persecution of the things and surroundings of his life.... During the last years of his life he suffered from noise as from a brutal physical touch.... This persecution by noise led my brother to sketch a gloomy story during his nightly insomnia.... In this story a man was eternally pursued by noise, and leaves the rooms he had rented, the houses he had bought, the forests in which he had camped, forests like Fontainebleau, from which he is driven by the hunter’s horn, the interior of the pyramids, in which he was deafened by the crickets, always seeking silence, and at last killing himself for the sake of the silence of supreme repose, and not finding it then, for the noise of the worms in his grave prevented him from sleeping. Oh, noise, noise, noise! I can no longer bear to hear the birds. I begin to cry to them like Débureau to the nightingale, ‘Will you not be still, vile beast?’” (Lettres de Jules de Goncourt, Paris, 1885.)

Étude sur Gustave Flaubert, Paris, 1885.

Among the fragments that have been preserved some are of great sweetness:--

“Quanto fu dolce il giogo e la catena De’ suoi candidi bracci al col mio volte, Che sciogliendomi io sento mortal pena; D’altre cose non dico che son molte, Chè soverchia dolcezza a morte mena.”

Mantegazza, Del Nervosismo dei grandi uomini, 1881.

Journal des Savants, Oct., 1863.

Epistolario, v. 3, p. 163.

Vicq d’Azir, Elog., p. 209.

Physiologie des Génies, 1875.

Science et Matérialisme, 1890, p. 103.

Brewster, Life, 1856.

Revue Scientifique, 1888.

Michiels, Le Monde du Comique, 1886.

Réveillé-Parise, op. cit.

Perez, L’enfant de trois à sept ans, 1886.

Scherer, Diderot, 1880.

Ueber die Verwandtschaft des Genies mit dem Irrsinn, 1887.

Bertolotti, Il Testamento di Cardano, 1883.

G. Flaubert, Lettres à Georges Sand, Paris, 1885.

Delepierre, Histoire Littéraire des fous, Paris, 1860.

Réveillé-Parise, Physiologie et Hygiène des hommes livrés aux travaux de l’esprit, Paris, 1856.

Mantegazza, Physiognomy and Expression.

Arago, ii. p. 82.

Plutarch, Life, &c.

Radestock, op. cit.

Moreau, op. cit., p. 523.

Correspondance, p. 119, 1887.

Memorie dell Istituto Lombardo, 1878.

Letter to Giordani, Aug., 1817.

Sette Anni di Sodalizio.

B. de Boismont, op. cit. p. 265.

Hagen, Ueber die Verwandtschaft, &c., 1877.

Roger, Voltaire Malade, 1883.

G. Sand, Histoire de Ma Vie, 9.

Berti, p. 154.

Berti, Cavour Avanti il 1848, Rome; Mayor, in Archivo di Psichiatria, vol. iv.

Mayor, op. cit.

Autobiography.

Autobiography, p. 145.

Von Sedlitz, Schopenhauer, 1872.

Letters, 1885.

Histoire de Ma Vie, v. p. 9.

G. Sand, op. cit.

De Immenso et innumerat., iii.

G. Menke, De ciarlataneria eruditorum, 1780.

Revue des Deux Mondes, 1883.

Letters, p. 62.

Ibid., pp. 62, 119, 123.

G. Sforza, Epistolario di A. Manzoni, Milan, 1883.

Epistolario, 3, p. 163.

Correspondance, p. 119. 1887.

Journal de ma vie intime.

Souvenirs d’Enfance et de Jeunesse.

Amiel, Journal Intime, Geneva, 2nd ed., 1889.

Clément, Musiciens célèbres, Paris, 1868.

W. Irving, Life, 1880.

Verga, Lazzaretti,&c., Milan, 1880.

Forbes Winslow, op. cit., p. 123.

Forbes Winslow, op. cit., p. 126.

Works, vol. xxvi. p. 83.

Dendy, op. cit., p. 41.

Correspondance, vol. ii. letter 9.

De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus, Lib. vi. Cap. 9.

Tertullian, Apologetica, p. 46. But see A. Gellii Noctes Atticæ, x. p. 17.

Wiederbelebung des Klassisch, Altert., 1882.

Pouchet, Histoire des Sciences Naturelles dans le Moyen Age, 1870.

Masi, La vita ed i tempi di Albergati, 1882.

Laura had eleven children and Petrarch himself two when he dedicated to her 294 sonnets. In politics he turned from Cola di Rienzi to his enemy Colonna and from Robert to Charles IV. (Famil, xix. 1. p. 32). He was too much occupied with himself, says Perrens, to be occupied with his country.

Lettres à G. Sand, 1885.

Revue Philosophique, 1887, p. 69.

Confessions d’un Enfant du Siècle, pp. 250, 251.

Cottrau, Lettre d’un Mélomane, Naples, 1885.

Matthew x. 34-36; Luke xii. 51-53.

Luke xii. 49. See the Greek text.

Luke xviii. 29-30.

Luke xiv. 26.

Matthew x. 37, xvi. 24; Luke v. 23.

Matthew viii. 21; Luke v. 23.

Fiorentino, La Musica, Rome, 1884.

L’Uomo Delinquente, 1889.

Mastriani, Sul Genio e la Follia, Naples, 1881.

Tra un Sigaro e l’altro, p. 194.

Max. du Camp, Souvenirs, 1884.

Schilling, Psychiatr. Briefe., p. 488, 1863.

Zimmermann, Solitude.

Tagebuch, 1787, Berne.

Sketches of Bedlam, 1823.

Biographie, by Wasielewski, Dresden, 1858.

Maxime du Camp, Souvenirs littéraires, 1887.

Brunetière, Revue des Deux Mondes, 1887, No. 706. Revue Bleue, July, 1887.

Maxime du Camp, Souvenirs littéraires.

“A une Heure du Matin,” in Petits Poèmes en Prose.

Bufalini, Vita di Concato, 1884.

Revue Philosophique, 1886.

Littré, A. Comte et la Phil. Posit., 1863.

W. de Fonvielle, Comment se font les Miracles, 1879.

De Vita propria, ch. 45.

Byron said, also, that intermittent fevers came at last to be agreeable to him, on account of the pleasant sensation that followed the cessation of pain.

“One day I thought I heard very sweet harmonies in a dream. I awoke, and I found I had resolved the question of fevers: why some are lethal and others not--a question which had troubled me for twenty-five years” (De Somniis, c. iv.).

“In a dream there came to me the suggestion to write this book, divided into exactly twenty-one parts; and I experienced such pleasure in my condition and in the subtlety of these reasonings as I had never experienced before” (De Subtilitate, lib. xviii. p. 915).

“Jewels in sleep are symbolical of sons, of unexpected things, of joy also; because in Italian gioire means ‘to enjoy’ (De Somniis, cap. 21; De Subtilitate, p. 338).

Buttrini, Girolamo Cardano, Savona, 1884.

Bertolotti (I Testamenti di Cardano, 1888) has shown that this legend has no foundation.

“I shall live in the midst of my torments, and among the cares that are my just furies, wild and wandering; I shall fear dark and solitary shades, which will bring before me my first fault; and I shall have in horror and disgust the face of the sun which discovered my misfortunes; I shall fear myself, and, for ever fleeing from myself, I shall never escape.”

Brewster’s Memoirs of Sir I. Newton, vol. ii. p. 100.

Brewster’s Memoirs of Sir I. Newton, vol. ii. p. 94.

Dialogues, i.

Dialogues, ii.

Bugeault, Étude sur l’état mental de Rousseau, 1876, p. 123.

Revue Philosophique, 1883.

Schurz, Lenaus Werke, vol. i. p. 275.

Kecskemetky, S. Széchénys staatsmänn. Laufbahn, &c., Pesth, 1866.

Costanzo, Follia anomale, Palermo, 1876.

Gwinner, Schopenhauers Leben, 1878; Ribot, La Philosophie de Schopenhauer, 1885; Carl von Sedlitz, Schopenhauer vom Medizinischen Standpunkt, Dorpat, 1872.

Gwinner, p. 26.

Memorabilien, ii. p. 332.

Parerga, ii. p. 38.

Pensiero e Meteore in Biblioteca Scientifica Internazionale, Milan, 1878; Azione degli Astri e delle Meteore sulla mente Umana, Milan, 1871.

Quetelet, Physique Sociale, Book iv. ch. i.

Mantegazza, op. cit.

E. Neville, Maine de Biran, Sa Vie, &c., p. 129, 1854.

Revue Bleue, 1888, No. 9.

Viaggio in Sicilia, vol. vii.

Epistolario, 1878.

Nature, Nov. 1883.

Réveillé-Parise, Physiologie des hommes livrés aux travaux de l’esprit, pp. 352-355.

Giussani, Vita, &c., p. 188.

Epistolario, p. 395.

Lebin, Sur l’époque de la composition de la Vita Nuova, p. 28.

Life and Letters, vol. i. p. 51.

Stopfer, Vie de Sterne, Paris, 1870.

Goethe, Aus Meinem Leben.

Zanolini, Rossini, 1876.

Clément, Les Musiciens Célèbres, Paris, 1878.

Alborghetti, Vita di Donizetti, 1876.

D’Este, Memorie su Canova, 1864.

Gotti, Vita di Michelangelo, Florence, 1873.

Milanesi, Lettere di Michelangelo, Florence, 1875.

Amoretti, Memorie storiche sulla vita e gli studi di Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, 1874.

W. Irving, Columbus, vol. i. p. 819; Roselly de Lorque, Vie de Colomb., 1857.

According to Secchi (Soleil, 1875) Scheiner preceded Galileo, and was himself preceded by Fabricio, though the discovery of this last was not known until a later date.

Galilei, Opere, vol. i. p. 69.

Arago, Œuvres, 1851.

Hœfer, op. cit.

Herschel, Outlines of Astronomy, 1874.

Arago, Notices Biographiques, 1855.

Atti, Della Vita di Malpighi, 1774.

Hœfer, Histoire de la Chimie, 1869.

Briefe an Schiller.

Gherardi, Rapporti sui Manoscritti di Galvani, 1839.

Schiaparelli, Intorno Alcune Lettere inedite di Lagrange, 1877.

Humboldt, Correspondance, Paris, 1868.

Letters from Humboldt to Varnhagen.

Arago, Notices Biographiques, 1855.

Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, 1857.

N. Bianchi, Vita di Matteucci, Florence, 1874.

The catalogue of small planets has been drawn from the Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes (Paris, 1877-8). The list of comets has been taken from Carl’s Repertorium der Cometen Astronomie (Munich, 1864). It begins with the comet discovered by Hevelius in 1672, and ends with that found by Donati on the 23rd of July, 1864; Gambart’s comets, already separately enumerated, have been excluded. To keep the conditions analogous to those of the small planets, all the comets to which Carl does not assign a discoverer, have been omitted; this includes such as were expected from previous calculations or perceived with the naked eye by the general population. All those that were discovered simultaneously by several observers, unknown to one another, have, however, been included, for it is not a question of priority, but of the psychological moment of the discovery. Three comets discovered in the months of February, May, and December, were found in the southern hemisphere; they must, therefore, with reference to season be registered as for August, November, and June, and have so been counted.

Atti, Della Vita ed opere di Malpighi, Bologna, 1774.

History of Civilisation, i.

Études sur la Selection, &c., Paris, 1881.

Biographie Universelle des Musiciens, Paris, 1868-80.

Histoire des Musiciens Célèbres, Paris, 1878.

Dizionario dei Pittori, 1858.

Naples 216 Rome 127 Venice 124 Milan 95 Bologna 91 Florence 70 Lucca 37 Parma 34 Genoa 30 Turin 27 Verona 24 Brescia 22 Mantua 19 Modena 19 Cremona 17 Palermo 17 Novara 17 Bergamo 16 Bari 16 Ferrara 15 Padua 15 Pisa 13 Reggio 12 Piacenza 11 Siena 10 Ravenna 10 Vicenza 10 Perugia 9 Pesaro 9 Alessandria 8 Treviso 8 Catania 7 Arezzo 6 Lecce 6 Como 5 Ancona 5 Udine 5 Macerata 5 Caserta 4 Livorno 3 Forlì 3 Messina 3 Rovigo 3 Chieti 3 Foggia 2 Cuneo 2 Pavia 2 Massa 2 Teramo 2 Siracusa 2 Ascoli 2 Campobasso 2 Belluno 1 Catanzaro 1 Avellino 1 Potenza 1 Reggio-Calabria 1 Caltanisetta 1

La Scuola Musicale di Napoli, 1883.

See my Pensiero e Meteore, 1872, and Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880, p. 157.

Bologna 262 Florence 252 Venice 138 Milan 127 Rome 100 Genoa 100 Naples 95 Ferrara 85 Verona 83 Siena 73 Perugia 68 Cremona 65 Modena 61 Pesaro 61 Brescia 50 Turin 46 Messina 43 Padua 40 Parma 39 Vicenza 39 Lucca 38 Bergamo 37 Udine 36 Arezzo 33 Ravenna 30 Reggio 29 Pisa 29 Treviso 24 Ascoli 23 Novara 22 Pavia 20 Mantua 19 Forlì 19 Como 17 Ancona 16 Alessandria 15 Belluno 13 Macerata 13 Piacenza 6 Caserta 6 Rovigo 5 Palermo 4 Salerno 3 Lecce 3 Cuneo 3 Massa 3 Catania 2 Livorno 1 Aquila 1 Siracusa 1

The difference with reference to painters is caused by the numerical weakness of Udine and the superiority of Catania and Palermo.

Il Censimento dei Poeti Veronesi, Dec. 31, 1881.

American Nervousness.

See Sternberg, Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. x. 1889, p. 389.

Statura degli Italiani, 1874; Della Influenza orografica nella Statura, 1878.

Étude sur la Taille.

Démographie de la France, 1878.

Inhabitants to the square kilomètre:--

Seine 3636.56 Rhône 224.40 Nord 213.40 Haut-Rhin 123.00 Pas-de-Calais 108.60 Loire 106.38 Manche 100.20 Bouches-du-Rhône 92.27 Landes 33.80 Lozère 27.39 Hautes-Alpes 23.40 Basses-Alpes 21.90

“Les Antiquités Égyptiennes,” in Revue des Deux Mondes, April, 1865.

Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. viii. fasc. 3.

Libri, Histoire des Mathématiques, vol. iii.

De Candolle, Histoire des Sciences, 1873.

Joseph Jacobs, “The Comparative Distribution of Jewish Ability,” Journal of Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, 1886, pp. 351-379.

Gli Israeliti di Europa, 1872.

Archivio di Statistica, Rome, 1880.

Die Verbreit, der Blind, &c., 1872.

Renan in his Souvenirs de Jeunesse remarks that since Germany has given herself up to militarism she would have no men of genius, if it were not for the Jews, to whom she should be at least grateful. But he forgets Haeckel, Virchow, and Wagner.

One case is known in which parents zealously sought to educate and favour by every means poetic genius in their son. The outcome of their fervent efforts was Chapelain, the too famous singer of the Pucelle.

Hereditary Genius, 1868.

L’Hérédité Psychologique, 1878.

Biographie Universelle des Musiciens.

Ribot in his L’Hérédité Psychologique refers to French statistics of 1861 according to which in 1000 lunatics of each sex, there was hereditary influence in 264 men and in 266 women.

Galton himself remarks that of 31 great families of lawyers raised to the peerage before the end of the reign of George IV., twelve are extinct, especially those which contracted alliances with heiresses. Out of 487 families admitted to citizenship at Berne from 1583 to 1654 only 168 remained in 1783. “When a grandee of Spain is announced we expect to see an abortion” (Ribot, De l’Hérédité, p. 820). The French and Italian nobility to-day has become for the most part an inert instrument in the hands of the clergy. And how many of the sovereigns of Europe yet preserve those ancestral virtues to the presumed transmission of which they owe in large part their throne and prestige?

Dante, Purgatorio, canto vii.

Lucas, De l’Hérédité.

Ribot, L’Hérédité Psychologique.

Dugdale, The Jukes.

Académie des Sciences, 1871. Five cases of epilepsy, and of insanity, two of general paralysis, one of idiocy and several of microcephaly were observed under these circumstances. The microcephalic condition which so often appears among the hereditary results of alcoholism may be understood when we recall the atrophies, the cerebral scleroses (a kind of histologic microcephaly) which are so constantly found in the drunkard himself.

Bertolotti, Testamenti di Cardano, 1882.

De Vita Propria.

Famil XIII. 2, XXIII. 12.

Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain, 1885, p. 147; Déjerine, L’Hérédité dans les Maladies, 1886.

Bilder aus mein. Knabenzeit, 1837.

Memorie, p. 341. I.e., “The heads of the Taparelli are not in the right place.” Taparelli was a family name of D’Azeglio.

Souvenirs d’Enfance, p. 20.

Meynert, Jahresber. für Psychiatr., Vienna, 1880.

Ribot, L’Hérédité Psychologique, p. 171.

The same kind of influence may be traced among the insane and degenerate. A son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan, conceived during a crisis of remorse and grief, at the epoch of the Jubilee, was called “l’enfant du jubilé,” on account of his condition of permanent melancholy. A man of talent, subject to attacks of mental exaltation, had several children, of whom two, conceived during these attacks, were insane. Déjerine, L’Hérédité dans les Maladies du Système Nerveux, 1886.

Nature, Nov., 1883.

Physiologie du Cerveau, p. 21.

Journal of Mental Science, 1872.

Correspondance Inédite, Paris, 1877.

Revue Scientifique, April, 1888.

Taine, Les origines de la France Contemporaine, Paris 1885.

Atlantic Monthly, 1881.

“A cui natura non lo volle dire Nol dirian mille Atēne e mille Rome.”

E. Fournier, Le Vieux-Neuf, Paris, 1887.

Ch. Nodier, Les Bas bleus, 1846, p. 217.

Voyage en Italie, Paris, 1880.

Trélat, Recherches historiques sur la folie, p. 81. Paris, 1839.

Moreau, Psychologie morbide, Paris, 1859.

Marcé, “De la valeur des écrits des aliénés”; Journal de médecine mentale, 1864.

Leuret, Fragments psychologiques sur la folie.

Annales médico-psychologiques, tome iii. p. 93, 1864.

Annales médico-psychologiques, 1850, p. 48; Parchappe, Symptomatologie de la folie.

Tissot, Des nerfs et de leurs maladies, p. 133.

Médecine de l’esprit, vol. ii. p. 32.

Symptomotalogie de la folie.

J. Frank, Pathologie interne; Manie fantastique.

Traité des maladies mentales, 1858.

Revue Philosophique, 1888.

Esquiros, Paris au dix-neuvième siècle--Les maisons de fous, tome ii. p. 163.

See Appendix. I regret that in the English edition of my work it has not been found possible to give a more copious selection from the poems by the insane which I have at my disposal. For these I must refer the reader to the original Italian or to the French edition.

See my L’Uomo Delinquente.

Les prisons de Paris, 1881.

Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.

Prescott, Conquest of Peru, i.

Lieut.-Col. Mark Wilks, Historical Sketch of the South of India.

Mungo Park, Travels, i.

Ellis, Polynesian Researches, vol. iv. p. 462, 1834.

La Paranoia, 1886.

Ludwig II.

P. Regnard, Les maladies épidémiques de l’esprit, p. 370.

Regnard, Les maladies, &c., p. 390.

Quoted by M. Luys, Actions réflexes du cerveau, p. 170

Revue Philosophique, 1888, No. 8.

Annales Med. Psych., 1876.

Regnard has also touched upon the subject, but without going into it deeply, in his Sorcellerie, Paris, 1887.

Gazzetta del Manicomio di Reggio, 1867.

O. Delepierre, Histoire littéraire des fous, Paris, 1860.

Regnard, op. cit.

Ruggieri, Histoire du crucifiement opéré sur sa propre personne par M. Lovat, Venice, 1806.

Frigerio, Letter of November 2, 1887.

Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.

De Renzis, L’opera d’un pazzo, Rome, 1887.

Simon, Ann. Med. Psych., 1876.

Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880.

Steinthal, Entwicklung der Schrift, 1852.

Boddart, Palæography of America, London, 1865.

Lombroso, Uomo bianco ed uomo di colore, 1871.

Archivio di Psichiatria, 1881, fasc. iii.

“Un veleno ho preparato Due pugnali tengo in seno: Questo viver disgraziato Finirà una volta almeno T’amerò fino alla tomba E anche morto t’amerò.

La campana lamentosa Sonerà la morte mia, Ed allor tu udrai curiosa Quella funebre armonia. T’amerò, ecc. ecc.

Una lunga e mesta croce Nella via vedrai passar; Ed un prete sulla forca Miserere recitar. T’amerò, ecc. ecc.”

“I have prepared a poison; I have two daggers in my bosom; this unhappy life, at least, shall end one day. I will love thee to my grave, and even when dead, I will love thee still.

“The mournful bell shall sound for my death, and thou shall listen wonderingly to that funereal harmony.--I will love thee, &c.

“A long and sad cross (i.e., procession) thou shalt see passing along the road, and a priest standing by the gallows, reciting the Miserere.--I will love thee, &c.”

“Paranoia: A Study of the Evolution of Systematized Delusions of Grandeur,” in American Journal of Psychology, May, 1888, and May, 1889.

Hécart, op. cit.

Magnan.

Simon.

Delepierre.

Vasari, Vite dei pittori celebri.

Clément, Les musiciens célèbres, Paris, 1878.

“Voci alte e fioche e suon di man con elle” (Dante, Inf. iii. 27.)

Cato, De Re Rustica.

Essays, vol. ii. pp. 401, &c.

My attention was called many years ago to the frequent occurrence of insanity among great musicians by Dr. Arnaldo Bargoni, and afterwards by Mastriani, of Naples, in an excellent article in Roma, 1881.

Jasnot, Vérités positives, 1854.

Les fous littéraires, p. 51.

See Tre Tribuni, 1887.

“Always mistress or slave--a foe to thine own children.”

“Il se trouvait là des philosophes plus forts que Leibnitz, mais sourdsmuets de naissance, ne pouvant produire que les gestes de leurs idées et pousser des arguments inarticulés; des peintres tourmentés de faire grand, mais qui posaient si singulièrement un homme sur ses pieds, un arbre sur ses racines, que toits leurs tableaux ressemblaient à des vues de tremblements de terre ou à des intérieurs de paquebots un jour de tempête. Des musiciens inventeurs de claviers intermédiaires, des savants à la façon du docteur Hitisch, de ces cervelles bric-à-brac, où il y a de tout mais où l’on ne trouve rien, à cause du désordre, de la poussière, et aussi parceque tous les objets sont cassés, incomplets, incapables du moindre service” (Daudet, Jack).

Delepierre, Littérateur des fous.

Staccar potessi i due concetti uniti Di me ed empio. Io giusto. Empio è Satana.

Delepierre, op. cit.

“Lève ce chef d’ici, je crains que ce chef prive de chef les miens par un nouveau méchef.”

Philomneste, Les fous littéraires, 1881.

“Have you ever noticed,” writes Daudet (Jack, ii. 58), speaking of mattoids, whom he called les ratés, “how these people seek each other in Paris, how they are attracted to each other, how they group themselves with their grievances, their demands, their idle and barren vanities? While, in reality, full of mutual contempt, they form a Mutual Admiration Society, outside which the world is a blank to them.”

“Mais parmi ces groupes tapageurs qui s’en allaient frédonnant, déclamant, discutant encore, personne ne prenait garde au froid sinistre de la nuit ni au brouillard humide qui tombait. A l’entrée de l’avenue, on s’aperçut que l’heure des omnibus était passée. Tous ces pauvres diables en prirent bravement leur parti. La chimére aux écailles d’or éclairait et abrégeait leur route, l’illusion leur tenait chaud, et répandus dans Paris désert, ils se tournaient courageusement aux misères obscures de la vie.

“L’art est un si grand magicien! Il crée un soleil qui luit pour tous comme l’autre, et ceux qui s’en approchent, même les pauvres, même les laides, même les grotesques, emportent un peu de sa chaleur et de son rayonnement. Ce feu du ciel imprudemment ravi, que les ratés gardent au fond de leurs prunelles, les rend quelquefois redoutables, le plus souvent ridicules, mais leur existence en reçoit une sérénité grandiose, un mépris du mal, une grâce à souffrir que les autres misères ne connaissent pas” (Daudet, Jack, i. p. 3).

“Toute une littérature est née de mon Insecte et de mon Oiseau.--L’Amour et la Femme restent et resteront, comme ayant deux bases, l’une scientifique, la nature même,--l’autre morale, le cœur des citoyens....

“J’ai défini l’histoire une résurrection.--C’est le titre le plus approprié à mon 4 volumes....

“En 1870, dans le silence universel, seul, je parlai. Mon livre fait en 40 jours fut la seule défense de la patrie....”

He studies, as an important document, the journal of Louis XIV.’s digestion, and divides his reign into two periods--before and after the fistula. In the same way Francis I.’s reign is divided into the periods before and after the abscess. Conclusions of the following kind abound:--

“De toute l’ancienne monarchie, il ne reste à la France qu’un nom, Henri IV.; et deux chansons Gabrielle et Marlborough.”

Pp. 119, 120, 121.

Sbarbaro, e.g., in the midst of numberless absurdities, wrote: “The man who feels no hatred for the foul and unjust things which cumber our social life is the false phantom of a citizen, a eunuch in heart and mind” (Forche, 21).

“Parliamentary systems do not work well, since they do not allow of the best being at the top, and nonentities at the bottom” (Forche, 3). This, however, is borrowed from Machiavelli’s Decades.

“If you call me a malcontent,” he said to the Council of Public Instruction, “you do me honour: progress is due to rebels and malcontents. Christ Himself was a rebel and an agitator.”

Revue politique et littéraire, 1888, No. 1.

We have seen that a love of symbolism is one of the characteristics of monomaniacs.

M. Jules Tellier has not inaptly called him, in Victor Hugo’s style, “l’homme-frisson.”

Responsibility in Mental Disease, p. 47.

Knutzen, of Schleswig, in 1674, preached that there was neither God nor devil, that priests and magistrates were useless and pernicious, that marriage was unnecessary, that man ended with death, and that every one ought to be guided by his own inner consciousness of right. For this reason he gave to his disciples the name of the Conscientarii, garnishing his discourses with grotesque quotations. He went about begging and preaching in strange garments. It is not known what became of him after 1674. His writings are Epistola amici ad amicum, Schediasma de lacrimis Christi, &c.

Responsibility, p. 53.

Revue des Deux Mondes, 1880.

Dubois, People of India, p. 360.

1 Samuel xxi. 14, 15.

Ibid., xix. 9, 10, 23.

Ibid., xix. 24.

Berbrugger, Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie, 1855.

Western Barbary, p. 60.

Travels, p. 133.

Beck, Allegemeine Schilderung des Othom. Reiches., p. 177.

Ibid., p. 529.

Ida Pfeiffer, Voyage, vols. v., vi.

Medhurst, State and Prospects, London, 1838, p. 75.

Cook, Voyages, vol. ii. p. 19.

Vol. iv. p. 49.

D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, ii. p. 92.

Müller, Geschichte der Urreligion, Basle, 1853.

Revue Scientifique, 1887.

See my Tre Tribuni, 1887.

Ideler, Versuch einer Theorie des Wahnsinnes, p. 236 (1842).

Hecker, Tanzmanie, Berlin, 1834, p. 120. Traces exist even to-day, as at Echternach, in Luxembourg.

Pensiero e Meteore, 1878, p. 129.

Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880, Fasc. ii.

Nasse, Zeitschrift, 1814, i. p. 255.

Versuch, i. p. 274.

Swedenborg, by M. de Beaumont-Vassy, 1842; Mattei, Em. de Swedenborg, sa vie, 1863.

Mayor, Madame de Krüdener, Turin, 1884.

See Macaulay, History, vol. ii.

Bonghi, Vita di S. F. d’Assisi, 1885.

Bonghi.

Archiv für Psychiatrie, 1881.

Villari, Vita di Savonarola, pp. 11, 304.

De Veritate Prophetica, 1497.

Villari, p. 406.

Villari, ii. p. 408.

See Perrens, E. Marcel, 1880; Démocratie en France dans le Moyen Age, 1875.

Letter to Charles IV. Document 33 in Papencordt.

“Invidia e fuoco.” Thus the anonymous historian, and Zeffirino Re. Muratori reads juoco, “gaming,” but not even thus can the sentence be explained; for it was certainly other vices than envy and gambling that were consuming the nobility of those days.

Even after the first plébiscite, Stefano Colonna, in opposing him, said, “If this madman makes me angry, I will have him thrown from the Capitol” (p. 349).

See Papencordt, Cola di Rienzi, 1844; Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vi. p. 267.

Papencordt.

Life, i. 32.

Ibid., i. 17.

Papencordt, doc. 83.

See letter to Fra Michele.

Hoxemio, De actis pontif., vols. ii. and iii.

Muratori, Cronaca Estense, xviii. p. 409.

Chronaca, p. 140.

Book x.

Gregorovius, vol. vi. p. 294.

“He said that they had bewitched him in prison” (Anonimo).

Even within a few months from his first assumption of the tribunate he became “addicted to rich food, and began to multiply suppers, banquets, and revels of divers meats and wines. About the end of December he began to grow stout and ruddy, and eat with a better appetite” (Anonimo, p. 92).

Gaye, Carteggio inedito d’artisti, Florence, 1839; Hoxemio, Qui Gesta Pontificum, &c., &c., Leodii, 1822, ii. pp. 272-514; Papencordt, Cola di Rienzi, Hamburg, 1847; Hobhouse, Historic Illustrations of Childe Harold, 1818; De Sade, Mémoires de Pétrarque, iii.

Even in the autograph MSS. we find cotidie for quotidie; Capitalo for Capitolis; patrabantur for perpetrabantur; speraverim for spreverim; michi for mihi. I have already noted the strange blunder of explaining the Pomærium--the district between the inner and outer walls of Rome--by “the garden of Italy.” All this indicates a scholarship which was neither very full nor very accurate. As to his caligraphy, there is nothing particular to remark.

Among his vagaries, we have already noted that of crowning himself with seven crowns. In his seals there were seven stars and seven rays, which, under the second Tribunate, became eight.

Monomaniacs while remaining constant to a fixed erroneous idea, vary, to a degree which amounts to contradiction, in the accessory details. It is thus that I explain the fact that, in his second tribunate he claimed to be the son, not of the emperor, but of a bastard of his. There has been found, near the Ponte Senatorio, in excavating the ruins of a building, restored apparently by Rienzi, this inscription dictated by him--according to Gabrini--in order to publish to the world his disgraceful delusion: “Nicolaus, Tribunus, Severus, Clemens, Laurentii, Teutonici filius, Gabrinius, Romae Senator,” with a timid allusion to a German, who was not Henry, but an illegitimate son of his (Gabrini, Osservazioni storico-critiche sulla Vita di Rienzi, 1706, p. 96).

Anonimo, p. 92.

See for other proofs my Tre Tribuni, 1887.

P. C. Falletti, Del carattere di Fra Tommaso Campanella, Turin, 1889; Rivista Storica Italiana, vol. vi. fasciculo 2; Amabile, Fra T. Campanella e la sua congiura, Naples, 1882; Fra T. C. nei Castelli di Napoli, &c., vol. ii.; Fra T. Pignatelli e la sua congiura, 1887; Berti, Lettere inedite di T. Campanella, 1878; Idem, Nuovi documenti su Campanella, 1881.

Abbé Saglier, Vie de Saint Jean de Dios; M. duCamp, La Charité à Paris, 1885.

It is a curious point, that all these saints (Lazzaretti, Loyola, &c.) began by leading a wild life.

Maxime du Camp, Souvenirs Littéraires, 1882 (2nd ed.)

See the paper on David Lazzaretti, by Nocito and Lombroso, in the Archivio di Psichiatria, 1881, vol. i. fasc. ii. iii.; Verga, Lazzaretti e la pazzia sensoria, Milan, 1880; Caravaggio, Inchiesta e Relazione su Arcidosso, 1878, Gazzetta Ufficiale, for October 1, No. 321.

Signes physiques des manies raisonnantes, 1876.

Verga, Lazzaretti, 1880.

At Pesaro I had under my care several nuns from Roman convents, whose language I never heard surpassed in obscene blasphemy. I have also attended exceedingly devout Jews, whose first symptom was the wish to be baptised, and who, immediately after their recovery, became more orthodox than before.

Deposition of the witness Vichi.

His first arrest took place in the island of Monte Cristo, for preaching sedition among the fishermen. Thence, he was transferred to Orbetello (see Verga, Su Lazzaretti e la follia sensoria, 1880).

Nocito and Lombroso, Davide Lazzaretti (Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880, ii. Turin). In this article are detailed the causes of the error into which the experts fell--an error which cost the country an enormous expenditure and several human lives.

Lo Statute Civile del Regno Pontificio in Italia.

See Lombroso, Remarks on the Passanante Trial, 1876, pp. 16, 17.

Esquirol mentions a madwoman who said to him, “I have not the courage to kill myself; I must kill some one else, so that I can die.” She attempted the life of her daughter.

In spite of all this, six Italian mental specialists have declared Passanante free from all suspicion of insanity; and he is still confined in a convict prison.

See, for further details, Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. iv.

Las Neurosis de los Hombres celebres en la Historia Argentina, by José Maria Ramon Mejia, Buenos Ayres, 1878.

De Vita Propria.

Schurz, ii.

Ibid., p. 283.

January, 1765.

Of 45 insane writers referred to by Philomneste (op. cit.) there were--15 who devoted themselves to poetry, 12 to theology, 5 to prophecy, 3 to autobiography, 2 to mathematics, 2 to mental pathology, 2 to politics. Poetry predominates for the reason above given, while, on the other hand, theology, philosophy, and the like are more prominent in the mattoids.

Page 200.

He declares that musk reminds him of scarlet and gold, and describes “perfumes which have the smell of infants’ flesh, or of the dawn,” &c., &c.

Manso, Vita, p. 249.

Du Vin, i. 1880.

Schurz, i. 328.

Kreisler is, like himself, full of strange ideals, always at war with reality, and ends by becoming insane.

“Francesco, inferma, entro le membra inferme Ho l’anima.”

Epistolario, iii. 1.

“Mad Nat Lee,” who was for a long time an inmate of Bedlam, minutely describes the insanity of genius in his poems; e.g., in Cæsar Borgia:--

“Like a poor lunatic that makes his moan, And, for a while, beguiles his lookers-on, He reasons well. His eyes their wildness lose, He vows his keepers his wronged sense abuse, But if you hit the cause that hurts his brain, Then his teeth gnash, he foams, he shakes his chain.”

See Winslow, Obscure Diseases of the Brain, p. 210, London, 1863. See also the chapter “On the Art of Insanity,” for proofs of a like tendency on the part of insane painters.

“Vi son dei giorni che il mio cor vien meno E il fango mi conquista.”

“Venga l’obbrobrio--dell’uomo sobrio; Venga il disprezzo del genere umano; Venga l’inferno--del Padre Eterno; Vi scenderò col mio bicchiere in mano.”

See Dilthey, Dichterische Einbildungskraft und Wahnsinn, Leipzig, 1886.

Letter from Edmond de Goncourt to Emile Zola (Lettres de Jules de Goncourt, Paris, 1885).

Déjerine, De l’Hérédité dans les Maladies, 1886; Ribot, De l’Hérédité, 1878; Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain, 1885.

See Part II., pp. 126-132. I must rectify a mistake I have made in not assigning sufficient importance to the influence of race in France. In fact, in revising my studies on a large scale, I find that the departments peopled by the Belgio-Germanic race yield the maximum proportion of geniuses as 40 per cent., while the Celtic departments yielded only 13·5 per cent., and the Iberian 20 per cent.

T. Gautier, according to the Goncourts, often declared that he could not--on account of his youth--convince himself that he was really the father of his daughter (Journal des Goncourt, 1888). “La Fontaine was not far removed from a bad man,” says Bourget. “What are we to think of a husband who deserts his young wife and his child, without any motive whatever?” Stendhal (Beyle) hated his father and was hated by him; he always declared his invincible repugnance towards compulsory family affection (Bourget, Essais de Psychologie, p. 310). “I consecrated myself to grief for her,” wrote Chateaubriand of Pauline de Baumont. “ ... She had not been dead six months, when her place was filled in my heart” (Ibid.).

Revue Littéraire, Aug. 15, 1887, No. 3.

Lombroso, Delitti politici, 1890.

Correspondance, 1889, p. 538.

Feeri, Nuova Antologia, 1889.

See Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. ii.; L’Uomo Delinquente,