SECTION VI.

What is the condition of the interior of the earth with respect to heat?

How do the observations made in deep mines and wells prove this?

How far is the temperature influenced from the surface?

What is the general law of increment of temperature?

At what depth would most mineral substances be melted?

How is this conclusion confirmed?

What was probably the original state of the mass of the earth?

What other explanation may be given of this interior heat?

What is the elastic force upon which volcanic phenomena depend?

Upon what does the fluidity of lava depend?

Upon what does its porous structure, when cooled, depend?

Why are volcanoes situated near the sea?

Describe the principal lines of volcanic activity.

What are the forces tending to repress the elasticity of the mass below?

What will be the effect when the elastic is greater than the repressing force?

What produces the phenomena of the earthquake?

What is a volcano?

Why are volcanoes generally arranged a linear direction?

Under what circumstances will a new volcano be formed?

What instances are cited?

How is a volcanic cone formed?

Why are lateral cones produced?

How are volcanic cinders formed? Scoriæ? Volcanic glass?

Give instances of fractures as results of volcanic action. How are dikes formed?

By what agency have the changes in the metamorphic rocks been effected?

Give the instance of metamorphic action from intrusive granite in Norway.

What instance is given as occurring in New Hampshire?

Give the experiment by which it is shown that these changes will result from a high temperature.

What must be the condition of the lowest stratified rocks in regard to temperature?

Why is not the stratification destroyed?

What changes are produced by this high temperature?

Explain the connection of denudation and earthquake action.

What is the evidence that the surface of the earth is thrown into undulations during earthquakes?

What is the velocity of these undulations?

Give the instance which occurred in Chili.

To what parts of the earth are these undulations limited?

What condition of the surface may be regarded as resulting from this cause?

What is the class of rocks most obviously referable to volcanic agency?

How do the trap rocks differ from ordinary lavas?

Why are they not vesicular?

Why more crystalline?

Why were cones never formed?

What is the proof that the granitic rocks have once been in a melted state?

Why does not the mass of melted rock below the surface retain permanently its liquid form?

Why does it, on cooling, become more crystalline than lava?

State the process by which mountains are formed.

By what law does the elevating force accumulate?

Why, then, is the process of elevation spasmodic, and not constant?

How is the inclined position of strata produced?

How are strata brought into a vertical position over large areas?

Why do subsidences occasionally follow these movements of elevation? Mention instances.

What explanation is suggested of deep and extensive chasms?

What conditions must exist together, in the force by which continents are produced?

What cause fulfils these conditions?

What is the proof that the temperature under given localities is variable?

What will be the result of these variations?

What is the law of expansion of rocks, as obtained by experiment?

What amount of change of level may be thus accounted for?

What circumstances would probably increase this amount?

What amount of vertical movement must be accounted for?

Why must these changes of level be very slow?

Under what conditions would there be no change of level?

Is it probable that these conditions exist to any great extent?

Why, then, are not the changes of level observed?

Why is the bed of the sea most likely to experience the change of elevation?

Why are the continents most favorably situated to undergo depression?

What are the sources of heat upon which climate depends?

Does the interior temperature sensibly affect the present climates?

What cause may be assigned for the changes of climate which are known to have taken place?

What are the relations of land by which the highest temperature would be produced?

How would this distribution of land affect the temperature of the waters of the ocean?

What would result if the opposite relations of land and water existed?

What confirmation of these conclusions is drawn from the existing climates of different parts of the earth?

Is there any reason to suppose that the relations of land and water which would have produced a warmer climate in former times did not exist?