Part 16

20 55 Skeleton of the foot of a Chinese female. From a drawing by B. Cooper, in Phil. Trans.

21–25 57 Sections, from above downwards, through the tarso-metatarsal joints. A, metatarsal bone. B, tarsal bone. C, C, the ligaments connecting the two.

26–29 59 Figures standing, bowing, stooping, and squatting.

30–32 60 Figures walking.

33–35 62 Position of foot in three stages of a step in walking.

36–38 65 Figures running.

39 86 Bones of the left hind limb of an Elephant.

40 86 Bones of the left hind limb of a Hippopotamus.

41 86 Bones of the left hind limb of a Rhinoceros.

42 86 Bones of the left hind limb of an Ox.

43 86 Bones of the left hind limb of a Horse.

44 89 Hind limb of a Gorilla, showing the length of the digits, and the strong inner digit diverging from the others.

45 90 Drawing of stuffed specimen of a Gorilla in the British Museum.

46 98 Section of a foot, showing the disposition of the fibres that run from the bones and plantar ligament to the skin of the sole. At the heel the greater number of the fibres are seen to run backwards from the heel-bone to the skin. At the end of the great toe and beneath the ball of the toe they run, for the most part, forwards, from the bones and plantar ligament, to the skin.

47 103 View of the sole of a foot in its natural state.

48 103 Outline of the sole of a shoe, as commonly made for a man’s foot.

49 103 Sole of the foot of a girl twenty-two years old, distorted by the pressure of the shoe, but otherwise healthy.

50 103 View of the skeleton of a foot so deformed, from above.

51 105 The proper sole for a shoe laid, for the sake of comparison, on the symmetrical sole of the ordinary shape.

52 105 The proper sole pointed at the toes.

THE HUMAN HAND.

Fig. page

53 110 The bones of the arm (humerus), of the forearm (radius and ulna, the former is the upper of the two, the forearm and hand being semi-prone), and of the hand. The names of the wrist-bones are, scaphoid, semilunar (these two are in contact with the radius), cuneiform (this is in a line with the ulna, but separated from it by an interval in which lies the triangular ligament, see fig. 64, page 134), pisiform (faintly seen in shadow beneath the cuneiform), trapezium (supporting the metacarpal bone of thumb), trapezoid (supporting the metacarpal bone of fore-finger), magnum (supporting the metacarpal bone of the middle or great finger), unciform (supporting the metacarpal bones of the ring and the little fingers).

54 112 Diagram of the bones of the hand with the ends of the radius and ulna. 1, end of radius; 2, end of ulna; 3, scaphoid; 4, semilunar; 5, cuneiform; 6, pisiform; 7, trapezium; 8, trapezoid; 9, magnum; 10, unciform; 11, 11, metacarpal bones; 12, 12, first row of phalanges; 13, 13, second row of phalanges; 14, 14, third row of phalanges; I, thumb; II, forefinger; III, middle finger; IV, ring finger; V, little finger.

55 116 Drawing of the front of the chest and the shoulders, with the collar-bones running across from the upper edge of the breast-bone to the projecting processes of the shoulder-blades.

56 117 The chest and shoulder of an Eagle. A, A, the united collar-bones, or “merry-thought;” B, the coracoid, or “side-bone;” C, the long, slender shoulder-blade; D, the sternum; E, the humerus.

57 120 The head, fore part of chest, and shoulder of a Rhinoceros. The chest is deep and flat at the sides. The shoulder-blade and arm-bone are nearly vertical, that is, they nearly correspond with the ribs in their direction.

58 122 Side view of chest, shoulder and arm (human). The shoulder-blade is prolonged in the direction of the spine, that is, across the ribs.