CHAPTER XXXI.. Anaphylaxis.

ANAPHYLAXIS.

Dallera, in 1874, and a number of physiologists of that period, observed peculiar skin eruptions following the transfusion of blood, that is, the introduction of foreign proteins. In the years subsequent to the introduction of diphtheria antitoxin (1890) characteristic “serum rashes” were not infrequently reported, sometimes accompanied by more or less severe general symptoms and occasionally death--a train of phenomena to which the name “serum sickness” was later applied, since it was shown that it was the horse serum (foreign protein) that was the cause, and not the antitoxin itself. In 1898 Richet and Hericourt noticed that some of the dogs which they were attempting to immunize against toxic eel serum not only were not immunized but suffered even more severely after the second injection. They obtained similar results with an extract of mussels which contain a toxin. Richet gave the name “anaphylaxis” (“no protection”) to this phenomenon to distinguish it from immunity or prophylaxis (protection).

All the above-mentioned observations led to no special investigations as to their cause. In 1903, Arthus noticed abscess formation, necrosis and sloughing following several injections of horse serum in immediately adjacent parts of the skin in rabbits (“Arthus’ phenomenon”). Theobald Smith, in 1904, observed the death of guinea-pigs following properly spaced injections of horse serum. This subject was investigated by Otto and by Rosenau and Anderson in this country and about the same time von Pirquet and Schick were making a study of serum rashes mentioned above. The publications of these men led to a widespread study of the subject of injections of foreign proteins. It is now a well-established fact that the injection into an animal of a foreign protein--vegetable, animal or bacterial, simple or complex--followed by a second injection after a proper length of time leads to a series of symptoms indicating poisoning, which may be so severe as to cause the death of the animal. Richet’s term “anaphylaxis” has been applied to the condition of the animal following the first injection and indicates that it is in a condition of supersensitiveness for the protein in question. The animal is said to be “sensitized” for that protein. The sensitization is specific since an animal injected with white of chicken’s egg reacts to a second injection of chicken’s egg only and not pigeon’s egg or blood serum or any other protein. The specific poisonous substance causing the symptoms has been called “anaphylotoxin” though what it is, is still a matter of investigation. It is evident that some sort of an antibody results from the first protein injected and that it is specific for its own antigen.

A period of ten days is usually the minimum time that must elapse between the first and second injections in guinea-pigs in order that a reaction may result, though a large primary dose requires much longer. If the second injection is made within less time no effect follows, and after three or more injections at intervals of about one week the animal fails to react at all, it has become “immune” to the protein. Furthermore, after an animal has been sensitized by one injection and has reacted to a second, then, if it does not die from the reaction, it fails to react to subsequent injections. In this latter case it is said to be “antianaphylactic.”

It must be remembered that proteins do not normally get into the circulation except by way of the alimentary tract. Here all proteins that are absorbed are first broken down to their constituent amino-acids, absorbed as such and these are built up into the proteins characteristic of the animal’s blood. Hence when protein as such gets into the blood it is a foreign substance to be disposed of. The blood contains proteolytic enzymes for certain proteins normally. It is also true that the body cells possess the property of digesting the proteins of the blood and building them up again into those which are characteristic of the cell. Hence it appears rational to assume that the foreign proteins act as stimuli to certain cells to produce more of the enzymes necessary to decompose them, so that they may be either built up into cell structure or eliminated as waste. If in this process of splitting up of protein a poison were produced, then the phenomena of “anaphylaxis” could be better understood. As a matter of fact Vaughan and his co-workers have shown that by artificially splitting up proteins from many different sources--animal, vegetable, pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria--a poison is produced which appears to be the same in all cases and which causes the symptoms characteristic of anaphylaxis. On the basis of these facts it is seen that anaphylaxis is simply another variety of immunity. The specific antibody in this case is an enzyme which decomposes the protein instead of precipitating it. The enzyme must be specific for the protein since these differ in constitution. Vaughan even goes so far as to say that the poison is really the central ring common to all proteins and that they differ only in the lateral groups or side chains attached to this central nucleus. The action of the enzyme in this connection would be to split off the side chains, and since these are the specific parts of the protein, the enzyme must be specific for each protein. The pepsin of the gastric juice and the trypsin of the pancreas split the native proteins only to peptones. As is well known, these when injected in sufficient quantity give rise to poisonous symptoms, and will also give rise to anaphylaxis under properly spaced injections. They do not poison normally because they are split by the intestinal erepsin to amino-acids and absorbed as such. Whether Vaughan’s theory of protein structure is the true one or not remains to be demonstrated. It is not essential to the theory of anaphylaxis above outlined, i.e., a phenomenon due to the action of specific antibodies which are enzymes. On physiological grounds this appears the most rational of the few explanations of anaphylaxis that have been offered and was taught by the author before he had read Vaughan’s theory along the same lines.

On the basis of the author’s theory the phenomena of protein immunity and antianaphylaxis may be explained in the following way which the author has not seen presented. The enzymes necessary to decompose the injected protein are present in certain cells and are formed in larger amount by those cells to meet the increased demand due to injection of an excess of protein. They are retained in the cell for a time at least. If a second dose of protein is given before the enzymes are excreted from the cells as waste, this is digested within the cells in the normal manner. If a third dose is given, the cells adapt themselves to this increased intracellular digestion and it thus becomes normal to them. Hence the immunity is due to this increased intracellular digestion.

On the other hand, if the second injection is delayed long enough, then the excess enzyme, but not all, is excreted from the cells and meets the second dose of protein in the blood stream and rapidly decomposes it there, so that more or less intoxication from the split products results. This uses up excess enzyme, hence subsequent injections are not digested in the blood stream but within the cells as before. So that “antianaphylaxis” is dependent on the exhaustion of the excess enzyme in the blood, and the condition is fundamentally the same as protein immunity, i.e., due to intracellular digestion in each case.

As has been indicated “serum sickness” and sudden death following serum injections are probably due to a sensitization of the individual to the proteins of the horse in some unknown way. Probably hay fever urticarial rashes and idiosyncrasies following the ingestion of certain foods--strawberries, eggs, oysters, etc., are anaphylactic phenomena.

In medical practice the reaction is used as a means of diagnosis in certain diseases, such as the tuberculin test in tuberculosis, the mallein test in glanders. The individual or animal with tuberculosis becomes sensitized to certain proteins of the tubercle bacillus and when these proteins in the form of tuberculin are introduced into the body a reaction results, local or general, according to the method of introduction. The practical facts in connection with the tuberculin test are also in harmony with the author’s theory of anaphylaxis as above outlined. Milder cases of tuberculosis give more vigorous reactions because the intracellular enzymes are not used up rapidly enough since the products of the bacillus are secreted slowly in such cases. Hence excess of enzyme is free in the blood and the injection of the tuberculin meets it there and a vigorous reaction results. In old, far-advanced cases, no reaction occurs, because the enzymes are all used in decomposing the large amount of tuberculous protein constantly present in the blood. The fact that an animal which has once reacted fails to do so until several months afterward likewise depends on the fact that the excess enzyme is used in the reaction and time must elapse for a further excess to accumulate.

The anaphylactic reaction has been made use of in the identification of various types of proteins and is of very great value since the reaction is so delicate, particularly when guinea-pigs are used as test animals. Wells has detected the 0.000,001 g. of protein by this test. It is evident that the test is applicable in medico-legal cases and in food examination and has been so used.

A TABULATION OF ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES AS AT PRESENT RECOGNIZED.

CLASS OF ANTIGEN ANTIBODY ACTION OF ANTIBODY RECEPTOR

Toxin Antitoxin Combines with toxin and I. hence prevents toxin from uniting with a cell and injuring it, i.e., neutralizes toxin.

Enzyme Antienzyme Combines with enzyme I. and thus prevents enzyme from uniting with anything else and showing its action, i.e., neutralizes enzyme.

Solution of Precipitin Unites with its antigen II. protein and causes its precipitation from solution.

Solution of ? Causes phenomenon of (?) protein anaphylaxis(?)

Suspension of Agglutinin Unites with its antigen II. cells causes its clumping together and settling out of suspension.

Suspension of Opsonin Unites with its antigen II. cells and makes the cells (?) more easily taken up by phagocytes.

Suspension of Amboceptor Unites with its antigen III. cells and also with complement which latter then dissolves the antigen.

Precipitin Antiprecipitin Neutralizes precipitin. I.

Agglutinin Antiagglutinin Neutralizes agglutinin. I.

Opsonin Antiopsonin Neutralizes opsonin. I.

Amboceptor Antiamboceptor Neutralizes amboceptor. I. (two kinds)

Complement Anticomplement Neutralizes complement. I.

SUMMARY OF IMMUNITY AS APPLIED TO PROTECTION FROM DISEASE.

The discussion of “immunity problems” in the preceding chapters serves to show that protection from disease either as a condition natural to the animal or as an acquired state is dependent on certain properties of its body cells or fluids, or both. The actual factors so far as at present known may be summarized as follows:

1. Antitoxins which neutralize true toxins; shown to exist for very few diseases.

2. Cytolytic substances which destroy the invading organism: in reality two substances; amboceptor, which is specific, and complement, the real dissolving enzyme.

3. Phagocytosis or the destruction of the invading organisms within the leukocytes.

4. Opsonins which render the bacteria more readily taken up by the phagocytes.

5. Enzymes other than complement possibly play a part in the destruction of some pathogenic organisms or their products. This remains to be more definitely established.

6. It is possible that in natural immunity there might be no receptors in the body cells to take up the organisms or their products, or the receptors might be present in certain cells but of a very low chemical affinity, so that combination does not occur. It is even highly probable that many substances formed by invading organisms which might injure specialized cells, such as those of glandular, nervous or muscle tissue, have a more rapid rate of reaction with, or a stronger affinity for, lower unspecialized cells, such as connective and lymphoid tissue, and unite with these so that their effects are not noticed.

The importance of these different, factors varies in different diseases and need not be considered in this connection.

The question “which of the body cells are engaged in the production of antibodies” is not uncommonly asked. On physiological grounds it would not seem reasonable that the highly specialized tissues above mentioned could take up this work, even though they are the ones which suffer the greatest injury in disease. Hence it is to be expected that the lower or unspecialized cells are the source, and it has been shown that the antibodies are produced by the phagocytes (though not entirely as Metchnikoff maintained), by lymphoid tissue generally, by the bone marrow and also by connective-tissue cells, though in varying degrees.

Since immunity depends on the activity of the body cells it is evident that one of the very best methods for avoiding infectious diseases is to keep these cells up to their highest state of efficiency, to keep in “good health.” Hence good health means not only freedom from disease but also protection against disease.

LIST OF LABORATORY EXERCISES GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THE CLASS WORK INCLUDED IN THIS TEXT-BOOK.

Exercise 1. Cleaning glassware.

Exercise 2. Preparation of broth medium from meat juice.

Exercise 3. Preparation of gelatin medium from broth.

Exercise 4. Preparation of agar medium from broth.

Exercise 5. Potato tubes.

Exercise 6. Potato plates.

Exercise 7. Plain milk tubes.

Exercise 8. Litmus milk tubes.

Exercise 9. Sugar broth media.

Exercise 10. Blood-serum tubes.

Exercise 11. Inoculation of tubes. Action on complex proteins.

Exercise 12. Production of gas from carbohydrates.

Exercise 13. Production of indol.

Exercise 14. Reduction of nitrates.

Exercise 15. Chromogenesis: Illustrates nicely the variation with environment.

Exercise 16. Enzyme production.

Exercise 17. Making of plate cultures; isolation in pure culture.

Exercise 18. Stain making and staining.

Exercise 19. Cell forms and cell groupings.

Exercise 20. Hanging drop slides.

Exercise 21. Staining of spores.

Exercise 22. Staining of acid-fast bacteria.

Exercise 23. Staining of capsules.

Exercise 24. Staining of metachromatic granules.

Exercise 25. Staining of flagella.

Exercise 26. Study of individual species.

Exercise 27. Determination of thermal death-point.

Exercise 28. Action of disinfectants on bacteria.

Exercise 29. Action of sunlight on bacteria.

DESCRIPTIVE CHART--SOCIETY OF AMERICAN BACTERIOLOGISTS.

Prepared by Committee on Methods of Identification of Bacterial Species.--F. D. Chester, F. P. Gorham, Erwin F. Smith.

Endorsed by the Society for general use at the Annual Meeting, December, 1907.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

AGAR HANGING BLOCK, a small block of nutrient agar cut from a pour plate, and placed on a cover-glass, the surface next the glass having been first touched with a loop from a young fluid culture or with a dilution from the same. It is examined upside down, the same as a hanging drop.

AMEBOID, assuming various shapes like an ameba.

AMORPHOUS, without visible differentiation in structure.

ARBORESCENT, a branched, tree-like growth.

BEADED, in stab or stroke, disjointed or semiconfluent colonies along the lines of inoculation.

BRIEF, a few days, a week.

BRITTLE, growth dry, friable under the platinum needle.

BULLATE, growth rising in convex prominences, like a blistered surface.

BUTYROUS, growth of a butter-like consistency.

CHAINS, Short chains, composed of 2 to 8 elements. Long chains, composed of more than 8 elements.

CILIATE, having fine, hair-like extensions, like cilia.

CLOUDY, said of fluid cultures which do not contain pseudozoogleæ.

COAGULATION, the separation of casein from whey in milk. This may take place quickly or slowly, and as the result either of the formation of an acid or of a lab ferment.

CONTOURED, an irregular, smoothly undulating surface, like that of a relief map.

CONVEX surface, the segment of a circle, but flattened.

COPROPHYL, dung bacteria.

CORIACEOUS, growth tough, leathery, not yielding to the platinum needle.

CRATERIFORM, round, depressed, due to the liquefaction of the medium.

CRETACEOUS, growth opaque and white, chalky.

CURLED, composed of parallel chains in wavy strands, as in anthrax colonies.

DIASTASIC ACTION, same as DIASTATIC, conversion of starch into water-soluble substances by diastase.

ECHINULATE, in agar stroke a growth along line of inoculation, with toothed or pointed margins; in stab cultures growth beset with pointed outgrowths.

EFFUSE, growth thin, veily, unusually spreading.

ENTIRE, smooth, having a margin destitute of teeth or notches.

EROSE, border irregularly toothed.

FILAMENTOUS, growth composed of long, irregularly placed or interwoven filaments.

FILIFORM, in stroke or stab cultures a uniform growth along line of inoculation.

FIMBRIATE, border fringed with slender processes, larger than filaments.

FLOCCOSE, growth composed of short curved chains, variously oriented.

FLOCCULENT, said of fluids which contain pseudozoogleæ, i.e., small adherent masses of bacteria of various shapes and floating in the culture fluid.

FLUORESCENT, having one color by transmitted light and another by reflected light.

GRAM’S STAIN, a method of differential bleaching after gentian violet, methyl violet, etc. The + mark is to be given only when the bacteria are deep blue or remain blue after counter-staining with Bismarck brown.

GRUMOSE, clotted.

INFUNDIBULIFORM, form of a funnel or inverted cone.

IRIDESCENT, like mother-of-pearl. The effect of very thin films.

LACERATE, having the margin cut into irregular segments as if torn.

LOBATE, border deeply undulate, producing lobes (see Undulate).

LONG, many weeks, or months.

MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE, temperature above which growth does not take place.

MEDIUM, nutrient substance upon which bacteria are grown.

MEMBRANOUS, growth thin, coherent, like a membrane.

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, temperature below which growth does not take place.

MYCELIOID, colonies having the radiately filamentous appearance of mold colonies.

NAPIFORM, liquefaction with the form of a turnip.

NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS, the necessary nitrogenous food. This is determined by adding to nitrogen-free media the nitrogen compound to be tested.

OPALESCENT, resembling the color of an opal.

OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE, temperature at which growth is most rapid.

PELLICLE, in fluid bacterial growth forming either a continuous or an interrupted sheet over the fluid.

PEPTONIZED, said of curds dissolved by trypsin.

PERSISTENT, many weeks, or months.

PLUMOSE, a fleecy or feathery growth.

PSEUDOZOOGLEÆ, clumps of bacteria, not dissolving readily in water, arising from imperfect separation, or more or less fusion of the components, but not having the degree of compactness and gelatinization seen in zoogleæ.

PULVINATE, in the form of a cushion, decidedly convex.

PUNCTIFORM, very minute colonies, at the limit of natural vision.

RAPID, developing in twenty-four to forty-eight hours.

RAISED, growth thick, with abrupt or terraced edges.

RHIZOID, growth of an irregular branched or root-like character, as in B. mycoides.

RING, same as RIM, growth at the upper margin of a liquid culture, adhering more or less closely to the glass.

REPAND, wrinkled.

SACCATE, liquefaction the shape of an elongated sac, tubular, cylindrical.

SCUM, floating islands of bacteria, an interrupted pellicle or bacteria membrane.

SLOW, requiring five or six days or more for development.

SHORT, applied to time, a few days, a week.

SPORANGIA, cells containing endospores.

SPREADING, growth extending much beyond the line of inoculation, i.e., several millimetres or more.

STRATIFORM, liquefying to the walls of the tube at the top and then proceeding downward horizontally.

THERMAL DEATH-POINT, the degree of heat required to kill young fluid cultures of an organism exposed for ten minutes (in thin-walled test-tubes of a diameter not exceeding 20 mm.) in the thermal water-bath. The water must be kept agitated so that the temperature shall be uniform during the exposure.

TRANSIENT, a few days.

TURBID, cloudy with flocculent particles; cloudy plus flocculence.

UMBONATE, having a button-like, raised centre.

UNDULATE, border wavy, with shallow sinuses.

VERRUCOSE, growth wart-like, with wart-like prominences.

VERMIFORM-CONTOURED, growth like a mass of worms or intestinal coils.

VILLOUS, growth beset with hair-like extensions.

VISCID, growth follows the needle when touched and withdrawn, sediment on shaking rises as a coherent swirl.

ZOOGLEÆ, firm gelatinous masses of bacteria, one of the most typical examples of which is the Streptococcus mesenterioides of sugar vats. (Leuconostoc mesenterioides), the bacterial chains being surrounded by an enormously thickened, firm covering inside of which there may be one or many groups of the bacteria.

NOTES.

(1) For decimal system of group numbers see Table I. This will be found useful as a quick method of showing close relationships inside the genus, but is not a sufficient characterization of any organism.

(2) The morphological characters shall be determined and described from growths obtained upon at least one solid medium (nutrient agar) and in at least one liquid medium (nutrient broth). Growths at 37° C. shall be in general not older than twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and growths at 20° C. not older than forty-eight to seventy-two hours. To secure uniformity in cultures, in all cases preliminary cultivation shall be practised as described in the revised Report of the Committee on Standard Methods of the Laboratory Section of the American Public Health Association, 1905.

(3) The observation of cultural and biochemical features shall cover a period of at least fifteen days and frequently longer, and shall be made according to the revised Standard Methods above referred to. All media shall be made according to the same Standard Methods.

(4) Gelatin stab cultures shall be held for six weeks to determine liquefaction.

(5) Ammonia and indol tests shall be made at end of tenth day, nitrite tests at end of fifth day.

(6) Titrate with N/20 NaOH, using phenolphthalein as an indicator; make titrations at same time from blank. The difference gives the amount of acid produced.

The titration should be done after boiling to drive off any CO₂ present in the culture.

(7) Generic nomenclature shall begin with the year 1872 (Cohn’s first important paper).

Species nomenclature shall begin with the year 1880 (Koch’s discovery of the pour plate method for the separation of organisms).

(8) Chromogenesis shall be recorded in standard color terms.

TABLE I.

A NUMERICAL SYSTEM OF RECORDING THE SALIENT CHARACTERS OF AN ORGANISM. (GROUP NUMBER.)

100 Endospores produced 200 Endospores not produced 10 Aërobic (strict) 20 Facultative anaërobic 30 Anaërobic (strict) 1 Gelatin liquefied 2 Gelatin not liquefied 0.1 Acid and gas from dextrose 0.2 Acid without gas from dextrose 0.3 No acid from dextrose 0.4 No growth with dextrose 0.01 Acid and gas from lactose 0.02 Acid without gas from lactose 0.03 No acid from lactose 0.04 No growth with lactose 0.001 Acid and gas from saccharose 0.002 Acid without gas from saccharose 0.003 No acid from saccharose 0.004 No growth with saccharose 0.0001 Nitrates reduced with evolution of gas 0.0002 Nitrates not reduced 0.0003 Nitrates reduced without gas formation 0.00001 Fluorescent 0.00002 Violet chromogens 0.00003 Blue chromogens 0.00004 Green chromogens 0.00005 Yellow chromogens 0.00006 Orange chromogens 0.00007 Red chromogens 0.00008 Brown chromogens 0.00009 Pink chromogens 0.00000 Non-chromogenics 0.000001 Diastasic action on potato starch, strong 0.000002 Diastasic action on potato starch, feeble 0.000003 Diastasic action on potato starch, absent 0.0000001 Acid and gas from glycerin 0.0000002 Acid without gas from glycerin 0.0000003 No acid from glycerin 0.0000004 No growth with glycerin

The genus according to the system of Migula is given its proper symbol which precedes the number thus:(7)

BACILLUS COLI (Esch.) Mig. becomes B. 222.111102 BACILLUS ALCALIGENES Petr. becomes B. 212.333102 PSEUDOMONAS CAMPESTRIS (Pam.) Sm. becomes Ps. 211.333151 BACTERIUM SUICIDA Mig. becomes Bact. 222.232103

Source............ Date of Isolation.............. Name........ Group No.(1)...............

DETAILED FEATURES.

NOTE--Underscore required terms. Observe notes and glossary of terms on opposite side of card.

I. MORPHOLOGY(2)

1. Vegetative Cells, Medium used............................. temp....................age.................days

Form, round, short rods, long rods, short chains, long chains, filaments, commas, short spirals, long spirals, clostridium, cuneate, clavate, curved.

Limits of Size..........................

Size of Majority.............................

Ends, rounded, truncate, concave.

{Orientation (grouping)............................ Agar {Chains (No. of elements)........................ Hanging-block {Short chains, long chains {Orientation of chains, parallel, irregular.

2. Sporangia, medium used.....................temp..............age..............days

Form, elliptical, short rods, spindled, clavate, drumsticks.

Limits of Size................

Size of Majority..............

Agar {Orientation (grouping)........ Hanging-block {Chains (No. of elements)...... {Orientation of chains, parallel, irregular.

Location of Endospores, central, polar.

3. Endospores.

Form, round, elliptical, elongated.

Limits of Size................

Size of Majority..............

Wall, thick, thin.

Sporangium wall, adherent, not adherent.

Germination, equatorial, oblique, polar, bipolar, by stretching.

4. Flagella, No........Attachment polar, bipolar, peritrichiate. How Stained.........

5. Capsules, present on.............

6. Zooglea, Pseudozooglea.

7. Involution Forms, on........in.....days at....° C.

8. Staining Reactions.

1:10 watery fuchsin, gentian violet, carbol-fuchsin, Loeffler’s alkaline methylene blue.

Special Stains. Gram....................Glycogen............... Fat.....................Acid-fast................ Neisser.................

II. CULTURAL FEATURES(3)

1. Agar Stroke.

Growth, invisible, scanty, moderate, abundant.

Form of growth, filiform, echinulate, beaded, spreading, plumose, arborescent, rhizoid.

Elevation of growth, flat, effuse, raised, convex.

Lustre, glistening, dull, cretaceous.

Topography, smooth, contoured, rugose, verrucose.

Optical characters, opaque, translucent, opalescent, iridescent.

Chromogenesis(3)................

Odor, absent, decided, resembling............

Consistency, slimy, butyrous, viscid, membranous, coriaceous, brittle.

Medium grayed, browned, reddened, blued, greened.

2. Potato.

Growth scanty, moderate, abundant, transient, persistent.

Form of growth, filiform, echinulate, beaded, spreading, plumose, arborescent, rhizoid.

Elevation of growth, flat, effuse, raised, convex.

Lustre, glistening, dull, cretaceous.

Topography, smooth, contoured, rugose, verrucose.

Chromogenesis(3)...........Pigment in water insoluble, soluble: other solvents.....................

Odor, absent, decided, resembling....................

Consistency, slimy, butyrous, viscid, membranous, coriaceous, brittle.

Medium, grayed, browned, reddened, blued, greened.

3. Loeffler’s Blood-serum.

Stroke invisible, scanty, moderate, abundant.

Form of growth, filiform, echinulate, beaded, spreading, plumose, arborescent, rhizoid.

Elevation of growth, flat, effuse, raised, convex.

Lustre, glistening, dull, cretaceous.

Topography, smooth, contoured, rugose, verrucose.

Chromogenesis(3)..........................

Medium grayed, browned, reddened, blued, greened.

Liquefaction begins in.............d, complete in................d,

4. Agar Stab.

Growth uniform, best at top, best at bottom: surface growth scanty, abundant: restricted, wide-spread.

Line of puncture, filiform, beaded, papillate, villous, plumose, arborescent: liquefaction.

5. Gelatin Stab.

Growth uniform, best at top, best at bottom.

Line of puncture, filiform, beaded, papillate, villous, plumose, arborescent.

Liquefaction crateriform, napiform, infundibuliform, saccate, stratiform: begins in....................d. complete in....................d

Medium fluorescent, browned...............

6. Nutrient Broth.

Surface growth, ring, pellicle, flocculent, membranous, none.

Clouding slight, moderate, strong: transient, persistent: none: fluid turbid.

Odor, absent, decided, resembling..................

Sediment, compact, flocculent, granular, flaky, viscid on agitation, abundant, scant.

7. Milk.

Clearing without coagulation.

Coagulation prompt, delayed, absent.

Extrusion of whey begins in............days.

Coagulum slowly peptonized, rapidly peptonized.

Peptonization begins on....d, complete on ....d.

Reaction, 1d...., 2d...., 4d...., 10d...., 20d....

Consistency, slimy, viscid, unchanged.

Medium browned, reddened, blued, greened.

Lab ferment, present, absent.

8. Litmus Milk.

Acid, alkaline, acid then alkaline, no change.

Prompt reduction, no reduction, partial slow reduction.

9. Gelatin Colonies.

Growth slow, rapid.

Form, punctiform, round, irregular, ameboid, mycelioid, filamentous, rhizoid.

Elevation, flat, effuse, raised, convex, pulvinate, crateriform (liquefying).

Edge, entire, undulate, lobate, erose, lacerate, fimbriate, filamentous, floccose, curled.

Liquefaction, cup, saucer, spreading.

10. Agar Colonies.

Growth slow, rapid (temperature..............)

Form, punctiform, round, irregular, ameboid, mycelioid, filamentous, rhizoid.

Surface smooth, rough, concentrically ringed, radiate, striate.

Elevation, flat, effuse, raised, convex, pulvinate, umbonate.

Edge, entire, undulate, lobate, erose, lacerate, fimbriate, floccose, curled.

Internal structure, amorphous, finely, coarsely granular, grumose, filamentous, floccose, curled.

11. Starch Jelly.

Growth, scanty, copious.

Diastatic action, absent, feeble, profound.

Medium stained...................

12. Silicate Jelly (Fermi’s Solution).

Growth copious, scanty, absent.

Medium stained..................

13. Cohn’s Solution.

Growth copious, scanty, absent.

Medium fluorescent, non-fluorescent.

14. Uschinsky’s Solution.

Growth copious, scanty, absent.

Fluid viscid, not viscid.

15. Sodium Chloride in Bouillon.

Per cent. inhibiting growth........................

16. Growth in Bouillon over Chloroform, unrestrained, feeble, absent.

17. Nitrogen. Obtained from peptone, asparagin, glycocoll, urea, ammonia salts, nitrogen.

18. Best media for long-continued growth................... .....................................................

19. Quick tests for differential purposes.................. ..................................................... .....................................................

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES.

+----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | D | S | L | M | G | M | | | | | e | a | a | a | l | a | | | | | x | c | c | l | y | n | | | | | t | c | t | t | c | n | | | | 1. Fermentation-tubes containing | r | h | o | o | e | i | | | | peptone-water or | o | a | s | s | r | t | | | | sugar-tree bouillon and | s | r | e | e | i | | | | | | e | o | | | n | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | +----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Gas production, in per cent. | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | (H/CO₂) | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Growth in closed arm | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Amount of acid produced 1d. | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Amount of acid produced 2d. | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Amount of acid produced 3d. | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

2. Ammonia production, feeble, moderate, strong, absent, masked by acids.

3. Nitrates in nitrate broth.

Reduced, not reduced.

Presence of nitrites...........ammonia..................

Presence of nitrates...........free nitrogen............

4. Indol production, feeble, moderate, strong.

5. Toleration of Acids, great, medium, slight.

Acids tested..............

6. Toleration of NaOH, great, medium, slight.

7. Optimum reaction for growth in bouillon, stated in terms of Fuller’s scale..........................

8. Vitality on culture media, brief, moderate, long.

9. Temperature relations.

Thermal death-point (10 minutes’ exposure in nutrient broth when this is adapted to growth of organism)............C.

Optimum temperature for growth......° C.; or best growth at 16° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 37° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C.

Maximum temperature for growth.......... ° C.

Minimum temperature for growth.......... ° C.

10. Killed readily by drying: resistant to drying.

11. Per cent. killed by freezing (salt and crushed ice or liquid air)................

12. Sunlight: Exposure on ice in thinly sown agar plates; one-half plate covered (time 15 minutes), sensitive, not sensitive.

Per cent. killed................

13. Acids produced.................

14. Alkalies produced...............

15. Alcohols.......................

16. Ferments, pepsin, trypsin, diastase, invertase, pectase, cytase, tyrosinase, oxidase, peroxidase, lipase, catalase, glucase, galactase, lab, etc.........................

17. Crystals formed:.....

18. Effect of germicides:

+-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | M | T | K | A | r | | | | i | e | i | m | e | | | | n | m | l | t | s | | | | u | p | l | . | t | | | | t | e | i | | r | | | | e | r | n | r | a | | | | s | a | g | e | i | | Substance | Method used | | t | | q | n | | | | | u | q | u | | | | | | r | u | i | g | | | | | e | a | r | r | | | | | | n | e | o | | | | | | t | d | w | | | | | | i | | t | | | | | | t | t | h | | | | | | y | o | | | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------------+---+---+---+---+---+

IV. PATHOGENICITY.

1. Pathogenic to Animals.

Insects, crustaceans, fishes, reptiles, birds, mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, monkeys, man..........................

2. Pathogenic to Plants: ......................................................... ......................................................... .........................................................

3. Toxins, soluble, endotoxins.

4. Non-toxin forming.

5. Immunity bactericidal.

6. Immunity non-bactericidal.

7. Loss of virulence on culture-media: prompt, gradual, not observed in.....................months.

+-------------------------------------+ | BRIEF CHARACTERIZATION. | | | | Mark + or 0, and when two terms | | occur on a line erase the one which | | does not apply unless both apply. | | | +--------------------------------+----+ | M | Diameter over 1µ |----| | O | Chains, filaments |----| | R | Endospores |----| | P | Capsules |----| | H | Zooglea, Pseudozooglea |----| | O | Motile |----| | L | Involution forms |----| | O | Gram’s stain |----| | G | |----| | Y | |----| |(2)| |----| +---+----------------------------+----+ | C | B | Cloudy, turbid |----| | U | r | Ring |----| | L | o | Pellicle |----| | T | t | Sediment |----| | U | h | |----| | R +-----+----------------------+----+ | A | A | Shining |----| | L | g | Dull |----| | | a | Wrinkled |----| | F | r | Chromogenic |----| | E +-----+----------------------+----+ | A | G | Round |----| | T | e | Proteus-like |----| | U | l. | Rhizoid |----| | R | | Filamentous |----| | E | P | Curled |----| | S | l | |----| |(3)| a | |----| | | t | |----| | | e | |----| | +-----+----------------------+----+ | | G S | Surface growth |----| | | e t | Needle growth |----| | | l a | |----| | | . b.| |----| | +-----+----------------------+----+ | | P | Moderate, absent |----| | | o | Abundant |----| | | t | Discolored |----| | | a | Starch destroyed |----| | | t | |----| | | o | |----| | +-----+---------------------------+ | | Grows at 37° C. |----| | | Grows in Cohn’s sol. |----| | | Grows in Uschinsky’s sol. |----| |---+-----+----------------------+----+ | B | L f | Gelatin(4) |----| | I | i a | Blood-serum |----| | O | q c | Casein |----| | C | u t | |----| | H | i i | |----| | E | - o | |----| | M | n | |----| | I +-----+----------------------+----+ | C | M | Acid curd |----| | A | i | Rennet curd |----| | L | l | Casein peptonized |----| | | k | |----| | F +-----+----------------------+----+ | E | Indol(3) |----| | A | Hydrogen sulphide |----| | T | Ammonia(3) |----| | U | Nitrates reduced(3) |----| | R | Fluorescent |----| | E | Luminous |----| | S | |----| +---+----------------------------+----+ | D | Animal pathogen, epizoon |----| | I | Plant pathogen, epiphyte |----| | S | Soil |----| | T | Milk |----| | R | Fresh water |----| | I | Salt water |----| | B | Sewage |----| | U | Iron bacterium |----| | T | Sulphur bacterium |----| | I | |----| | O | |----| | N | |----| +---+----------------------------+----+

FOOTNOTES.

Sir H. A. Blake has called attention to the fact that the “mosquito theory” of malaria is mentioned in a Sanscrit manuscript of about the 6th century A.D.

Myxomycetes excepted, and they are probably to be regarded as animals--Mycetozoa.

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, etc. LXIII. 1 Abt. Orig. 1912, 4, idem LXVI. 1 Abt. Orig. 1912, 323.

The pronunciation of this word according to English standards is kok-si; the continental pronunciation is kok-kee; the commonest American seems to be kok-ki. We prefer the latter since it is easier and more natural and should like to see it adopted. (Author.)

With the possible exception of blue green algæ which have been found with bacteria in the above-mentioned hot springs. Seeds of many plants have been subjected to as low temperatures as those above-mentioned without apparent injury.

It is popularly supposed that in canning fruit, vegetables, meats, etc., all the air must be removed, since the organisms which cause “spoiling” cannot grow in a vacuum. The existence of anaërobic and facultative anaërobic bacteria shows the fallacy of such beliefs.

“By cellulose is understood a carbohydrate of the general formula C₆H₁₀O₅ not soluble in water, alcohol, ether, or dilute acids but soluble in an ammoniacal solution of copper oxide. It gives with iodine and sulphuric acid a blue color and with iodine zinc chloride a violet and yields dextrose on hydrolysis.”--H. Fischer.

The sulphur bacteria are partially prototrophic for S; probably the iron bacteria also for Fe. Some few soil bacteria have been shown to be capable of utilizing free H, and it seems certain that the bacteria associated with the spontaneous heating of coal may oxidize free C. So far as known no elements other than these six are directly available to bacteria.

Only a few kinds of bacteria so far as known are proto-autotrophic. The nitrous and nitric organisms of Winogradsky which are so essential in the soil, and which might have been the first of all organisms so far as their food is concerned, and some of the sulphur bacteria are examples.

The term pathogenic is also applied to certain non-parasitic saprophytic bacteria whose products cause disease conditions, as one of the organisms causing a type of food poisoning in man (Clostridium botulinum), which also probably causes “forage poisoning” in domestic animals.

The term “fermentation” was originally used to denote the process which goes on in fruit juices or grain extracts when alcohol and gas are formed. Later it was extended to apply to the decomposition of almost any organic substance. In recent years the attempt has been made to give a chemical definition to the word by restricting its use to those changes in which by virtue of a “wandering” or rearrangement of the carbon atoms “new substances are formed which are not constitutents of the original molecule.” It may be doubted whether this restriction is justified or necessary. A definition is at present scarcely possible except when the qualifying adjective is included as “alcoholic fermentation,” “ammoniacal fermentation,” “lactic acid fermentation,” etc.

See “Oil and Gas in Ohio,” Bownocker: Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bull. I, pp. 313-314.

It is probable that this is the way “Jack o’lanterns” or “Will o’ the wisps” are ignited. Marsh gas is produced as above outlined from the vegetable and animal matter decomposing in swampy places under anaërobic conditions and likewise phosphine. These escape into the air and the “spontaneous combustion” of the phosphine ignites the marsh gas.

Dr. H. H. Green, of Pretoria, South Africa, has isolated from “cattle dips” a bacterium that reduces arsenates to arsenites.

Dr. Green (l. c.) has also isolated an organism which causes some deterioration of cattle dips by oxidizing arsenites to arsenates.

It will be noted that the names of enzymes (except some of those first discovered) terminate in ase which is usually added to the stem of the name of the substance acted on, though sometimes to a word which indicates the substance formed by the action, as lactacidase, alcoholase.

Tetanus toxin is about 120 times as poisonous as strychnin, both of which act on the same kind of nerve cells.

In the author’s laboratory in the past ten years all sterilization except those few objects in blood and serum work which must be dry, has been done in autoclaves of the type shown in Fig. 81 which are supplied with steam from the University central heating plant. A very great saving of time is thus secured.

The author has tested an “electric milk purifier” (Fig. 102) which was as efficient as a first-class pasteurizer and left the milk in excellent condition both chemically and as far as “cream line” was concerned. The cost of operation as compared with steam will depend on the price of electricity.

The exact laboratory details for preparing various media are not given in this chapter. It is the object to explain the choice of different materials and the reasons for the various processes to which they are subjected.

For a discussion of this method of standardization consult the following:

Clark & Lubs--J. Bact., 1917, II, 1-34, 109-136, 191-236. Committee Report--Ibid., 1919. IV, 107-132. Jones--J. Inf. Dis., 1919, 25, 262-268. Fennel & Fisher--Ibid., 444-451.

Additional references will be found in these articles.

Term also applied to the solidification of serum in media: e.g., the Hiss inulin medium for the differentiation of pneumococci (see diplococcus of pneumonia).

The term “antigen” is also used to designate substances which may take the place of what are supposed to be the true antigens in certain diagnostic reactions (Chapter XXIX, Complement Fixation Test for Syphilis).

If the antitoxin is later concentrated (see last paragraph in this chapter) a serum containing as little as 175 units per cc. may be commercially profitable.

Tho term “allergie” was introduced by Von Pirquet to designate the state of the animal’s being sensitized and “allergic” as the adjective derived therefrom. It does not seem to the author that there is any advantage gained by the introduction of these terms.

INDEX

ABBÉ, 17 condenser, 200 microscope, improvements in, 30, 36

ABILGAARD, 26

Abrin, 262

Absorption of free nitrogen, 117 tests, 267

Accidental carriers, 241 structures, 43

Acetic acid, 99 bacteria, carbon oxidation, 114 fermentation, 32

Acetobacter acidi oxalici, 83 xylinum, 83

Achorion schœnleinii, 27, 34

Acid, acetic, 99 fermentation, 32 agglutination, 266 amino, relation to green plants, 119 butyric, 99 fermentation, 32, 99 carbolic, first used, 29 disinfectant action of, 159 fast bacteria, fat content, 84 staining of, 209 fermentation, 93 Bulgarian fermented milk, 98 ensilage, 98 industrial uses, 97 lactic acid, 96 sauerkraut, 98 hydrochloric, 246 production of, 110 soils, 81

Acquired immunity, 251, 252

Actinomyces bovis, 30, 36

Actinomycosis, cause of, 30, 36 path of entrance of, 244

Actions, reducing, 113

Activating enzymes, 125

Active immunity, definition of, 251, 252 production of, 252

Activities of bacteria, importance of, 31 overproduction, of cells, 258 physiological, definition of, 87 in identification, 216

Acute coryza, 244 disease, 233

Adulteration of food, anaphylactic test in, 293 complement-fixation test in, 279 immunity reactions in, 255 precipitin test in, 269

Aërobes, facultative, 76 strict, 76

Aërobic, 76, 215

Agar, composition of, 179 gelatinizing temperature, 179 medium, preparation of, 179 melting point of, 179 plating in, 188 sterilization of, 180

Agent, chemical, for disinfection, 156-163 choice of, for disinfection, 164 physical, for disinfection, 131

Agglutinating group, 266

Agglutination, acid, 266 diagnostic value of, 266 in identification of bacteria, 266 macroscopic, 265 microscopic, 265 phenomenon, 265

Agglutinin, 265 absorption test for, 267 action of, 266 anti-, 270 antigenic action of, 270 bacterial, 265 chief, 267 co-, 267 function of, 266 normal, 266 partial, 267 relation to precipitins, 269 specificity of, 267 theory of formation, 265 use of, 266

Agglutinogen, 266

Agglutinoid, 270

Aggressins, 288

Air, bacteria in, 71 filtration of, 153 “germ-free,” 153

Albumin in bacteria, 84

Alcohol as antiseptic, 160 as disinfectant, 160

Alcoholase, 125

Alcoholic fermentation, 31, 100

Alexin, 271, 273

Algæ, relation to bacteria, 37

Alimentary tract as path of entrance, 246

Alkalies as disinfectants, 158

Allergic, 290

Amboceptor, 273 anti-, 275 co-, 274 in cobra, 275 formation of, 273 hemolytic, 278 partial, 274 in rattle snake, 275 specificity of, 274 theory of formation, 273

Amboceptorogen, 274

Amebic dysentery, 29, 35

Ameboid cells, 247 colonies, 224

Amino-acids, relation to green plants, 119

Ammonia, structural formula, 103

Ammoniacal fermentation, 32

Amœba coli, 29, 35

Amphitrichic, 46

Amylase, 124

Anaërobes, 76 cultivation, methods of, 188 principles underlying, 188 facultative, 76 isolation of, 190 relation to elements, 86 strict, 76

Anaërobic, 76, 215 acid, butyric, 99 acid fermentation, 98 bacteria, first discovered, 32 fermentation of polysaccharides, 95

Analysis of ash, 82 chemical, of tubercle bacilli, 85

Anaphylactic, anti-, 290 phenomena, 292 reaction, uses of, 293

Anaphylatoxin, 290

Anaphylaxis, 289 anti-, 292 antibodies in, 291 theory of, 290, 291, 292

ANAXIMANDER, 18

ANDERSON, 289

ANDERSON and MCCLINTIC, phenol coefficient, 165

ANDRY, 25, 33

Anilin dyes, as antiseptic, 162 as disinfectants, 162 introduction of, 30 as stains, 204 Weigert, 36 fuchsin, 205 gentian violet, 205 water, 205

Animal carriers, 239 inoculation, uses of, 227

Animalcules, 19, 33

Animals, disinfection of, 170 experimental, 227 food relationships of, 39

Ankylostoma duodenale, discovery of, 27, 34 Egyptian chlorosis, cause of, 28, 35 hookworm disease, cause of, 28

Anthrax, 17, 28, 35 bacterium a facultative saprophyte, 238 isolation of, 29 due to a bacterium, 29 in human beings, 238 path of entrance, 243 intestine, 246 stomach, 246 persistence due to spores, 251 produced by exhaustion, 251 protective inoculation in, 30 spores, 29, 35 transmission by flies, 242 vaccine, 254

Anti-agglutinins, 270 aggressins, 288 amboceptors, 275 antisera in snake poisoning, 275 anaphylactic, 290 anaphylaxis due to intracellular digestion, 292 protein immunity compared to, 292 bacterial immunity, 254, 255 bodies, 259 place of production, 295 tabulation of, 294 body, action, 260 chemical composition, 260 formation of, 128, 260 complement, 274 complementophil amboceptor, 275 cytophil amboceptor, 275 diphtheritic serum, 263 enzyme, 122, 262 function of, 262

Antigen, 259 chemical composition of, 260 in complement-fixation, 277 syphilitic, 277, 279 in Wassermann test, 279

Antigens, fats and fatty acids as, 260 in preparation of vaccine, 285 tabulation of, 294

Antipollenin, 263

Antiprecipitins, 270

Antisepsis, 131 Lister, introduced, 35 primitive, 25

Antiseptic, 131 action of anilin dyes, 162 carbolic acid as, 159 cold as, 148

Antisera in snake poisoning, 275

Antisnake venoms, 275

Antitetanic serum, 263

Antitoxic immunity, 254, 255

Antitoxin, 261 collection of, 263 diphtheria, 30, 252 preparation of, 263 standard, 264 tetanus, 252

Antitoxins, 261-264 as factors in immunity, 295 preservative in, 263 specific, 261

Antivenin, 263

Apes, 227

Apparatus of Barber, 196

Appearance of growth on culture media, 217

APPERT, 20, 31, 34

Aqueous gentian violet, 205

Arborescent growth, 221

ARISTOTLE, 18

Aromatic compounds, production of, 104, 111

Arrak, 100

Arsenate, reduction of, 114

Arsenite, oxidation of, 115

ARTHUS, 289 phenomenon, 289

Articles, unwashable, disinfection of, 169 washable, disinfection of, 169

Artificial immunity, 251, 252

Ase, termination of name of enzyme, 124

Asepsis, 131

Aseptic, 131

Ash, analysis of, 82

Asiatic cholera, 27, 34, 73, 238, 239, 246, 248, 249

Attenuated, 253

Autoclave, air pressure sterilizer, 138 pressure sterilizer, 138

Autogenous vaccines, 284 in epidemic, 241

Autoinfection, 234

Autolysis, 149 self-digestion, 126

Autotrophic, 86

Available nitrogen, loss of, 113

Azotobacter, 118

BABES-ERNST corpuscles, 45

Bacilli, butter, 209 colon, 248 grass, 209 size and shape of, 52 tubercle, chemical analysis of, 85

Bacillus, 52, 60, 62 anthracis, 17, 36 spore staining, 209

Bacillus of blue milk, 31 Ducrey’s, 245 subtilis, 77, 83 spore staining, 209

Bacteria, absorption of N by, 117 acid fast, 84, 209 adaptability, range of, 90 advantage of motility to, 45 aids in isolation of, 197 anaërobic, 32 cause of disease in animals, 30 of souring of milk, 32 cell groupings of, 55 chains of, 38 chemical composition of, 39, 81 elements in, 82 classed as fungi, 37 as plants, 33, 35 definition of, 40 development of, 90 distribution of, 71 energy relationships, 39 environmental conditions for growth, 72 first classification of, 34 drawings of, 20 seen, 19, 33 food relationships of, 39 injurious, 72 isolation of, 194 measurement of, 40, 203 metabolism of, 86 methods of study of, 171 morphology of, 41 motile, 45 nitric, 114 nitrous, 114 nucleus of, 42 occurrence, 71 pathogenic, outside the body, 237 phosphorescent, 111, 112 position of, 37 rate of division, 43 of motion, 45 relation to algæ, 33, 37 to elements, 86 to gas and oil, 95 to phosphate rock, 115 to protozoa, 40 to soil fertility, 120 to sulphur deposits, 116 to yeasts and torulæ, 37 reproduction of, 37, 55 root tubercle, 86, 87 size of, 37, 40 soil, chief function of, 119 source of N, 102 speed of, 45 spiral, 53 staining of, 204-212 sulphur, 63 thermophil, 75, 77 universal distribution of, 90 in vinegar-making, 99

BACTERIACEÆ, 62, 66, 70

Bacterial agglutinin, 265 vaccines, 282 preparation of, 283, 284

Bacterin, 253

Bacteriocidin, 272

Bacteriological culture tubes, 184 examination, material for, 228 microscope, 200

Bacteriology, pathogenic, definition of, 231 reasons for study of, 217 as a science, 17, 32

Bacteriolysin, 272

Bacteriopurpurin, 62, 63, 112

Bacteriotropin, 281

Bacterium abortus, agglutinin of, 265 coli in autoinfection, 234 gas formation by, 95 oxygen limits for, 77 pneumonia through intestinal route, 246 in preparation of sugar broths, 176 definition of, 62, 67, 70 enteriditis, cause of food poisoning, 104 fluorescens, oxygen limits, 77 typhosum, 73 agglutinin, 265 in phenol coefficient method, 166 pneumonia through intestinal route, 246

Ballon pipette, 193

Balsam, mounting in, 207

BARBER, 253 apparatus, 196

Barnyards, disinfection of, 167

Baskets, wire, 184

BASSI, 27 silkworm disease, 34

BASTIAN, 24

BAUMGÄRTNER, 256

Beaded growth, 221

Bed-bugs, 241

Beds, contact, 116 hot, 117

Beer, pasteurization of, 141, 144, 145

Beggiatoa, 63

BEGGIATOACEÆ, 63

BEHRING, 30

BELFANTI, 271

BERG, 27, 34

Berkefeld filter, 154

Bichloride of mercury as disinfectant, 158

BILHARZ, 28, 35

Bilharzia disease, 28, 35

Biochemical reactions, definition of, 87

Biological relationships, immunity reactions, 255, 270

Bipolar germination of spore, 48

Bismarck brown, 209, 212

Black-leg, 51, 73, 238, 243, 248, 251 vaccine, 254

Bleaching powder as disinfectant, 158

Blood, collection of, 228 cytolytic power of, 272 detection of, 269 serum, liquid, sterilization of, 182 Loeffler’s, 182 medium, preparation of, 182, 183 sterilization of, 182 vessels in dissemination of organisms, 247

Blue milk, bacterial cause of, 34 fermentation of, 31, 34

BOEHM, 27, 34

Boiling as disinfectant, 133

Boils, 237, 240, 243

BOLLINGER, 29, 30, 35, 36

BONNET, 20, 33

BORDET, 271

Botrytis bassiana, 27, 34

Bottles, staining of, 206

Bougies, 154

Bouillon, 173

BOYER, 260

Bread, salt rising, 95, 97

Bronchopneumonia, 233, 246

Broth, appearance of growth in, 218 extract of, 176 glycerine, 176 medium, 173 nitrate, 177 sterilization of, 174 sugar, 176

Brownian movement, 47, 203

Brushes, disinfection of, 169

Bubonic plague, 239

BUCHNER, 271

Budding of yeasts, 37

Bulgarian fermented milk, 98

Burning as disinfectant, 132

Burying as disinfectant, 154

BÜTSCHLI, 41, 43

Butter, 97 bacilli, staining of, 209 rancidity of, 101

Butyric acid fermentation, 32, 99

Buzzards, 241

CABBAGE disease due to protozoa, 36

Cadaverin, 104

CAIGNARD-LATOUR, 31, 34

Calcium hypochlorite as disinfectant, 158 oxide as disinfectant, 158

Candles, filter, 153, 154

Canned goods, food poisoning by, 104 spoilage of, 51

Canning, introduced, 21, 34 principles involved, 133

Capsule, 44, 45 of spore, 48 staining of, 210

Carbohydrates in bacterial cell, 84 fermentation of, 93-101

Carbol-fuchsin, 206

Carbolic acid as antiseptic, 159 as disinfectant, 159 first used, 29

Carbol-xylol, 209

Carbon cycle, 107 dioxide, 108 function of, in bacteria, 88, 101 oxidation of, 114 in proteins, liberation of, 105 source of, 88 uses of, 88, 101

CARBONI, 271

CARDANO, 18

Carrier problem, solution of, 240

Carriers, 239 accidental, 241 carrion eating animals as, 241 control of, 240 intermediate hosts as, 242 protective measures against, 242 universal, 240 of unknown organisms, 239

Cars, stock, disinfection of, 170

Catalase, 125

Catalytic agents, function of, 123

Catalyzer, 123

Cattle, 227

Causation of disease, 24, 128

Cell, constituents of, 84 contents of, 41, 83 forms of, 58, 59 staining for, 212 typical, 52 groupings, 55, 58, 59 staining for, 195 metabolism, 90 structures of, 41 wall, 41, 59 composition of, 83

Cells, chemical stimuli of, 257 overproduction activity of, 258 specific chemical stimuli of, 258

Cellular theory of immunity, 256, 280

Cellulose, definition of, 83 occurrence of, 83

Chain, 56

Channels of infection, 243 alimentary tract, 246 conjunctive, 244 external auditory meatus, 244 genitalia, 245 intestines, 246 lungs, 245 milk glands, 244 mouth cavity, 244 mucosæ, 244 nasal cavity, 244 pharynx, 245 skin, 243 stomach, 246 tonsils, 245

Chaos, 25

Characteristic groupings, 58

Characteristics of enzymes, 121 of toxins, 126

CHARRIN, 265

Chart, descriptive, 217

CHAUVEAU, 256

Cheese, eyes in, 96 failures, 110 Limburger, 101 odor of, 99 poisoning, 104 ripening of, 35

Chemical composition of bacteria, 39, 81, 85 elements in bacteria, 82 disinfectants, action of, 156-163 stimuli, 257-260 theory, fundamentals of, 256

Chemotherapy, 249, 255

CHEVREUIL, 21, 27, 31, 34

Chicken cholera, 30 pox, 239, 246

Chief agglutinin, 267 cell, 267

Chitin, 72

CHLAMYDOBACTERIACEÆ, 63

Chlamydothrix, 63

Chloride of lime as disinfectant, 158

Chlorine as disinfectant, 157

Chloroform as antiseptic, 162 as disinfectant, 162

Chlorophyl, 37, 112

Chlorosis, Egyptian, 27, 35

Cholera, Asiatic, carriers of, 239 organisms in, 27, 34 facultative saprophytes, 238 path of elimination of, 248 of entrance of, 246 relation to moisture, 73 specific location of, 249 hog, 242, 248, 252

Cholesterins as cell constituents, 84

Chromogenesis, 112

Chromoparic, 112

Chromophoric, 112

Chronic disease, 232

Chronological table, 33-36

Chymosin, 124

Circulation of carbon, 107 of nitrogen, 107 of phosphorus, 107 of sulphur, 108

Classification, advantage of, 59 early, 33, 35, 59 Migula’s, 62-63 S. A. B., 63-70

Cleaning of slides, 207

Clearing of sections, 209

Closed space disinfection, 161

Clostridium, 49 botulinum, 87, 104, 128, 238, 261 pasteurianum, 118 tetani, 128, 209, 233, 261, 263

Clothing, disinfection of, 170

Coagglutinins, 267

Coagulases, 124

Coagulating enzymes, 124

Coagulation temperature of proteins, 51

Coal, spontaneous heating of, 88

Coamboceptors, 274

Cobra, 275

COCCACEÆ, 62, 66, 68

Coccus, appearance of, on dividing, 57 cell form of, 52 groupings of, 52, 56, 57 division of, 52

Coenzymes, 122

COHN, 28, 33, 35, 59

Cold as antiseptic, 148 incubator, 215 storage, 148

Colds, due to universal carriers, 240 path of entrance of, 244 vaccines in, 241

Colonies, characteristics of plate, 223-226 definition of, 173

Color production, 112

Colorimetric method of standardization, 175

Combustion, spontaneous, 116

Commensal, 87

Commercial preparation of lactic acid, 99 products, why keep, 131 vaccines, 285

Communicable disease, 232

Complement, 273 deviation test, 277 effect of temperature on, 274 fixation test, 276-279 lecithin as, 274 relation to toxins and enzymes, 273 source of, 277

Complementoid, 274

Complementophil haptophore, 273

Complements, nature of, 274

Composition, chemical, 81-85 related to fungi, 39 relation to food, 81

Concentration of antitoxin, 264

Condenser, 200

Conditions for growth, general, 72 maximum, 72 minimum, 72 optimum, 72 spore formation, 51

Congenital immunity, 251, 252

Conjunctiva as path of entrance, 244

Constant temperature apparatus, 213

Contact beds, 116

Contagion, direct and indirect, 34

Contagious abortion, agglutination test, 268 complement-fixation text, 277 path of elimination, 248 of entrance, 245

Contagium, definition of, 232 vivum theory, 25, 28, 33

Contamination of food by carriers, 241

Continuous pasteurization, 141

Contrast stains, 205

Convalescents, control of, 239-240

CORNALIA, 29

Corpuscles, Babes-Ernst, 45 red, in complement-fixation test, 278, 279 malaria, etc., in, 249

Corrosive sublimate as disinfectant, 158

Corynebacterium diphtheriæ, 64, 69, 128, 233, 234, 261, 263

Coryza, acute, 244

Cotton plugs, 21, 184

Coughing, 248

Crateriform liquefaction, 221

Cream ripening, 97

CREITE, 271

Crenothrix, 61

Creolin as disinfectant, 160

Cresols as disinfectants, 159

Culture, definition of, 171 medium, definition of, 171 essentials of, 172 inoculation of, 186, 192 kinds of, 172 liquid, 172, 173 methods of using, 184 optimum moisture for, 73 plating of, 188 reaction of, 81, 216 selective, 198, 199 solid, 172, 173 standardization of, 174, 175 synthetic, 183 titration of, 174 use of, 173 tubes, description of, 184

Cultures, anaërobic, 188-192 from internal organs, 229 mass, 188 plate, 188 potato, 186 puncture, 185 pure, definition of, 171 isolation of, 194-199 slant, 186 slope, 186 stab, 185

Curled edge, 225

Cutaneous inoculation, 228

Cycle, carbon, 107 nitrogen, 107 phosphorus, 107 sulphur, 108

Cystitis, 234

Cytolysin, 272

Cytolysins, 271-279

Cytolytic, 272 power of blood, 272 serums, failure of, 275 substances in immunity, 295

Cytophil group, 273

Cytoplasm, 41

Cytotoxic, 272

DALLERA, 289

Dark field illumination, 204

DAVAINE, 28, 35

Death-point, thermal, 75 determination of, 215

Decomposition, how caused, 108 importance of, 108 of urea, 106

Deep culture tubes, 190-191

Degeneration forms, 54

Delousing method in typhus, 242

DE MARTIN, 35

Denitrification, 114

Deodorant, 131

Descriptive chart, 217

Diagnosis, agglutination test in, 265-267 anaphylaxis in, 292 complement-fixation test in, 277 immunity reactions in, 255 material for bacteriological, 228-229 precipitin test in, 269

Diastase, 124

Diffusion of food through cell wall, 41

Digestion of proteins, 102

Dilution method of isolation, 194 plates, 194, 195

Dimethylamine, structural formula, 103

Diphtheria antitoxin, 30, 263, 264 bacilli, granules in, 45 involution forms, 54 carriers, 239 location of, 245, 249 path of entrance, 245 toxin, M. L. D., 264

Diplobacillus, 55

Diplococcus, 56

Diplococcus, 66, 69

Diplospirillum, 55

Discharges, 228 intestinal, 248 nasal, 248 urethral, 248 vaginal, 248

Discontinuous sterilization, 133

Disease, acute, 233 of animals to man, 232 Bilharzia, 28, 35 cabbage, 30, 35 causation of, 24, 128 communicable, 232 contagious, 34, 232 of flies, 28, 35 germ, 25, 27, 33 hookworm, 28, 35 infectious, 232, 240 Johne’s, 246, 248 non-specific, 233 protozoal, eradication, 242 transmission, 242 silkworm, 27, 29, 34, 35 skin, 243 specific, 27, 30, 233 transmission of, 26, 232

Dishes, Petri, 181

Disinfectant, 131 action of anilin dyes, 162 closed space, 161 dry heat as, 133 moist heat as, 132, 133 standardization of, 165 steam as, 132, 133

Disinfectants, chemical, action of, 156-163 first experiment in, 21 factors affecting, 164-165

Disinfection, agents in, 131-163 by boiling, 132, 133 by burning, 132 by burying, 154 definition of, 130 first chemical, 34 hot air, 21, 133 physical agents, 131-155 practical, 166-170 precautions in, 170 puerperal fever, 28, 34 steam, 134-138 surgeon’s hands, 28

Dissemination of organisms, 247

DISTASO, 42, 43

Distilling sour mash, 98

Division, planes of, 55-58 rate of, 43, 91

DOBELL, 43

DORSET, 84

Dosage of vaccines, 286

Dose, minimum lethal, 264 standard test, 264

DOUGLAS, 42, 43, 280

Dourine, 245, 248

Drumstick spore, 49

Dry heat, 21, 133

Drying, 131, 132

DUBINI, 27, 34

Ducrey’s bacillus, 245

Dunham’s peptone, 177

DURHAM, 265

Dyes, anilin, as antiseptics, 162 introduction of, 30 as stains, 204

Dysenteries, 242, 246, 248, 249

Dysentery, amebic, 29, 35 tropical, 29

ECTOPLASM, 41

Edema, malignant, 237, 243

Edge of colony, 225

Effuse colony, 224

Egg sensitization, 292

EHRENBERG, 33, 34

EHRLICH, 256, 276

Ehrlich’s theory, 256-260

EICHSTEDT, 28, 34

Electric milk purifier, 152

Electricity, 79, 150

Elements in bacteria, 82, 86, 88, 89

Elimination of organisms, 248

Empusa muscæ, 28, 29, 35

Emulsin, 122

Endo-enzymes, 126

Endogenous infection, 235

Endoplasm, 41

Endotoxins, 128, 276

Energy relationships, 39 transformations, 86-90

Ensilage, 98

Enteritis, 233

Entire edge, 225

Entrance of organisms, 243-246, 247

Environmental conditions, 72, 130, 213

Enzymes, 84, 121-126 in anaphylaxis, 291 in immunity, 295

Enzymoid, 262

Epidemics, 241

Epitheliolysin, 272

Eosin, 204

Equatorial spore, 49 germination of, 48, 49

Eradication of disease, 236, 242

Erysipelas, hog, 248

Erythrobacillus prodigiosus, 66, 68, 70, 77, 113

Essential structures, 41

Essentials of a culture medium, 172

Esters, 84, 110

Ether as disinfectant, 162

EUBACTERIA, 62

Exanthemata, 248

Exhaustion factor in immunity, 251 theory of immunity 256

Existence, conditions for, 72

Exo-enzymes, 126

Exogenous infection, 235

Exotoxins, 128

Experiment, Pasteur’s, 21 Schroeder and Dusch’s, 22 Schultze’s, 21 Schwann’s, 22 Tyndall’s, 24

Experimental animals, 227

External auditory meatus, 244 genitalia, 245

Extracellular enzymes, 126

Extract broth, 176

Eyes in cheese, 96, 97

Factors affecting disinfectants, 164, 165 immunity, 250, 251 in immunity to disease, 295

Facultative, 215 aërobes, 76 anaërobes, 76, 192 parasites, 87 saprophytes, 238

Failure of cytolytic serums, 275 of vaccines, 286

Fat colors, 112 splitting enzymes, 124

Father of bacteriology, 19 of microscope, 19

Fats as antigens, 260 occurrence of, 84 rancidity of, 101 in sewage disposal, 101 splitting of, 101

Favus, 27, 34, 243

Feces, bacteria in, 72

Feeding, as inoculating method, 228

FEINBERG, 43

Ferment, organized, 126 unorganized, 126

Fermentation, 31, 93 acid, 93, 96 acetic, 32, 99 butyric, 32, 99 alcoholic, 31, 34, 100 ammoniacal, 32 bacterial, 32 blue milk, 31, 34 of carbohydrates, 93-101 definition of, 93 gaseous, 93, 94, 96 tubes, 184, 190 yeast, 34, 99

Fermented milk, Bulgarian, 98

Fever, due to invisible organisms, 25 Malta, 268 recurrent, 29, 35 Rocky Mountain spotted, 242 scarlet, 246, 248 Texas, 232, 233, 242 typhoid, 232, 248 typhus, 242 yellow, 242

Fibrin ferment, 124

Filament, 56

Filiform growth, 221

Film, fixing of, 207 preparation of, 207

Filter, Berkefeld, 154 candles, 153-154 Mandler, 154 Pasteur-Chamberland, 154 sprinkling, 115, 116

Filterable virus, 234

Filtration, 152-154

First order, receptors of, 261, 262

FISCHER, 42, 45

Fixation test, complement, 276

Fixed virus, 253

Fixing of film, 207

Flagella, 45-47 staining of, 210

Flash process of pasteurization, 145

Fleas, 241

FLEXNER, 276

Flies, 28, 35, 241

FLÜGGE, 271

FODOR, von, 271

Food adulteration, complement-fixation test in, 279 immunity reactions in, 255 precipitin test in, 269

Food contamination by carriers, 241 poisoning, 87, 104, 238 requirement compared with man, 92 uses of, 86

Foot-and-mouth disease, 244, 248

Forage poisoning, 87

Foreign body pneumonia, 245

Formaldehyde as disinfectant, 160

Formalin, 160

Formol, 160

Forms, cell, 52-54 degeneration, 54 growth, 55 involution, 54 study of, 32-34

Fox fire, 111

Foxes, 241

FRACASTORIUS, 25, 33

Free acid, 175 receptors, 259 spores, 48

Fruiting organs, 37

FUCHS, 31, 34

Fuchsin, 205 anilin, 205 carbol, 206

Fungi, bacteria as, 37

Funnel-shaped liquefaction, 221

GABBET’S blue, 206 method of staining, 209

Gall-bladder, 248

Galvanotaxis, 79

Gas formation in cheese, 96, 97 natural, 95 production of, 110

Gaseous fermentation, 93-95

GASPARD, 26, 34

Gelatin, advantage of, 178 composition of, 179 cultures, first used, 30, 36 liquefaction of, 103 medium, 177 plating of, 188 standardization of, 178 sterilization of, 178

Gemmation, 37

General conditions for growth, 72 infections, vaccines in, 286

Generation, spontaneous, 17-24

Generic names introduced, 33

Genitals, 245

Gentian violet, selective action of, 162 stain, 205

Germ, free air, 153 theory of disease, 25

German measles, 233

Germination of spore, 48

Germs, 33 in air, 24, 35

GESCHEIDEL, 271

Giemsa stain, 43

Glanders, 26, 233, 238, 244, 248, 249, 268, 277

Glands, mammary, 248 salivary, 248

GLEICHEN, 32

Globulin in bacteria, 84

Glycerine broth, 176

Glycerinized potato, 172

Glycogen as cell constituent, 84

Goats, 227

Gonidia, 63

Gonococcus, 245

Gonorrhea, 248, 249

Good health, 296

Grain rust, 26, 34

Gram positive organisms, 162, 208 negative organisms, 162, 208

Gram’s method of staining, 208 solution, 208

Granular edge, 225

Granules, metachromatic, 212 Neisser’s, 45 polar, 45

Granulose in bacteria, 84

Grape juice, pasteurization of, 141

Grass bacilli, 209

Green plants, N nutrition of, 118

GRIESINGER, 27, 28, 35

Group, agglutinating, 266 haptophore, 261, 262, 266, 270, 273 precipitating, 270 toxophore, 261, 262 zymophore, 262, 270, 273

Groupings, cell, 55-58

Growth, appearance in media, 217

Gruber, 265, 268

Gruby, 28, 34

Gum-like substance in bacteria, 83

HAECKEL, 280

Hanging drop slide, 203

Haptophore, complementophil, 273 cytophil, 273 group, 261, 262, 266, 270, 273

Harness, disinfection of, 169

Hay fever, 263, 292

Health, 296

Heat as disinfectant, 132-144 due to oxidation, 112 production of, 116

Heated serum, 271, 277, 278, 279

Heating of manure, 116

HELLMICH, 84

HELMONT, VAN, 18

Hemagglutinin, 265

Hemicellulose, 83

Hemolysin, 272

Hemolytic amboceptor, 278

Hemorrhagic septicemia, 246

HENLE, 27, 34, 233

HERICOURT, 289

Herpes tonsurans, 28, 34

HESSELING, von, 32

Heterologous sera, 276

Heterotrophic, 86

HILL, 33

HILTON, 27

HOFFMAN, 24

Hog cholera, 231, 242, 248, 252, 253 erysipelas, 248

Holders, 143

HOLMES, 28, 34

Homologous sera, 276

Hookworm disease, 28, 34

Horses, 227, 263

Host, 87

Hot beds, 117

Hunger in immunity, 251

Hydrochloric acid, 246

Hydrogen, function of, 98 ion concentration standardization, 175, 176 oxidation of, 114 peroxide, 162 sulphide, 115

Hydrophobia, 249

Hydrostatic pressure, 79

Hygienic laboratory, 165

Hypochlorites, 157, 158

Ice cream poisoning, 104

Identification of bacteria, 216, 217 in blood, 269 in meat, 269 in milk, 269

Immersion oil, 201

Immunity, 236, 250-296 acquired, 251, 252 active, 251, 252-255 antibacterial, 254, 255 antitoxic, 254, 255 artificial, 251, 252 classification of, 251 congenital, 251 factors in, 295 modifying, 250 inherited, 251, 252 natural, 295 passive, 251, 252, 253 to protein, 290 reactions, value, 255 relative, 250 summary of, 295 theories of, 256

Inactivate, 272

Incubation period, 26, 232

Incubator, 213 cold, 215 room, 213

Index, chronological, 31 opsonic, 281 phagocytic, 281

Indicator, 278

Indol, 104

Infection, 232 auto, 234 channels of, 243 endogenous, 235 exogenous, 235 mixed, 234 primary, 234 secondary, 234 wound, 17, 25, 26, 27, 30, 34, 36, 233, 234, 240, 243, 248

Infectious diseases, 232 control of, 240

Infective organisms, specificity of location, 249

Infestation, 232

Infested, 232

Influenza, 239, 241, 246

Infusoria, 33

Inhalation, 228

Inherited immunity, 251, 252

Inoculation of animals, 227 uses of, 227 of cultures, 186, 188 definition of, 192 methods of, 227 needles, 192

Inoculations, first protective, 30 of smallpox, 24

Insects, 241, 242

Instruments, sterilization, 136, 167

Intracardiac, 228

Intracellular enzyme, 166

Invasion, 232

Invertase, 124

Involution forms, 53, 212

Iodine, 157

Iron bacteria, 86 function of, 89

Irregular forms, 53

Isolation of anaërobes, 190 of pure cultures, aids in, 197-199 methods, 194-196

Itch mite, 27, 34

JABLOT, 32

Jack-o-lantern, 105

Jar, Novy, 192

JENNER, 26, 34, 253

Johne’s disease, 248

KETTE, 32, 35

Kidneys, 248

Kinase, 125

KIRCHER, 18, 25, 33

KLEBS, 29, 35

KLENCKE, 28, 34

KOCH, 17, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36

Koch’s postulates, 233

KRAUS, 268

KRUSE, 254

KÜCHENMEISTER, 28, 35

LAB, 124

Lachrymal canal, 244

Lactacidase, 125

Lactic acid bacteria, 97 fermentation, 96-99

LANCISI, 25, 33

LANDOIS, 271

LATOUR, 31, 34

LAVERAN, 25, 30

Lecithin as antigen, 279 as cell constituent, 84 as complement, 274

LEEUWENHOEK, 19, 32, 33

Legumes, 118

LEIDY, 27, 33, 34, 35

LE MOIGNAC, 284

Leprosy, 233, 244, 249

LESSER, 32

Lethal dose, 264

Leukocytes, washing of, 281

Lice as carriers, 241

LIEBERT, 28, 34

Light, action on bacteria, 75 as disinfectant, 148 production of, 111

LINNÆUS, 25

Lipase, 124

Lipochromes, 113

Lipoids as antigen, 274

Lipovaccines, 284

Liquefaction of gelatin, 221 of protein, 103

Liquid blood serum, 182 manure, disinfection of, 169 media, 172

Liquids, sterilization of, 153

LISTER, 29, 30, 35

Litmus milk, 177

Living bacteria, examination of, 201 cause theory, 28, 33

Localized infections, vaccines in, 286

Location of organisms, specificity of, 249

Lockjaw, 231, 233

Loeffler’s blood serum, 182 blue, 206

Loop needles, 193

Lophotrichic, 46

LÖSCH, 29, 35

Lungs, 245, 249

Lye washes as disinfectants, 159

Lymph channels in dissemination, 247

Lysol as disinfectant, 160

MCCLINTOCK, 165

MCCOY, 160

Macrococcus, 52

Macroscopic agglutination, 265

Malaria, 25, 30, 32, 242

Malarial parasite, 30, 249

Malignant edema, 237, 243

Mallease reaction, 269

Mallein test, 292

Malta fever, 268

Mammary glands, 248

Mandler filter, 154

Manure, liquid, disinfection of, 169 heating of, 40

Margaropus annulatus, 242

MARTIN, 32

Mass cultures, 188

MASSART, 42

Maximum conditions, 72, 73, 74, 76

Measles, 246, 248, 250 German, 233, 239

Measly pork, 28

Measurement of bacteria, 203 special unit of, 40

Meat broth, 173 identification of, 269 juice, 173 poisoning, 104

Mechanical vibration, 80

Medico-legal examination, 269, 279, 293

Medium. See Culture medium

Meningitis, 239, 244

Meningococcus, 244

Mercuric chloride, 158

Merismopedia, 57

Metabiosis, 103

Metabolism, 86-91

Metachromatic granules, 44, 45, 59, 212

Metastases, 235

Metatrophic, 86

METCHNIKOFF, 256, 280

Methods of inoculation of animals, 227 of cultures, 186-188 of obtaining pure cultures, 194

Methylamine, 103

Methylene blue, 205, 206

Mice, white, 227

Microbiology, 231

Micrococcus, 52, 60, 62, 66, 68, 69, 245

Micrometer, 203

Micromillimeter, 40

Micron, 40

Microörganisms, 32

Microscope, improvements in, 30, 36 invention, 19 Leeuwenhoek’s, 19 use of, 200

Microspira, 61, 63

Microsporon furfur, 28, 34

Middle ear, 241

Migula’s classification, 62

Milk, blue, 31, 34 Bulgarian, 98 digestion of, 102 flavors in, 110 glands, 244 identification of, 269 litmus, 177 pasteurization of, 141, 144-147 as path of elimination, 248 preparation of, 177 purifier, electric, 152 souring of, 32 sterilization of, 177 tuberculous, 248

Minimum conditions, 72, 73, 74, 77 lethal dose, 264

Mirror, use of, 200

Mixed infection, 234 vaccine, 285

Mixotrophic, 86

M. L. D., 264

MOHLER, 167

Moist heat, 133

Moisture, 73

Mold colonies, 226

Molds in alcoholic fermentation, 100 in relation to bacteria, 37, 39

Molecular respiration, 88, 89

Monas, 33

Monkeys, 227

Monotrichic, 45

MONTAGUE, 24

Mordants, 204, 211

Morphology, 41-58 in identification, 171, 212

Mosquitoes and malaria, 25, 242

Motile bacteria, 45

Motion of bacteria, 47 Brownian, 47, 203

Mounting in balsam, 207

Mouth cavity, 244

Mu, 40

Mucosæ as channels of infection, 244

MÜLLER, 33, 34, 59

Mumps, 239

Municipal disinfection, 170

MÜNTZ, 32, 35

Muscardine, 34

Mycelia, 39, 226

Mycobacteriaceæ; 64

Mycobacterium, 64, 69 of Johne’s disease, 209 lepræ, 209 smegmatis, 209 tuberculosis, 83, 176, 209

Mycoproteid, 83

Mycorrhiza, 119

Myxomycetes, 38

NÄGELI, 29, 35

Nasal cavity, 244 discharges, 248

Natural gas, 95 immunity, 251, 252, 296

NEEDHAM, 20, 33

Needles, inoculation, 192

Negative complement-fixation test, 278 phase, 287

Neisser’s granules, 45 stain, 212

NENCKI, 83

Nephrolysin, 272

NEUFELD, 281

Neurin, 104

Neurotoxin, 272

NEUVEL, 43

Nichrome wire, 193

Nitrate broth, 177

Nitrates in soil, 115

Nitric bacteria, 114

Nitrification, 32, 35

Nitrite, oxidation of, 114

Nitrogen, absorption of, 117 in bacterial cell, 89 circulation, 109 cycle, 107 fertilizers, 120 liberation, 104 nutrition of green plants, 118 use of, 103

Nitrous bacteria, 114

Non-pathogenic, 87

Non-specific disease, 233

Normal agglutinins, 266 serum, 272

Nosema bombycis, 29, 35

NOVY, 183 jar, 192

Noxious retention theory, 255

Nuclein, 42, 43

Nucleoprotein, 43

Nucleus, 42, 43

Nutrition of green plants, 118

NUTTAL, 271

OBERMEIER, 29, 35

Objective, oil immersion, 200, 201

Oblique germination of spore, 48

Occurrence of bacteria, 71

Official classification, 59

Oidium albicans, 27, 34

Oil bath, 167 essential for clearing, 209 immersion objective, 200, 201 relation of bacteria to, 116

OMODEI, 27

Opsonic index, 281, 282, 287 method, 282 power, 287

Opsonin, 281

Opsonins, 281, 282, 295

Optimum conditions, 72, 73, 74

Order, receptors of first, 261-264 of second, 265-270, 281 of third, 271-279

Organic acids, 84, 110 catalyzers, 123

Organisms, dissemination of, in body, 247 filterable, 234 pathogenic, elimination of, 248 entrance of, 243-246, 247 specific relation to tissue, 249 ultramicroscopic, 234

Organized ferments, 126

Osmotic pressure, 78, 149, 216

Otitis media, 244

OTTO, 289

Overproduction theory, 257, 258

OWEN, 27, 34

Oxidation, 114, 115

Oxidizing enzymes, 125

Oxygen, compressed, 77 as disinfectant, 156 function of, 88 nascent, 77 relationships, 215, 220 requirement, 88 source, 76, 77

Oyster sensitization, 292

OZNAM, 26

Ozone, 77, 150, 157

PANCREAS, 248

Papillate, 221

PAGET, 27, 34

Paraffin oil, 190

Parasite, 87 facultative, 87 strict, 87

PARODKO, 77

Partial agglutinin, 267 amboceptor, 274

Passive immunity, 251, 252

PASTEUR, 17, 21, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 253, 256, 283 flask, 21, 23, 24, 193 treatment of rabies, 253

Pasteur-Chamberland filter, 154

Pasteurization, 139-147 continuous, 141 flash process, 145

Pathogenic, 87 bacteria, definition of, 231 outside the body, 237 bacteriology, scope of, 235 organisms, destroyed by boiling, 133 elimination of, 248 entrance of, 243-247

Paths of elimination, 248 of entrance, 243-247

PEACOCK, 26

Pebrine, 29, 35

Pedesis, 47

Peptone solution, Dunham’s, 177

Period of incubation, 26, 232

Peritonitis, 234

Peritrichic, 46

Peronospora infestans, 28, 34

PERTY, 33, 35

Pet animals, 241

Petri dishes, 181, 188

Petroleum, 95

PFEIFFER, 271

Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, 271

Pfeifferella mallei, 65, 69, 265

Phagocytes, 247

Phagocytic index, 281

Phagocytosis, 243, 280-288, 295 theory, 256

Pharynx, 245

Phase, negative, 287 positive, 287

Phenol coefficient, 165, 166 as disinfectant, 159 production of, 104, 111

Phenolphthalein, 174

Phenomenon, anaphylactic, 292 Arthus’, 289 Pfeiffer’s, 271

Phosphate reduction, 114 rock, 115

Phosphorescence, 111

Phosphorus cycle, 108 in proteins, 105 uses of, 89

Photogenesis, 111

Physical agents for disinfection, 131-155

Physiological activities, 93-129 definition of, 87 in identification, 216

Physiology of bacteria, 71-171

Phytotoxins, 127, 128

Pickling, 98

Pigeons, 227

Pigments, 84, 112, 113

Pimples, 234, 240, 243

PINOY, 284

Pipettes for inoculation, 193

Piroplasma bigeminum, 233, 242, 249

Piroplasmoses, 242, 249

PIRQUET, von, 289

Pityriasis versicolor, 28, 34

Plague, 246

Planes of division, 56, 57

Planococcus, 62

Planosarcina, 62

Plants and animals, 39

Plasmodiophora brassicæ, 30, 36

Plasmolysis, 41, 42, 78

Plasmoptysis, 42, 78

Plate colonies, study of, 224-226 cultures, 180, 188, 191

Plates, dilution, 194, 195 gelatin first used, 30, 36

Platinum needles, 193

Plectridium, 49

PLENCIZ, 26, 31

Plugs, cotton, 21, 184

Pneumococcus, 240, 245

Pneumonia, 240, 245, 246, 248 vaccination against, 241

Poisoning, cheese, 104 food, 87, 104, 238 ice cream, 104 meat, 104

Polar germination, 48, 49 granules, 45

Poliomyelitis, 244

POLLENDER, 28, 35

Polysaccharides, fermentation of, 95

Polyvalent vaccine, 285

Pork, measly, 28

Position of bacteria, 37 of flagella, 45, 46 of spore, 49

Positive phase, 287 test, 278

Postulates, Koch’s, 233

Potato, acidity of, 182 glycerinized, 182 media, 180-182 rot, 28, 34

Power, opsonic, 287

Practical sterilization and disinfection, 166-170

Pragmidiothrix, 63

Precipitinogen, 269

Precipitinoid, 270

Precipitins, 268-270 anti-, 270

Preparation of antitoxin, 263 of bacterial vaccines, 283, 284 of film, 207

Preservation of slides, 207, 208

Preservative, alcohol as, 160 in vaccine, 284

Pressure, hydrostatic, 79 osmotic, 78, 149 oxygen, 76, 77 steam, 136 sterilization, 136-139

Prevention of disease, 235, 236, 253, 255, 283

Preventive vaccination, colds, 241 pneumonia, 241 rabies, 253 smallpox, 26, 34, 253 vaccines, autogenous, 285 stock, 285

PREVOST, 26

Primary infection, 234

Process kettle, 137

Pro-enzyme, 121

Prophylaxis, 289

Protamine in bacteria, 84

Protease, 124

Protective inoculation, first, 30

Protein in bacteria, 84 coagulation temperature, 51 composition of, 102 decomposition of, 105 differentiation of, 255 foreign, 289 identification of, 293 immunity, 290 putrefaction of, 102-109 split products of, 291 splitting of, 106 structure of, 291 synthesis of, 113

Proteus vulgaris, 67, 70, 77

Protoautotrophic, 115

Protoplasm, 41, 59

Prototrophic, 86

Protozoa, cause of disease, 30 cell wall in, 41 in intermediate hosts, 242 relation to bacteria, 40 specificity of localization, 249

Protozoal diseases, transmission of, 242

PSEUDOMONADACEÆ, 65, 70

Pseudomonas pyocyanea, 62, 65, 70, 128, 265

Ptomaines, 103, 104

Puccinia graminis, 26, 34

Puerperal fever, 28, 34

Punctiform colonies, 223

Puncture cultures, 185

Pure culture, 171, 194-199

Purification of streams, 73 of water, 150

Purin bases in bacteria, 84

Pus cocci, 73 infectious, 26 organisms in, 35

Putrefaction, 27, 31, 33 definition of, 102 of proteins, 102-109 end products of, 103 in soil, 106

Putrescin, 104

QUARANTINE, 239 disinfection, 170

Quicklime as a disinfectant, 155, 158

Quinsy, 245

RABBITS, 227

Rabies, bacteriological examination in, 229 Pasteur treatment of, 253 path of elimination in, 248 transmission of, 239 specificity of localization in, 249

Räbiger’s method of staining, 210

Radiations, 79

Radium, 79

Rancidity of butter, 101

Rashes, serum, 289 urticarial, 292

Rate of division, 43, 91 of movement, 45

Rats, 227, 241

RAYER, 28, 35

Reaction of medium, 81, 174, 175, 216

Reactions, biochemical, 87 immunity, 255, 269, 279, 292, 293 surface, 91

REAUMUR, 33

Receptors, 257, 258, 259, 261-280 as factors in immunity, 295 of first order, 262 free, 259, 261, 262 of second order, 265 tabulation of, 294 of third order, 273

Recurrent fever, 29, 35

Red corpuscles, 249, 278, 279

REDI, 19

Reducing actions, 112, 113 enzymes, 125

Refrigeration as antiseptic, 148

REINKE, 80

Relapses, 235

Relationships of bacteria, 37-40 biological, 255, 270

Rennet, 124

RENUCCI, 27, 34

Reproduction, 37, 63, 90

Resistance to disease, 241, 250 of spores, 50

Respiratory function, 88 tract, 246

Retarders, 143

Rheumatism, 245

Rhizobium leguminosarum, 65, 68, 69, 118

Rhizoid colonies, 222, 223

RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS, 226

RHODOBACTERIACEÆ, 63

Rhodococcus, 66, 69

RICHET, 289

Ricin, 262

RIDEAL, 165

Rideal-Walker method, 165

RIMPAU, 281

RINDFLEISCH, 29, 35

Ringworm, 28

Ripening of cheese, 32 of cream, 97

ROBIN, 262

Rock, phosphate, 115

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 242

ROGERS, 265

Röntgen rays, 79

Room temperature, 213

Rooms, disinfection of, 167 incubator, 213

Root tubercle bacteria, 86, 87, 108 tubercles, 117

ROSENAU, 289

Rot, potato, 28, 34

Round worm, 232

Roup, 244

ROUX, 30

Rubbing as inoculation, 195

Rust, grain, 26, 34

RUZICKA, 42

SACCATE liquefaction, 222

Safranin, 205

Saliva, 248

Salivary glands, 248

Sake, 100

Salt-rising bread, 95

Saprogenic, 102

Saprophilic, 103

Saprophyte, 87, 238

Sarcina, 57, 58, 60, 66, 68, 69 lutea, 77 ventriculi, 83

Sarcoptes scabiei, 27, 34

Sauerkraut, 98

Scarlet fever, 246, 248, 250

Scavengers, bacteria as, 108

SCHICK, 289

Schistosomum hematobium, 28, 35

SCHLÖSING, 32, 35

SCHÖNLEIN, 27, 34

SCHROEDER and DUSCH, 21

SCHULTZE, 21, 34

SCHWANN, 21, 31, 34

Sea, bacteria in, 71, 111

Sealing air-tight, 20

Secondary infection, 234

Sections, staining of, 209

Selective media, 198, 199

Self-limited, 233

SEMMELWEISS, 28, 35

Sensitization, 290

Sensitized animal, 290 bacteria, 254 vaccine, 254

Septicemias, hemorrhagic, 246

Sero-bacterins, 254

Serum, antidiphtheritic, 263 antitetanic, 263 heated, 271, 277, 279 rashes, 289 sickness, 289, 292 simultaneous method, 253 therapy, 253

Serums, cytolytic, failure of, 275

Sewage disposal, 101, 116 sulphate, reduction in, 114

Shape of spore, 48

Sickness, serum, 289, 292

Side-chain theory, 256, 258

Silkworm disease, 27, 29, 34, 35

Size of bacteria, 37, 40

Skatol, 104

Skin, channel of infection, 243 diseases, 243 glanders, 248 lesions, 228 pocket, 227

Slant cultures, 186

Slide, cleaning of, 207 hanging drop, 203 staining on, 207

Slope cultures, 186

Sludge tanks, 116

Small intestine, 249

Smallpox, 24, 26, 34, 239, 246, 248 babies, 252 vaccines, 253

SMITH, 289 tubes, 184

Snake poisons, 263, 275 venoms, 128

Sneezing, 248

Soap, 160 medicated, 160

Society of American Bacteriologists, classification, 63 descriptive chart, 217 key, 68

Sodium hypochlorite, 158

Soil, acid, 81 bacteria, 119 bacteriology, 35 enrichment, 117 fertility, 120 organisms, 74

Solid media, 172, 173

Solution, Gram’s, 208 stock, 205

Sore throat, 240, 241

Sound, 80

Sour mash, 98

Source of complement, 277

Souring, 98

SPALLANZANI, 20, 31, 34

Species determination, 59, 60

Specific amboceptor, 274, 278, 279 antibody, 291 chemical stimuli, 257, 258, 259 disease, 27, 30, 233

Specificity of agglutinins, 267 of amboceptor, 274 of location, 249 of opsonins, 281

Spermotoxin, 272

Spherical form, 52

Spherotilus, 63

Spirillaceæ, 63, 65

Spirilloses, 241, 242

Spirillum, 53, 54, 55, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69 rubrum, 113

Spirochæta, 61 obermeieri, 29, 35

Spirochetes, 53, 242

Spirosoma, 63

Splenic fever, 28

Split products of proteins, 291

Splitting enzymes, 124 of fats, 101

Spoilage of canned goods, 51, 78

Spoiling of food, 91

Spontaneous combustion, 105, 116 generation, 17-24, 33, 34 outbreaks of disease, 239

Sporangia, 226

Spore, 47-51 anthrax, 29, 35 capsule, 48 germination, 48

Spores, cause spoiling of canned goods, 51 destroyed by boiling, 133 first recognized, 33, 35 light on, 75 in pasteurization, 146 resistance of, 50, 51 staining of, 209 two in bacterium, 50

Sprinkling filters, 116

Stab cultures, 185

Stables, disinfection of, 167

Stain, anilin fuchsin, 205 gentian violet, 205 aqueous gentian violet, 205 Bismarck brown, 212 carbol fuchsin, 206 contrast, 205 Gabbet’s blue, 206 Loeffler’s blue, 206 Neisser’s, 212

Staining, 204-212 acid-fast bacteria, 209 bottles, 206 capsules, 210 cell forms, 212 groupings, 212 flagella, 210 Gabbet’s method, 209 Gram’s method, 208 metachromatic granules, 212 Neisser’s method, 212 Räbiger’s method, 210 reasons for, 204 sections, 209 spores, 209 Welch’s method, 210 Ziehl-Neelson, 210

Standard antitoxin, 264 methods, 217 test dose, 264 toxin, 264

Standardization, colorimetric method, 175 of culture media, 174 of disinfectants, 165 H-ion method, 175 of vaccines, 284

Staphylococcus, 57, 58

Staphylococcus, 66, 68, 69

STARIN, 196

Steam at air pressure, 134 sterilizers, 135 streaming, 135 under pressure, 136

Stegomyia, 242

Sterile, 131

Sterilization, 130 in canning, 133 discontinuous, 133 by filtration, 21, 152 first experiment by boiling (moist heat), 20 by chemicals, 21 by dry heat (hot air), 21 by filtration, 21

Sterilizers, pressure, 137 steam, 135

Stimuli, chemical, 257, 258, 259

Stock cars, 170 solutions, 205 vaccines, 285

Stomach, 246

Straight needles, 192

Stratiform liquefaction, 222

Strawberry poisoning, 292

Streak methods of isolation, 196 plates, 188

Streptobacillus, 53, 56

Streptococcus, 56, 60, 245

Streptococcus, 60, 62, 66, 68, 69

Streptospirillum, 55

Streptothrix, 38

Streptothrix bovis, 30, 36

Strict aërobe, 76 anaërobe, 76 parasite, 87

Structures, accidental, 43 cell, 41 essential, 41

Subcutaneous inoculation, 227

Subdural inoculation, 228

Substrate, 123

Successive existence, 103

Sugar broth, 176, 177

Sulphate reduction, 114

Sulphur bacteria, 63, 86, 115 deposits, 116 function of, 89 in proteins, 105

Summary in immunity, 295 Ehrlich’s theory, 259

Sunning, 148

Surface reactions, 91, 92

Surgical instruments, 167

Susceptibility, 235

Swine, 227

Symbionts, 87, 103

Symbiosis, 87

Synthetic media, 172, 183

Syphilitic antigen, 277, 279

Syphilis, 233, 245, 248, 249 Wassermann test, 277, 279

TABULATION of antigens and antibodies, 294

Tænia solium, 28, 35

Tapeworm, 28, 35, 232

Taxes, 203

Temperature conditions, 74 effect on growth, 213 factor in immunity, 251 room, 213

Test, complement deviation, 277 fixation, 276, 279 dose, 264 for enzymes, 123 Gruber-Widal, 268 mallein, 292 negative, 278 positive, 278 for toxins, 127 tuberculin, 292 Wassermann, 277, 279 Widal, 268

Testicle, 249

Tetanus, 231, 238, 243, 249, 251, 252 antitoxin, 252 toxin, 126

Tetracoccus, 57

Tetrad, 57

Texas fever, 232, 233, 242

THAER, 31

Theories of immunity, 256

Theory, anaphylaxis (author’s), 290-292 cellular, 256 chemical, 256 contagious disease, 34 contagium vivum, 25, 28, 33 Ehrlich’s, 256-260 exhaustion, 256 germ, 25 living cause, 33 mosquito, 25 noxious retention, 256 overproduction, 257, 258 phagocytosis, 256 side-chain, 256 spontaneous generation, 17 unfavorable environment, 256

Thermal death point, 75, 215

Thermophil bacteria, 75, 77

Thermoregulator, 213

Thermostat, 213

THIOBACTERIA, 63

Thiothrix, 63

Thread, 56

Thrombin, 124

Thrush, 27, 34, 244

Ticks, 241

TIEDEMANN, 26

Tinea, 28

Tissue contrast stains, 205

Titer, 268

Titration, 174

Tonsil, 245, 249

Tonsillitis, 245

TOUISSANT, 283

Toxin, diphtheria, 264 effect of temperature, 262 final test for, 127 in food poisoning, 104 molecule, 261, 262 standard, 264 tetanus, 264

Toxin-antitoxin method, 254

Toxins and enzymes compared, 127 as cell constituents, 84 production of, 126-128 of other organisms, 127 specific localization, 249 true, 128

Toxoid, 262

Toxophore group, 261, 262, 273

Tract, alimentary, 246

Transmission, accidental carriers in, 241 agency of, 232 of contagious diseases, 232 of disease, 26, 28, 35, 239 of glanders, 26, 34 of protozoal diseases, 242 of tuberculosis, 28, 29, 34, 35, 238

Transverse division, 54, 56

TRAUBE, 271

Treponema pallidum, 245

Trichina, 27

Trichina spiralis, 27, 34, 35

Trichinosis, 28, 35

Trichophyton, 243

Trichophyton tonsurans, 28, 34

Trimethylamine, 104

Tropical dysentery, 29 lands, 242

Tropisms, 203

True toxins, 128

Trypanosomes, 242

Trypanosomiases, 241, 243

Tubercle bacteria, 85, 209

Tuberculin reaction, 292, 293

Tuberculosis, 73, 233, 238, 245, 246, 248, 249 due to bacteria, 30 produced experimentally, 28, 34 proved infectious, 29, 35

Tuberculous milk, 248

Tubes, culture, 184 deep, 190 fermentation, 184, 190 Smith, 184 Vignal, 189

Two spores in a bacterium, 50

TYNDALL, 24

Tyndallization, 133

Tyndall’s box, 23, 24, 35

Typhoid bacilli, 73, 238 bacillus, 45 carriers, 239 fever, 231, 233, 248, 265, 268 transmission by flies, 242 vaccine, 254

Typhus, 242

Typical cell forms, 52

ULTRAMICROSCOPE, 204

Ultramicroscopic organisms, 234

Ultraviolet rays, 150

Unfavorable environment theory, 256

Unit of antitoxin, 264 of measurement, 40

Universal carrier, 240

Unorganized ferment, 126

Unwashable articles, 169

Urea, 106

Urease, 125

Urethral discharges, 248

Urine, 72

Urticarial rashes, 292

VACCINATION in chicken cholera, 30 negative phase in, 287 in pneumonia, 241 in smallpox, 26, 34, 253

Vaccine, 253 age of, 285 anthrax, 254 antigens for, 285 autogenous, 285 black-leg, 254 derivation of, 253 mixed, 285 polyvalent, 285 preservative in, 284 sensitized, 254 smallpox, 253

Vaccines, bacterial, 283 in colds, 241 dosage of, 286 in epidemics, 241 failure of, 285-286 in infections, 286 preparation of, 283 standardization of, 284 stock, 284 theory of, 286 use of, 283

Vacuoles, 42, 43, 44, 59

Vaginal discharges, 248

VARO, 25

VAUGHAN, 291

Vaughan and Novy’s mass cultures, 188

Vegetable toxins, 127, 128

Vegetables, forcing of, 117

Vehicles, disinfection of, 169

Venoms, antisnake, 275

VIBORG, 26, 34

Vibration, mechanical, 80

Vibrio, 33, 35, 53, 65, 68, 69 choleræ, 66, 73

Vignal tubes, 189

VILLEMIN, 29, 35

Villous growth, 219, 221

Vinegar, 99, 114

Virulence, 235

Virus, 234

Vultures, 241

WALKER, 165

Wall, cell, 41 composition of, 82, 83

WARDEN, 260

Washable articles, disinfection of, 169

Washing leukocytes, 281

Wassermann test, 277

Water, bacteria in, 73 filtration of, 153 purification of, 77, 150 sterilization of, 157

WEBB, 253

WEIGERT, 17, 30, 36, 42, 257, 258

Welch’s method of staining, 210

Whooping cough, 246, 250

WIDAL, 265 test, 268

Will o’ the wisp, 105

Wine, pasteurization of, 141

WINOGRADSKY, 32, 63, 86

Wire baskets, 184 nichrome, 193

WOLLSTEIN, 26, 34

WORONIN, 30, 36

Wound infections, 17, 25, 26, 27, 30, 34, 36, 233, 234, 240, 243, 248

WRIGHT, 280

X-RAYS, 79

Xylinum, acetobacter, 83

YEAST, fermentation, 31, 34, 99, 100, 114 relation to bacteria, 37 reproduction of, 37, 39

Yellow fever, 242

ZANZ, 18

ZENKER, 27, 28, 35

ZETTNOW, 43

ZIEMANN, 43

Ziehl-Neelson method of staining, 210

Ziehl’s solution, 206

Zoögloea, 44

Zoötoxins, 128

Zymase, 125

Zymogens, 121, 125

Zymophore group, 273

Transcriber’s Notes.

Punctuation has been standardised and simple typographical errors have been repaired. Hyphenation, quotation mark usage, and obsolete/variant spelling (including variant spellings of proper nouns) have been preserved as printed.

In the original book, the page numbering goes xiii, blank, unnumbered, 18. This is a printer’s error: no pages are missing.

The descriptive chart insert has been moved from between pages 216 and 217 to the end of the book.

The following changes have also been made:

Page 26: ‘this scourge which had devastated’ for ‘this scourge which had devasted’

Page 30: ‘to be the cause of a disease in cabbage,’ [added comma]

Page 32: ‘alcoholic, lactic and butyric’ for ‘alcoholic, lactic and butryic’

Page 32: ‘however, workers busied themselves’ for ‘however, workers, busied themselves’ [deleted extra comma]

Page 56: ‘Fig. 43.--Streptobacillus’ for ‘Fig. 43.--Steptobacillus’

Page 57: ‘from a genus of algæ’ for ‘from a genus of algae’

Page 58: ‘staphylococcus--irregular’ for ‘staphylococcus--irrgular’

Page 59: ‘so that it is impossible’ for ‘so that is is impossible’

Page 62: ‘Illustrates the genus Spirochæta’ for ‘Illustrates the genus Spirochaeta’

Page 63: ‘since it is without a sheath’ for ‘since it is without a a sheath’

Page 64: ‘Corynebacterium diphtheriæ’ for ‘Corynebacterium diphtheriae’

Page 67: ‘Prazmowski, 1880; anaërobic’ for ‘Prazmowski, 1880; anaerobic’

Page 70: ‘growth processes involving oxidation’ for ‘growth processes involving oxidadation’

Page 70: ‘EE--Anaërobes, rods swollen at sporulation’ for ‘EE--Anaerobes, rods swollen at sporulation’

Page 73: ‘percentage of water is permissible’ for ‘percentage of water is permissable’

Page 95: ‘Material taken from the bottom’ for ‘Material taken from the botton’

Page 102: ‘large-moleculed and not diffusible’ for ‘large-moleculed and not diffusable’

Page 104: ‘various kinds of “meat poisoning,”’ for ‘various kinds of “meat posisoning,”’

Page 106: ‘formed under anaërobic conditions’ for ‘formed under anaerobic conditions’

Page 110: ‘volatile fatty acids, ethereal’ for ‘volatile fatty acids, etheral’

Page 127: ‘but in much larger doses’ for ‘but in much large doses’

Page 131: ‘“antiseptic” may become a disinfectant’ for ‘“antiseptic” may become a disfectant’

Page 141: ‘quarantine station barge’ for ‘quaratine station barge’

Page 147: ‘A continuous milk pasteurizer.’ for ‘A continuous milk pastuerizer.’

Page 163: ‘especially when a large amount of material’ for ‘expecially when a large amount of material’

Page 179: ‘these must be sterilized’ for ‘these must be steriliized’

Page 191: ‘Deep tubes showing anaërobic’ for ‘Deep tubes showing anaerobic’

Page 193: ‘less than one-twentieth of platinum’ for ‘less than one-twentieth of platimum’

Page 207: ‘grease-free cloth, handkerchief’ for ‘grease-free cloth, handerchief’

Page 210: ‘Stain with Löffler’s blue’ for ‘Stain with Löffller’s blue’

Page 211: ‘slide to cause precipitates’ for ‘slide to cause preciptates’

Page 213: ‘grows at body temperature (37°)’ [added closing parenthesis]

Page 217: ‘working on a revision’ for ‘working on a revission’

Page 220: ‘inoculation for facultative anaërobes’ for ‘inoculation for facultative anërobes’

Page 231: ‘the unicellular microörganisms’ for ‘the unicellular micro-organisms’ [split across line]

Page 232: ‘unicellular pathogenic microörganisms’ for ‘unicellular pathogenic micro-organisms’ [split across line]

Page 233: ‘the fact of self-limitation’ for ‘the fact of self-limitaion’

Page 242: ‘the cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus).’ for ‘the cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus.)’

Page 244: ‘B. Mucosæ directly continuous’ for ‘f. Mucosæ directly continuous’

Page 245: ‘localized infection as in micrococcal, streptococcal’ for ‘localized infection as in micrococcal, strepococcal’

Page 248: ‘ELIMINATION OF PATHOGENIC MICROÖRGANISMS.’ for ‘ELIMINATION OF PATHOGENIC MICRO-ORGANISMS.’ [split across line]

Page 254: ‘sometimes added to attenuate’ for ‘sometimes added to attentuate’

Page 256: ‘Metchnikoff has since elaborated’ for ‘Metchinkoff has since elaborated’

Page 266: ‘This is analogous to what’ for ‘This is analagous to what’

Page 280: ‘other names, but ascribed’ for ‘other names, but asscribed’

Chart: ‘(10 minutes’ exposure in nutrient broth when this is adapted to growth of organism)’ for ‘(10) minutes’ exposure in nutrient broth when this is adapted to growth of organism)’

Page 299: ‘Allergic, 290’ [index entry was printed twice]

Page 308: ‘Foreign body pneumonia’ for ‘Foreignbody pneumonia’

Page 309: ‘oxidation of’ for ‘ox dation of’

Page 311: ‘Microspira’ for ‘Miscospira’

Page 311: ‘Microsporon’ for ‘Miscrosporon’

Page 314: ‘Plasmodiophora brassicæ’ for ‘Plasmodiophora bassicæ’

Page 317: ‘Starin, 196’ [index entry was printed between Standardization and Staphylococcus]

Page 318: ‘Thermostat’ for ‘Thermostadt’