Chapter Xii.--Diseases and Enemies of Bees 112

Diarrhea and dysentery 112 Foul brood 112 The wax moth 113 Braula or bee louse 115 Other enemies 115 Robber flies, dragon flies, etc. 115 Ants and wasps 115 Spiders 116 Toads and lizards 116 Birds 116 Mammals 116 Robber bees 116 Laying workers 117

Brief list of books and journals relating to apiculture 118

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page. An apiary in Maryland Frontispiece.

Plate I. Honey bees 16 II. Digestive system of bee 22 III. Alfalfa (Medicago saliva) 64 IV. Esparcet or sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa) 64 V. Sweet clover or melilot (Melilotus alba) 64 VI. Acacia (Acacia constricta) 64 VII. Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) 64 VIII. Blue weed or viper's bugloss (Echium vulgare) 64 IX. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) 64 X. Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum) 64 XI. Bacillus alvei 112

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Worker cells of common East Indian honey bee (Apis indica) 12 2. Worker cells of tiny East Indian honey bee (Apis florea) 13 3. Comb of tiny East Indian honeybee (Apis florea) 14 4. Worker cells of common honey bee (Apis mellifera) 15 5. Ovaries of queen and workers 19 6. Heads of queen and drone 20 7. Modifications of the legs of different bees 21 8. Head and tongue of Apis mellifera worker 22 9. Wax disks of social bees 26 10. Comb building, side of hive removed 27 11. Cross section of brood apartment 29 12. Use of veil and bee smoker 31 13. Manipulation removing comb from hive 32 14. Manipulation tilting to bring reverse side of comb to view 33 15. Manipulation reverse side of comb brought to view 33 16. Manipulation examining reverse side of comb 33 17. Quinby closed-end frames 34 18. Box hive prepared for transportation 37 19. Frame hive prepared for transportation 37 20. An apiary in Florida 38 21. An apiary in California 39 22. Ancient Greek movable comb hive 41 23. Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive with cap and gable roof 41 24. Langstroth frame showing construction 42 25. Form in which to nail frames 42 26. Lock-joint chaff hive 43 27. Manner of nailing hives 43 28. Section of improved tin frame-rest 44 29. The Langstroth hive (Dadant-Quinby form), cross section showing construction 45 30. The Nonpareil hive 46 31. Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive open 46 32. The Bingham bee smoker 48 33. Automatic reversible honey extractor 49 34. Quinby uncapping knife 49 35. Bingham & Hetherington uncapping knife 49 36. Excelsior wax extractor 50 37. Simplicity feeder 51 38. Fruit-jar bee feeder, bottom of feeding stage and perforated cap shown separately 51 39. The Porter spring bee escape 52 40. Daisy foundation fastener 53 41. Fastening starter of comb foundation in frame 53 42. Spur wire-embedder 54 43. Comb-foundation machine 55 44. Willow herb (Epilobium angustifolium) 57 45. Wagner's flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris wagneri) 59 46. Dwarf Essex or winter rape (Brassica napus) 60 47. Summer or bird rape (Brassica napus) 60 48. Sacaline or giant knotweed (Polygonum sachalinense) 61 49. Russian or hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) 61 50. Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) 63 51. Apple (Pyrus malus) 63 52. Heath-like wild aster (Aster ericoides) 64 53. Transferring drumming the bees from a box hive into a frame hive 71 54. Transferred comb and inserted queen cell 73 55. Uncapping and extracting honey 77 56. One-piece "V"-grooved sections 80 57. Super with section holders and sections in place 80 58. Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive, elevated from bottom board and slid back for ventilation in summer 82 59. Langstroth hive with combined surplus case and shipping crate 83 60. Honey shipping cases 83 61. Boardman solar wax extractor 85 62. Comb showing worker brood and queen cells 88 63. Queen cells and worker brood in various stages 89 64. The Benton queen cage fur transporting a queen and attendants by mail 92 65. Caging a queen for mailing 92 66. Queen introducing-cage 94 67. Hiving a swarm of bees 96 68. The Simmins non-swarming system, single-story hive with supers 103 69. The Simmins non-swarming system, double-story hive with supers 103 70. Beehives with Langdon non-swarmer attached 104 71. Percolator for preparation of winter food 107 72. The American straw hive of Hayek Bros 108 73. Davis hive with newspapers packed between inner and outer cases and brood frames on end for winter 108 74. Double-walled hive adapted to outdoor wintering as well as summer use below 40 C north latitude in United States 109 75. An apiary in Vermont winter view 110 76. Cheshire anti-robbing entrance 117

MANUAL OF APICULTURE.