Section 152 of the South Africa Act, 1909.

CONCLUSION

Is it altogether idle to hope that some such body will yet come into existence, if not in time to influence the drafting of the Bill, at any rate to bring to bear upon its provisions the sober wisdom, not of one party only in the State, but of all; and so, if it were possible, to give to the charter of Ireland in her "new birth of freedom" the sanction of a united people?

Home Rule will eventually come. Within the Empire, the utmost achieved by the government of white men without their own consent is to weaken their capacity to assume the sacred responsibility of self-government. It is impossible to kill the idea of Home Rule, though it is possible, by retarding its realization, to pervert some of its strength and beauty, and to diminish the vital energy on which its fruition depends. And it is possible in the case of Ireland, up to and in the very hour of her emancipation, after a struggle more bitter and exhausting than any in the Empire, to heap obstacles in the path of the men who have carried her to the goal, and on whom in the first instance must fall the extraordinarily difficult and delicate task of political reconstruction. They will be on their mettle in the eyes of the world to prove that the prophets of evil were wrong, to show sympathy and inspire confidence in the very quarters where they have been most savagely traduced and least trusted, and they will have to exhibit dauntless courage in attacking old abuses and promoting new reforms. They will need their hands strengthened in every possible way.

The help must come--and it cannot come too soon--from the working optimists of Ireland, from the hundreds of men and women, of both parties and creeds, who are labouring outside politics to extirpate that stifling undergrowth of pessimism which runs riot in countries denied the light and air of freedom. All these people agree on the axiom that Ireland has a distinct individual existence, and that her future depends upon herself. No one should dare to stop there. Let him who feels impelled to stop there at any rate act with open eyes. In expecting to realize social reconstruction without political reconstruction--however divergent the aims may now seem to be--he expects to achieve what has never been achieved in any country in the Empire, and to achieve this miracle in the very country which has suffered most from political repression, and possesses the most fantastic system of government to be found in the King's dominions. The thing is impossible, and if at bottom he feels it to be so, and inclines sadly to the view that political servitude is but the least of two evils, I would only venture to suggest this: Is it not a finer course to stake something on a risk run in every white community but Ireland rather than to face the certainty of half achievement? And is it not, after all, a sound risk to trust the very men who now respond to the appeal for self-reliance, mutual tolerance, and united effort in their private affairs, not to renounce these qualities and abuse the rights of citizenship when the public affairs of their country are under their own control?

As for the risk to Great Britain, I have only this last word to say: Let her people, not for the first time, show that they can rise superior to the philosophy, as fallacious in effect as it is base and cowardly in purpose, which sets the safety of a great nation above the happiness and prosperity of a small one. Within the last few weeks the wheel has turned full circle, and the almost inexplicable contradiction which has existed for so long between Unionism and Imperialism has been illuminated with a frank cynicism rare in our public life. It is being said that the freedom given to Canada cannot be given to Ireland, because the separation from the Empire theoretically rendered possible by such a step would be immaterial in the case of Canada, which is distant, but perilous in the case of Ireland, which is near. If this be Imperialism, it should stink in the nostrils of every decent citizen at home and abroad.

It is true, to our shame, that, by little more than an accident, Canada obtained the freedom which gave her people harmony, energy, and wealth in the teeth of this mean and selfish doctrine. But Lord Durham took a higher view. Let me recall the memorable words which he added to his long and brilliant argument for liberty as a source, not only of domestic regeneration, but of affection and loyalty to the Motherland: "But at any rate our first duty is to secure the well-being of our colonial countrymen; and if, in the hidden decrees of that wisdom by which this world is ruled, it is written that these countries are not for ever to remain portions of the Empire, we owe it to our honour to take good care that, when they separate from us, they should not be the only countries on the American continent in which the Anglo-Saxon race shall be found unfit to govern itself."

Lord Durham was doubly right; in his prophecy of the closer union liberty would promote, and in elementary law which he laid down, of moral obligation which, whatever the result, he held superior to dynastic calculations. It is a fact of ominous significance that the intellectual successors of the men who most hotly repudiated both these doctrines in 1838 are being driven by pressure of their Irish views to revive that repudiation in 1911, and to revive it in the midst of the most effusive protestations of the need for still closer union with a Colony which would either have undergone the fate of Ireland or have ceased to be a member of the Empire if their philosophy had triumphed. I do not believe there is any conscious cant in that flagrant contradiction, but I do firmly believe that so long as their error about Ireland poisons in them the springs of Imperial thought, some element of fallacy lies in any Imperial policy they undertake. In common prudence, at any rate, they should avoid telling Canada, while beckoning her nearer to the heart of the Empire, that they only gave her freedom because she was so far.

But I rely still on an awakening, on a fundamental change of spirit. The Empire owes everything to those who have disputed, sometimes at the cost of their lives, illegitimate authority. Some day the politicians who now spend sleepless nights with paste and scissors in ransacking the ancient files of the world's Press for proofs that Mr. Redmond once used words signifying that he aimed at "separation"--whatever that phrase may mean--will regret that they ever demeaned themselves by such petty labour, and will place Mr. Redmond among the number of those who have saved the Empire from the consequences of its own errors.

APPENDIX

COMPARATIVE TABLE, SHOWING THE PRINCIPAL PROVISIONS OF THE HOME RULE BILLS OF 1886 AND 1893

HOME RULE BILL OF 1886. HOME RULE BILL OF 1893.

THE IRISH LEGISLATURE.

To consist of the Crown and Two To consist of the Crown and Orders, sitting together, and Two Houses, sitting separately. unless either Order demands a separate vote, voting together.

1. First Order, to consist of 1. Council, of 48 Councillors (a) 75 members elected on a £25 elected on a £20 franchise from franchise from a new set of a new set of constituencies. constituencies. Term of office, Term of office, eight years. ten years. (b) 28 Peerage members, to give place by degrees to elective members as in (a).

2. Second Order, 204 members 2. Assembly of 103 members elected as at present. Two from each elected as at present. constituency (with an alteration in the case of Cork).

Dissolution at least every five Dissolution at least every five years. years.

Money Bills and votes to originate in the Assembly.

DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN ORDERS OR HOUSES.

After three years or a After two years or a dissolution question to be dissolution question to be decided by joint vote. decided by joint vote in joint session.

ESTRICTIONS ON IRISH LEGISLATURE.

1. Imperial Matters.

No power to make laws about-- Nor with: the Lord-Lieutenant, The Crown, War or Peace, Army or conduct as Neutrals, Extradition, Navy, Volunteers or Militia, Trade-marks, nor (for six years) Prize or Booty of War, Treaties, Post Office in or out of Titles, Treason, Naturalization, Ireland. Trade or Navigation, Lighthouses, etc., Coinage, But Trade within Ireland and Copyright, Patents, Post Office inland Navigation conceded to (except within Ireland). Ireland.

2. _Irish Matters.

No power to make laws for the purpose of_--

(1) Establishing or endowing (1) Ditto, ditto, but more any religion or imposing explicit and far-reaching. disabilities or conferring privileges on account of religion, or affecting the undenominational constitution of National schools, etc.

(2) Impairing rights or property (2) Ditto, ditto, or "without of corporations, without address for due process of law" and both Orders and consent of Crown. compensation.

(3) Depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property without due process of law in accordance with settled precedents, or denying equal protection of laws, or taking property without just compensation.

(4) Imposing disabilities or conferring privileges on account of birth, parentage, or place of business.

(5) (For three years) respecting relations of landlord and tenant or the purchase and letting of land generally.

IRISH REPRESENTATION IN IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT.

To cease altogether (except in Ireland to send 80 members to the case of a proposed Westminster (instead of 103). alteration of the Home Rule Act). Peers as before.

EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY.

The Crown, as represented by the Lord-Lieutenant, acting in Irish affairs with the advice of an Irish Cabinet responsible to the Irish Legislature.

POWER OF VETO ON IRISH LEGISLATION.

To be held by Lord-Lieutenant To be held by Lord-Lieutenant, (acting normally on the advice acting on advice of Irish of Irish Cabinet?), but subject Cabinet, but subject to to instructions from Imperial instructions from Imperial Government. Government.

FINANCE.

1. Taxation.

Customs and Excise still to be (1) For six years all existing levied by Imperial Parliament and taxes to continue to be imposed collected by Imperial officers. by Imperial Parliament and All other taxes to be under Irish collected by Imperial officers. control.

Ireland to have power to impose additional taxes of her own.

(2) After six years, Customs and Excise to remain Imperial taxes; all others to be under Irish control. But Excise to be collected, though not levied, by Ireland.

2. Ireland's Revenue.

Gross revenue collected in (1) True Irish revenue from Ireland from Imperial and Irish Imperial taxes (i.e., with taxes and Crown Lands, etc.; allowance made for duties plus an Imperial grant towards collected in Ireland on the cost of Irish Police. (Total articles consumed in Great cost at that time £1,500,000: Britain, and vice versa). Ireland to pay £1,000,000, Treasury any surplus over (2) Revenue from Irish taxes £1,000,000, until cost reduced and Crown Lands. to that point.) (3) Imperial grant of one-third of annual cost of Irish Police (equal in first year to £486,000).

3. Ireland's Contribution to Imperial Exchequer.

(1) For thirty years Ireland (1) For six years Ireland to to pay fixed annual maximum sums, pay one-third of the "true" representing Ireland's share of revenue raised in Ireland from (a) Army, Navy, Civil List, etc.; Imperial taxes and Crown (b) National Debt. Payments not Lands. (Estimated share for to be increased, but might be first year, £2,276,000, or diminished. Share for Army, Navy, about one-twenty-eighth of etc., never to exceed total Imperial expenditure.) one-fifteenth of total cost. Total payments under these heads for first year, £3,242,000.

(2) After thirty years, (2) After six years, both contribution to be revisable. method and amount of Ireland's contribution to be revised and settled afresh.

4. Contribution to Special War Taxes.

Optional to Ireland. For six years compulsory on Ireland to pay her proportional share of any such tax levied.

5. Post Office.

To be taken over by Ireland For six years to remain under under Irish Act. Imperial control. Profit or loss on Irish posts to be credited to or debited against Ireland.

POLICE.

Dublin Police to be under Both Dublin Police and Imperial control for two years. Constabulary, as long as they Constabulary, "while that force should exist, to be under subsists," to be under Imperial Imperial control. control, but Ireland to have power to create a new force Meanwhile an ordinary locally under control of local controlled civil police to be authorities. gradually established by Irish Government, and to take the place of the old forces.

But for six years, Imperial Government to have the power to maintain in existence the old forces, if considered expedient.

JUDGES.

Present Irish Judges to Remain.

All future Irish Judges to be For six years future Irish appointed by Irish Government. Supreme Court Judges (not County Court Judges, etc.) to be appointed by Imperial Government. After six years by Irish Government.

LAW COURTS.

Constitution to Remain the Same.

But appeals to the House of Lords to cease; instead, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS.

(As to Validity of Irish Laws, etc.).

To be decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (including one or more Irish Judges).

EXCHEQUER JUDGES.

Legal proceedings in Ireland All legal proceedings in or against Imperial revenue land Ireland which touch any authorities to be referred, if matter (financial or either party wishes, to the otherwise) not within the Exchequer Division Judges of power of the Irish the United Kingdom. Legislature to be referred, if either party wishes, to two Exchequer Judges appointed and paid by the Imperial Government. Appeal to be to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

LORD-LIEUTENANT

Might be of any Religion.

Term of office indefinite. Term of office six years.

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.

After the first dissolution, After six years, Legislature Legislature to have power to to have power to reconstitute reconstitute Second Order. Assembly.

REMARKS ON THE FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS.

The arrangements differed widely in the two Bills.

The main points of likeness were: (1) That from the first there was to be a separate Irish Exchequer; (2) that for all time Ireland was to be denied control over the imposition of Customs and Excise--that is to say, over about three-quarters of her revenue as then raised; (3) that about a third of the cost of the Irish Police was to be paid by the Imperial Government; (4) that payments due from Ireland to the Imperial Government were to be made a first charge on proceeds of Imperial taxes in Ireland.

The principal points of difference were:

1. Under the Bill of 1886, apart from the very important restriction of Customs and Excise, Ireland was at once to have freedom to control her own taxation.

Under the Bill of 1893 (as amended) there was to be a suspensory period of six years during which all existing taxes were to continue to be imposed by the Imperial Government; but with power to Ireland to add taxes of her own. Amounts of Imperial taxes might be varied, but no new ones imposed, except specially for war. After six years, financial freedom, except in Customs and Excise. Excise, however, was to be collected, though not levied, by Ireland.

2. "Collected" and "True" Revenue.--In 1886, Ireland was credited with all the revenue collected in Ireland from Customs and Excise (i.e., the "gross" revenue from those taxes), but she had to pay the cost of collection herself.

In 1893 allowance was made for duties collected in Ireland on articles consumed in Great Britain, and vice versa, Ireland being credited only with her "true" revenue--that is, revenue from dutiable articles consumed in Ireland. Similar allowances made in the Income Tax account. A joint Anglo-Irish Committee was to settle these adjustments. This system involved a deduction from the first year's gross Irish revenue of nearly two millions. (In 1886 the corresponding sum, credited to Ireland, was £1,400,000.) On the other hand, in 1893 the greater part of the cost of collection (£235,000) was not to be borne by Ireland.

3. Imperial Contribution by Ireland.--In 1886, a fixed annual maximum, which might be diminished, but could not be exceeded, revisable in thirty years.

In 1893 (for six years) an annually ascertained quota--namely, a third of Ireland's "true" revenue (exclusive of taxes imposed by herself).

4. Ireland's Budget.--Note the important point that under both Bills three-quarters of Irish revenue was derived from Customs and Excise, over which, in 1886, Ireland could exercise no control; in 1903 only the control given by the presence of eighty members in the House of Commons. In both cases Ireland was to be wholly responsible for her own civil expenditure (except for the existing Police). Under both Bills Ireland was intended to start with a surplus of about half a million, which may be regarded roughly as the equivalent, in both cases, of the Imperial share of the cost of the Irish Police. But note that, in 1886, Ireland being pledged to pay a fixed million of the cost of Police, would obtain no relief until the cost was reduced below a million; while in 1893, paying two-thirds of the annually ascertained cost, she would obtain relief from any annual reduction. The Police referred to was, of course, the then existing Police, imperially organized and controlled. The new civil Police eventually set up in substitution would be financed and controlled by the Irish Government. The charges, therefore, on the British taxpayer would, it was expected, be a rapidly diminishing one.

The loss on Irish posts in 1893, debited against Ireland, was estimated at £52,000.

5. Special War Taxes.--Ireland's contribution optional in 1886; in 1893, compulsory (at any rate, for six years, which would have included the beginning of the South African War).

INDEX

Abercromby, Sir R., 57, 129 Absentee taxes, in Ireland, 23-30; in Australasia, 116 Absenteeism, in Ireland, 12, 51; in Prince Edward Island, 75-76; in Upper Canada, 80; in Lower Canada, 85; in Australia, 110 Acadia. See Maritime Provinces Act of Union, 1800, 60-64, 232-233 Administrators, in South Africa, 197 Agricultural Co-operation. See Irish Agricultural Organization Society, also 168, 177 Agricultural Grant, Ireland, 267 Agricultural Rates Act, 1896, 267 Agricultural Statistics, Ireland, 150, 306-308 Amendment of Constitution, Ireland, 225-227, 338; Colonies, 225-226, 338 American Colonies, colonization of, 8-9; land tenure in (see Land Tenure); mercantile system, 17-18, 30; government of, 22-23, 33; Revolution in, 30-35, 72, 74. See also United States Anglo-Normans, in Ireland, 6-7 Annuities, tenant's. See Land Purchase Armagh, Peep o' Day Boys in, 55 Army Act, 1881, 220 (footnote) Army and Navy, 218-219, 329 Arnold, Benedict, 40 Ashbourne Act, 1885, 309. See also Land Acts Australian Colonies Act, 1850, 107, 225 Australian Colonies Customs Duties Act, 1873, 220, footnote Australian Colonies, history of, See Chapter VI., and under names of the various States; federation of, as Commonwealth of Australia, 119, 196, 198; finance in, 227-228, 245-246, 288, 295-298. See also Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, 1900, Constitutions, Federal Systems, Customs and Excise, Subsidies

Baldwin, Robert, in Upper Canada, 82, 103 Balfour, Arthur,138, 152, 172, 212 Balfour, Gerald, 152, 158, 338 Baltimore, Lord, 21 Barbour, Sir David, on Anglo-Irish Finance, 249-257 Barry, Sir Redmond, 114 Belfast, 45, 146, 162, 170, 175 Belgium, cost of Government in, 253 Berkeley, G.F.H., 178 Bidwell, B., in Upper Canada, 82 Birrell, Augustine, his Land Act of 1909. See Land Acts, Land Tenure, Land Purchase Bloemfontein, Convention of, 123 Boer War of 1880-1881, 125; of 1899-1902, 128-129, 133,216 Bonus to landlords, 310-312, 317. See also Land Purchase Boomplatz, battle of, 1848, 123 Botha, General, 143 Brand, President, 124 Bright, John, 69, 71, 213, 308 British Columbia, finances of, 246, 299; Upper Chamber in, 331 British North America Act, 1867, citations from, 219, 220 (footnote), 225, 299, 323, 325 (footnote), 327, 330 (footnote); 1891, 335. See also Canada Buller, Charles, 87, 89, 94-95 Burgh, Hussey, 36 Burke, Edmund, 12, 27-29, 34, 59, 74, 77 Burke, Robert O'Hara, 114 Butt, Isaac, 71, 135, 171

Canada, Upper and Lower, history of, (see Chapter V. and Introduction, viii, 340-341); relations of, with American Colonies, 72; with United States, 80, 87, 92, 101; Union of the two Provinces proposed, 76-78, carried out, 96-104, 106, 192, 194, 198, 200-201, 223, and Introduction, viii; comparison of history with that of Transvaal, 132-135; confederation of, as the Dominion of Canada, proposed, 82, 96, carried out (1867), 97, 193-196; finance in, 227-228, 298-299, 304. See also Constitutions, Federal Systems, Customs and Excise, Subsidies, Guaranteed Loans, British North America Acts, 1867, 1891 Carleton, Sir Guy, 73, 129 Carnarvon, Lord, 123-124 Carolina, plantation of, 9, 10, 23 Carson, Sir Edward, Introduction, x Casey, Judge, 115 Castlereagh, Lord, 62, 134, 135 Catholic Relief Act, 1778, 36; 1793, 52-53, 55 Chamberlain, Joseph, 1-4, 11, 103, 206, 257, 282 Channel Islands, finance, 288 Charlemont, Lord, 16, 46-47, 61 Charles II., King, 9 Chartist movement, 88 Chatham, Lord, 27, 29-31, 34, 74 Chief Secretary, 64,160; compared with Canadian Governor, 102 Childers, Hugh, in Prince Edward Island, 76 (footnote); as Chairman of Royal Commission on finance, 239-257 Church Funds, Irish, 271-272 Civil List, 328 Civil servants, Ireland, 336; Transvaal, 336 Clare, Earl of, See Fitzgibbon Clergy Reserves, Upper Canada, 82; Lower Canada, 84-85 Cockburn, Sir John, 85 Coinage, colonial and Irish powers over, 219, 220 (footnote); Act of 1853, 220 (footnote) Collins, Francis, in Upper Canada, 82 Colonial Attorneys Relief Act, 1857, 222 (footnote) Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890, 220 (footnote), 336 (and footnote) Colonial Defence forces, 215-219 (and footnote) Colonial Laws Validity Act, 222 Colonial Marriages Act, 1866, 222 (footnote) Colonial Naval Defence Act, 1865, 220 (footnote) Colonial Office, 79 Colonial Prisoners' Removal Act, 1869, 222 (footnote) Colonial Probates Act, 1892, 222 (footnote) Commercial Propositions of 1785, 43, 232 Commercial Restrictions, Ireland, 17-19, 30, 37, 236, 294; American Colonies, 17-18, 30; Canada, 78 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, 1900, citations from, 219, 220 (footnote), 296, 324-325 (footnote), 338 (footnote), 332 Conferences, Imperial, 205, 215, 337; suggestions for, with Ireland under Home Rule, 205, 215, 337 Congested Districts Board, 152, 176-167; in Land Purchase, 310, 314; under Home Rule, 176-177, 317, 319 Connecticut, 8-9, 23 Constitutional Act, 1791, Canada, 76-79, 80 Constitutional Doubts, settlement of, 335 Constitution, Irish, summary of proposed, Chapter XV. Constitutions: Transvaal, of 1905, 130-137; of 1906, 137-139, 223-224, 323-324, 325 (footnote); United States, 191, 193-197, 224-225, 227; Dominion of Canada, 219, 220, 227, 327, 328, 330, 331, 334; Australian States, 107-108, 325 (footnote); Commonwealth of Australia, 196, 213, 219, 220, 227, 332; South African Union, 197, 224. See also Federal Systems and individual Colonies Continental Congress. 1774, 35 "Contract" finance, 300, 303-306 Contribution of Ireland to Imperial services; in the eighteenth century, 26, 231; during the Union, 216, 234, 237-239, 247, 253-254, 282; under Home Rule, 216, 282, 286-287, 302-303,337 Convict system, Australia, 74 Copyright, 219-20 (footnote); Imperial Conference on, 337 Corn Laws, Repeal of, 236 Cornwallis, Lord, 35, 62 Courtney, Lord, 333 Cromwell, Oliver, 9 Crown Colony, features of, in Irish Government, 1-2, 64, 144, 157, 179, 188, 213, 284, 306 Crown Lands, revenue from, 275 Currie, B.W., 249, 252 Customs and Excise, Ireland, control of, under Home Rule, 227-229, 231-234, 275-279, 287-294, 300-301; Australia, 227-228, 245-246, 288, 295-299; Canada, 227-228; United States, 227-228; in Colonies generally, 254, 288. See also Finance, Federal Systems Debt, Irish public, until 1816, 230-233 Danish invasions, 6 Declaration of Independence, Irish, 38; American, 35 Declaratory Acts for America and Ireland, 23-24, 31, 34, 45 Defender Society, 55-56 Deficit, in Irish Revenue, amount of, 259-260, 277, 279; method of dealing with, 281-286, 337 Denmark, agricultural policy in, 237, 290 Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, 152; founding of, 155-162; allusions to, 234, 274, 291, 332 Derby, Lord, 123 Derry, Bishop of, 47 Development Commissioners, grants to Ireland, 274 Devolution movement, 152 Devon Commission, 1845, 69 Dillon, John, 146 Disagreement between two Chambers of Irish Legislature, 334 Disestablishment of Irish Church, 70, 103, 154 Disraeli, Benjamin, 109, 235 Dissenters, in Ireland, 9, 19-20, 24, 31; in American Colonies, 9, 20; in Canada, 80-82 Dublin, 170, 173, 186 Duffy, Sir C. Gavan, 114-116 Dunraven, Lord, 152, 178 Durban, Conference at, for Closer Union, 156-157, 192 Durham, Lord, Introduction, viii, 88-91, 94-99, 104, 126 Durham Report, 94-99, 104, 133 Dutch East India Company, 120

Education, Ireland, 71, 170, 174-176, 285; finance of, 268-269; England, 269; Scotland, 269 Egerton, H.E., 31, 330 Elgin, Lord, 93, 102-103, 105 Emancipation, Catholic, 52-53, 57, 62-63, 88 Emigration, from Ireland, 19-20, 31, 87, 111, 148, 156, 186 Emmett, Robert, 83, 86, 135, 171 Encumbered Estates Act, 1849, 69, 111 Equalization of taxes, in Ireland and Great Britain, 234-235, 246 Estate duties, assessment to, as test of taxable capacity, 240, 238; yield of, in Ireland, 275-276 Estates Commissioners. See Land Purchase Eureka Stockade, 1854, 112-113 Evicted tenants, 177 Executive authority, in Colonies, 221-222, 323-328; in Ireland, under Home Rule, 221-222, 323-328 Executive Council, in Upper Canada, 79, 81, 100; in Lower Canada, 79, 84, 100 Extradition, Colonial powers over, 219 (and footnote); Irish powers over, 219, 329

"Family Compact," in Upper Canada, 81; in the Maritime Provinces, 88 Famine, Irish, 1847, 69, 103, 236 Farrer, Lord, 249, 252-256 "Federal" Home Rule, 188, 192-206, 226-227, 294-300 Federal systems, in general, 192-197; Upper Chamber in, 212-213, 229, 300, 331-332; division of powers, as in Home Rule Bill, 223, 330; Amendment of Constitution, 225-227; finance, 227-229, 242-246, 294-300; judiciary, 334-336; settlement of constitutional questions, 335. See also Canada, Australian Colonies, South Africa, United States, Switzerland, Germany, Constitutions Fenianism, 70 Financial relations of Ireland and Great Britain (see Chapters XI., XII., XIII.); before the Union, 230-231, 290; from the Union to 1896, 232-57; Royal Commission on, 1894-1896, 239-57; present situation, 178-181, and Chapters XII. and XIII. Finance, of the Home Rule Bill, Chapter XIII., and summary, 337 Finance, Colonial. See Federal Systems, and under names of Colonies Finance Act, 1894, 222 (footnote) Finance Act, 1909, 259, 301 Finlay, Father T.A., 165 Fiscal amalgamation, 1817, 233, 289 Fisher, J., author of "The End of the Irish Parliament," 13, 54 Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare, Introduction, xi, and 49, 58-9, 60, 62, 65, 97, 126, 131, 134, 146 Fitzgibbon, James, 81 Fitzwilliam, Lord, 53-54 Flood, Henry, 46-47 Ford, Patrick, 149 Fortescue, Hon. J.W., 39-40 Foster's Corn Law, 51, 236 (footnote) Fox, Charles James, on Canada, 78-79; on Ireland, 91 France, Seven Years' War with, 26; in Canada, 72-73; in American War of Independence, 35; effect of, on Ireland, 35; effect of French Revolution on Ireland, 54-55; invasions of Ireland, 56 Franklin, Benjamin, 31, 33-34 Free Trade, opinion in Ireland on, 170, 290; influence of, on Ireland, 235-237. See also Tariff Reform, Customs and Excise French-Canadians. See Chapter V., especially pages 72-78, 83-87, 96-97; also 121 Frere, Sir Bartle, 124

Gaelic League, 166-168 Geelong, 114 Georgia, 9, 21 Germany, 147; Federal Constitution of, 195, 228 (Zollverein) Gladstone, W.E., Irish land reform, 68, 70, 99; on colonial liberty, 109-111; his Transvaal and Irish policies, 125, 128; on representation of Ireland at Westminster, 203-211; taxation of Ireland, 234-235; on Irish expenditure, 282; financial schemes in the Home Rule Bills of 1886 and 1893, 300-303, and Appendix; for details of the Bills generally, see Appendix and in the text passim Gourlay, William, in Upper Canada, 82 Governors, in American Colonies, 23, 33; in the Canadas, 79, 102; in the Dominion of Canada, 195, 199; in the Commonwealth of Australia, 195 (footnote), 196, 221 Grattan, Henry, 44, 45, 46, 50, 53 Grattan's Parliament, Chapter III. Greene, General, 40 Greville's "Memoirs," 94, 103 Grey, Sir George, in Australasia, 115-117; in South Africa, 123-124, 194 Grote, George, 89, 92 Guarantee Fund, 267. See also Land Purchase Guaranteed Loans, to Ireland (see Land Purchase); to the Transvaal and Canada, 318; to Crown Colonies and Foreign Powers, 318-319

Habeas Corpus Act, 330 Hamilton, Sir Edward, 238 Hancock, John, 35 Henderson, Professor G.C., 116 Henry VIII., Ireland in the reign of, 8 Hewins, Professor W.A.S., 293-294 Holland, Bernard, 33 Home Rule Bills of 1886 and 1893. For details, see Appendix, allusions in text passim "Home Rule Problems," edited by Basil Williams, Introduction, xiv, and pp. 178, 203, 307, 333 House of Lords: under the Union, 64; after Home Rule, 212, 229, 300 Howe, Joseph, in Nova Scotia, 88 Hume, philosophy of, 59 Hume, Joseph, 89, 90, 109 Hyde, Dr. Douglas, 166

Imperial Federation, 204-205 "In and Out" Clause, 209 Income Tax, first imposition of, in Ireland, 234-235; assessment to, as test of taxable capacity, 240, 258; yield of, in Ireland, 275-276; errors in computing Irish yield, 278 (footnote) India, 12 Indians, in America, 10 Industrial Development Associations, 165, 168, 290, 292 Insurance, National, 178, 274, 306 International Copyright Act, 1886, 220 (footnote) Ireland Development Grant, 311 Irish Agricultural Organization Society, 162-165 Irish Council Bill, 1907, 192, 304 Irish Homestead, 165 Irish Members at Westminster. See Representation at Westminster Irish Universities Act, 1908, 153, 173 Isle of Man, finance of, 255, 288 Jamaica, 1, 284 James, Sir Henry, 330 Jebb, Richard, 117-118 Johannesburg, 131, 133 Judges, Irish, under Home Rule, 334-5; Exchequer Judges, 336 Judicial salaries, Ireland, 273

Kilmore, 114 Kitchener, Lord, 129 Kruger, President Paul, 124 Kyte, Ambrose, 114

Labourers (Ireland) Act, 1906, 153, 320 Labour questions, in Ireland, 170, 178 Lafontaine, Sir Louis, 103 Laing's Nek, 125 Lalor, Peter, 112-113 Land Acts, Irish, of 1870, 16-17, 68, 70-71, 151, 309; 1881, 16-17, 70, 103, 151, 309; 1885, 309; 1887, 70, 151; 1891, 70, 152, 309-310; 1896, 70, 152, 309; 1903, 71, 103, 152-153, 155, 310-321; 1909, 153, 311-321. See also Land Tenure, Land Purchase Land Commission, 70; cost and control of, 273, 303, 317-319 Land League, 70 Land Purchase in Ireland, Chapter XIV., 71, 151, 152-153, 177, 243, 285, 337; in Prince Edward Island, 75, 318 Land Tenure, in Ireland, 11-17, 51, 55-57, 65, 66-70, 143, 151-152, 177, 236-237; in America, 10, 15; in Prince Edward Island, 13, 75-76, 115, 143; in Upper Canada, 80; in Lower Canada, 84-85; in Australia, 115-116; in New Zealand, 116. See also Land Acts, Land Purchase Lanyon, Sir Owen, 124, 127 Law, Bonar, 293 Law Courts, Ireland, 334-335 Lecky, Professor W.H., Introduction, vi and ix, and 6, 13, 16, 19, 29, 49, 57, 183 Legislative Councils, in America, 23; in Upper Canada, 79, 81, 100-102; in Lower Canada, 79, 84, 100 Legislature, Irish, powers of, general, 213-229, 328-330; financial powers, Chapter XIII., and 317-321, 337; composition of, 330-334. For restrictions on, see also Safeguards for Minorities Legislatures, Colonial, powers and limitations of, general, 215-229. See also Constitutions, Federal Systems, and under names of Colonies Leinster, plantations in, 9 Lieutenant-Governors, in Dominion of Canada, 195, 221 Limerick, Treaty of, 12, 63 Local Government Board, cost of, 272 Local Government, working of, in Ireland, 103, 172-174 Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, 103, 154, 158 Local taxation, Ireland, 266; grants in aid of, 266-267, 311 Locker-Lampson, G., Introduction, vi, and 65 Londonderry, Lord, 61 Long, Walter, Introduction, x, xi, and 142, 152 Lord-Lieutenant, before the Union, 22-23, 32-33; under the Union, 64; under Home Rule, 192, 199, 219, 221, 266, 324-327, 328, 335 Louisburg, capture of, 73 Lyttelton, Mr. Alfred, 131-132, 135

MacDonnell, Lord, 61, 152, 304 Mackenzie, W.L., in Upper Canada, 74, 82, 86-87, 94, 105 McKenna, Sir J., 238 McManus, T.B., 115 Maine, 8 Majuba, 125, 128 Malta, 1 Manitoba, 331 Maritime Provinces, 72, 75, 88, 95, and Chapter V. See also Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island Maryland, 8-9, 21 Massachusetts, 8, 10, 22-23 (and footnote), 35 Meagher, T.F., 113-114 Melbourne, Lord, 94 Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, 220, 222 Mill, John Stuart, 67, 69, 89, 95 Milner, Lord, 129, 131, 138-139, 142 Miscellaneous revenue, Imperial, Ireland's share of, 286-287 Mitchel, John, 113-114 Molesworth, Sir William, 89, 93-94, 109 Molyneux, on Irish liberty, 31 Montreal, 74-75, 103 Montgomery, General, 35, 75 Moore, W. Harrison, author of "The Commonwealth of Australia," 219 Morgan's Riflemen, 73 Morley, Lord, his "Life of Gladstone," Introduction, x, and 109, 125; on Irish Members at Westminster, 209; on Clause 7 of the Bill of 1886, 326 Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast, 162, 175 Municipal Reform Act, 1840, 103 Munster, plantations in, 9 Murray, Miss A.E., 17, 235, 293

Natal, 140, 196 National Debt, Ireland's contribution to, 286-287, 337 Naturalization, 219, 220 (footnote), 329 Naval Agreement, 1911, 218 Navigation Acts, 17-18 Navies, Colonial. See Colonial Defence Forces Neilson, John, in Lower Canada, 85 Nelson, Wilfred, in Lower Canada, 85 Netherlands Government, 121 Neutrality, 219, 329 New Brunswick, Chapter V., and 72, 75-76, 88, 97, 194 New England, 9, 21, 120 Newfoundland, 73, 193-197, 288 New Haven, 8 New Netherlands, plantation of, 9 New South Wales, 106-107, 114, 117, 120, 194, 196; finance in, 297-298, 300 New Zealand, 106, 108, 115-117, 147, 193, 197, 217, 288 Ninety-two Resolutions, Lower Canada, 86 Nixon, Captain John, 35 North Carolina, 21 (footnote) Nova Scotia, Chapter V., and 72, 76, 88, 97, 102, 194

Oakboys, in Ulster, 16 O'Brien, Barry, 178, 213 O'Brien, Murrough, 253 O'Brien, Smith, 83, 103, 114, 171 O'Brien, William, 177, 181 O'Callaghan, Dr., in Lower Canada, 85 O'Connell, Daniel, 70-71, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 99, 123 O'Conor Don, the, 249 Octennial Act, 168, 357 O'Hara, James, 81 Old Age Pensions, 153, 178-179, 181, 273, 285, 291, 303 Oldham, Professor C.H., on Irish finance, 234, 262, 270 O'Loughlen, Sir Brian, in Victoria, 114 "Omnes Omnia" Clause, 209 Ontario, Province of, prior to 1867, See Canada; after 1867, see Canada, Confederation of, and 194, 196, 331 Orange Free State, 120, 123-124, 126, 135, 196, 285 Orange Society, in Ireland, 55, 137, 155, 184, 187; in Canada, 87, 103, 184; in Australia, 114, 184 O'Shanassy, Sir John, in Victoria, 114

Paley, Dr., Philosophy of, 59 Papineau, Louis, in Lower Canada, 47, 85-87, 94, 105 Parliamentary parties, Irish, 181-182 Parliament, Irish (pre-Union), 24, 43, 50-58, 61, 62; finance under, 230-231, 290 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 135, 151, 171 Patents, 219 Peace of Paris, 26 Peel, Sir Robert, on the Repeal of the Union, 91-92, 99, 236 Peep o' Day Boys, 55 Penal Code, 12-14, 26, 36, 55, 57, 65, 72, 156, 183, 308 Penn, William, 9 Pennsylvania, 9, 21 Pilkington, Mrs., 165 Pitt, William, 50, 53, 54, 62, 74, 96, 106, 135, 232 Plantations, of Ireland and America, 8-9 Plunkett House, 164 Plunkett, Sir Horace, 155, 159 (footnote), 160, 165 Police, Irish, present position and cost of, 253, 273; under Home Rule, 180, 219, 285, 334 Poor Law (Ireland), 71, 174 Port Phillip. See Victoria Postal Services, Irish, powers over, 220; loss on, 243, 275, 286 Poynings' Act, 24, 45 Preamble, Home Rule Bill, 323 Prince Edward Island, 13, 72, 74, 88, 97, 115. See also Land Tenure, Land Purchase Prize and Booty of War, 219, 329 Proportional Representation, 333 Proprietary Colonies of America, 10, 23 Public Works, Commissioners of, Ireland, 319-321, 337

Quakers, 9, 21 Quarterly Review, 99 Quebec, town of, 74 Quebec, Province of, prior to 1791, 72-78; from 1791 to 1867, see under names of Lower Canada and Canada; after 1867, see Canada, Confederation of, and 194, 196, 198-200, 208; present Constitution of, compared with Irish Home Rule, 198-200, 206, 209 Quebec Act, 1774, 73-74 Queensland, 109, 196; finance in, 297

Railways, Ireland, 71, 174 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 8 Rebellions, Irish, of 1798, 55, 56; of 1848, 83, 103 Recess Committee, action and report of, 155-162 Reciprocity Agreement, 293 Redmond, John, 141, 148, 156, 181, 341 Reform, Parliamentary (Ireland), 45-46, 50-58; Great Britain, 48, 53, 59, 88 Repeal of the Union, 70, 91 Representation at Westminster, of Ireland, 203-229, 284, 337; of American Colonies (proposals for), 34, 205; of Canada (proposals for), 77 Residuary powers, under Home Rule, 223. See also Federal Systems Retief, Piet, 122 Revenue, from Ireland. See Financial Relations, Estate Duties, Income Tax, Customs and Excise Revenue, "true" and "collected," method of estimating in United Kingdom, 242-246, 275-278 (and footnotes); in Australia, 242-246, 296 Revolution, Irish, 1780-2, Chapter II.; American, 1775, Chapter II Rhode Island, 8, 23 (footnote) Road Board, grants to Ireland, 274 Roebuck, J.A., 89, 90, 94 Rose, Holland, 75 Royal Assent, 221, 326-327 Ruskin, John, 106 Russell, George W., 165 Russell, Lord John, on Canada, 87, 90, 91, 92, 99, 100, 102, 221; on Australia, 109-110 Russell, T.W., 159 (and footnote) Rutland, Lord, 54, 77

Safeguards for Minorities, Ireland, 191, 223-225, 329-330; United States, 224, 329-330; Canada, 225; Australia, 225 St. Lawrence, River, 75 Salaberry, Colonel, 83 Sand River Convention, 1852, 123 Saunderson, Colonel, 156 (footnote), 215 (and footnote) Scotland, 104, 159 (footnote); Home Rule for, 200-203; revenue from, and expenditure on, 238, 242; police in, 253; education in, 269 Selborne, Lord, 142 Seventh Report of Grievances (Upper Canada), 82, 86 Seven Years' War, 26, 72 Sexton, T., 249 Shepstone, Sir T., 124 Sinn Fein, 168 Smith, Adam, 51 Smith, Sir Harry, 123 Socialism, in Ireland, Introduction, xiv, 144, 170 South Africa Act, 1909, citations from, 140-141, 323, 326, 332, 338 South African Colonies, history of, see Chapter VII., and under Cape of Good Hope, Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal; Federal Union, proposed (1859), 117, 123; Conference for Closer Union (1908), 140, 156-157; Union of 1909, 140-143, 196-197; see also South Africa Act, 1900, Constitutions, Federal Systems South Australia, 106-107, 116, 196; finance in, 297 Spanish Colonies, 25 Spirit duty, 234-235, 237-238, 244 Stamp Act (1765), and Revenue Duties (America), 27, 34-35, 72 Stanley, Lord, 90-92 Steelboys, in Ulster, 16 Subsidies, to Ireland, under Home Rule, 281-286, 337; to Colonies, 284-285; by Federal Governments to subordinate States or Provinces, 296-300, 304 Suez Canal shares, revenue from, 287 Supremacy of the Imperial Parliament, 204, 221-225, 323, 328 Supreme Court, of Australia, 196, 334-335; of South Africa, 197, 334-335; of Canada, 195, 334-335 Sutherland, Sir T., 249 Swift, Dean, 32 Switzerland, Federal Constitution of, 195, 331 Sydney Bulletin, 117, 143

Tariff Reform, opinion in Ireland on, 170; effect of, on Ireland, 289, 292-293; opinion of Professor Hewins on, for Ireland, 293-294 Tariffs. See Customs and Excise, Free Trade, Tariff Reform Tasmania, 106-107, 113, 196; finance in, 297-298, 300 Taxable capacity of Ireland: in 1800, 232; in 1894, 238-257; in 1911, 258-260 Technical Instruction, Ireland, 161, 175 Temperance Reform, Ireland, 177-178, 292 Tenant League, 70 Ten Resolutions (1837), 87 Territorials, Ireland, 118, 218 Thompson, Poulett, Lord Sydenham, 102 Titles, power of conferring, 219, 329 Tone, Wolfe, 54, 56, 57, 62, 73, 76, 86, 135 Toronto, 81 Townshend, Lord, 25, 32 Townshend, Charles, 27 Town Tenants Act, 153 Trade, external, of Ireland, 147-148, 291 Trade and Navigation, Colonial and Irish powers over, 220, 329 Trade-mark, Irish, 165; Colonial and Irish powers over, 219 Transvaal, Introduction, xiv, 120, 123-143, 196, 318, 336, and whole of Chapter VII. See also South African Colonies, Constitutions Treason, 219, 329 Treasury, Committee on Land Purchase, 1908, 311; Returns (Financial Relations), 242-246, 259-260, 264-279 Treaties, power of making, 219, 329 Trek, the Great, 120-123, 128, 133 Trimleston, Lord, 25

Ulster, plantation of, 8, 9; land tenure in, 15, 52, 55-7; emigration from, 15, 19-20, 31, 186; Orange Society in (see Orange Society); comparison with Canadian minorities, 92, 97-9, 100-2, 214; with Transvaal minority, 139, 186, 214; views of, with regard to representation at Westminster, 214-215; under Home Rule, Introduction, x, xii, 170, 182-187, 302, 333 Ulster Custom. See Ulster, Land Tenure in "Umpirage," of Great Britain, in Canada, 101, 155; in Ireland, 155, 208 "Undertakers," 25, 81 Union, of Ireland and Great Britain, Chapter IV.; compared with that of the two Canadas, Introduction, viii, 77-78, 96-104, 106, 192, 194, 198, 200-201; of the Canadas (see Canada) United Empire Loyalists, 74-75, 80 United Irishmen, 54, 56, 76 United States, relations with Canada, 80, 87, 92, 101; emigration to, from Ireland, 111, 148; feeling towards Ireland, 148-149; Constitution of, 193-195. See also Federal Systems, Constitutions, Safeguards for Minorities, Customs, and Excise Universities, Irish, 153, 273, 329 Upper Chamber, Irish, under Home Rule, 331-332. See also Federal Systems

Van Diemen's Land. See Tasmania Vereeniging, Peace of, 129 Victoria, Chapter V., and 106-107, 114-115, 194, 196, 198, 208; finance in, 297 Virginia, 8, 22 Volksraad, 124 Volunteers, Ireland (1778-1783), 37, 44-45, 52, 54, 60-61, 73, 103, 135, 187, 230. See also Territorials

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, in Canada, 89, 94-95, 104; in Australia, 108-109, 116 Wakefield, Vicar of, 107 Wales, Home Rule for, 199-200 War and Peace, power of making, 219, 329 Washington, General George, 40 Welby, Lord, on Anglo-Irish finance, 249-256, 280-281, 282, 293 Wellington, Duke of, on Ireland and Canada, 70, 88, 90, 126 Wentworth, William, in Australia, 107, 114, 120 Western Australia, 106-108, 115, 196, and Chapter V. West Indies, banishment of Irish to, 9; grants-in-aid to, 284 Whiteboys, 16, 51, 56, 67, 107 Willcocks, Stephen, in Upper Canada, 82 William IV., on Canada, 99 Williams, Basil, Editor of "Home Rule Problems," Introduction, xiv, 203 Wills Act, 1861, 222 (footnote) Wilmot, Samuel, in New Brunswick, 88 Wyndham, George, 152; his Land Act of 1903, 71, 152, 310, etc.

Young, Arthur, on Ireland, 14, 32, 69 Young Ireland movement, 71, 114, 135