The Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, B.c.

Section 1.--History and Construction

Introduction

This description of the observatory, its equipment and work has been written by the director in response to a need, frequently expressed by the numerous visitors to the institution, of a non-technical account of the principles of the telescope and of the work of the institution. This account will commence by a short historical sketch of the beginnings of the undertaking followed by a description of the observatory and telescope and concluded by a resume of its work.

Historical Sketch

This observatory is a branch of the Department of the Interior of the Federal Government, the department which has charge of the administration of the western lands of the Dominion. In the colonization of these lands, one of the obvious first needs was a survey of the boundaries and subdivision into townships and sections. This need led to the organization of a surveys branch of the department and out of the necessity of accurate astronomical observations to delimit the boundaries and define the position of the base lines for subdivision work arose the astronomical branch. The first Chief Astronomer of Canada, the late Dr. W. F. King, was a man of sterling integrity and remarkable ability and to his genius must be ascribed in large degree the present development of astronomy in Canada. As Chief Astronomer and H. M. Commissioner of International Boundaries, he early realized the need of an observatory for an initial meridian, for housing and standardizing the instruments, and for some astronomical research. He was successful in having the fine Dominion Observatory erected on the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, in 1905 which housed the Astronomical Branch, the staff of the International Boundary Surveys and later the Geodetic Survey of Canada, of which he was the first superintendent.

The Dominion Observatory was equipped with a 15-inch refractor provided with micrometer, photometer, solar and stellar cameras, and spectrograph. The writer was entrusted with the work with this telescope and the spectroscopic work especially was energetically developed and helped, with the other activities of the institution, to bring gratifying recognition from the scientific world. The need of a larger aperture for extending this part of the work was soon realized by the writer and was brought to the attention of the Government. After some delays, owing to various circumstances, it was finally decided early in 1913 to provide a large reflector for extending the work. Enquiries were at once made, specifications prepared and estimates obtained from prospective makers of the instrument. Contracts were finally awarded in October 1913 to the John A. Brashear Co. of Pittsburgh for the optical parts and to the Warner & Swasey Co. of Cleveland for the mechanical parts of a 72-inch reflecting telescope.

Location

It was necessary to know the location of the instrument before the design of the mounting could be completed as the angle of the polar axis depends upon the latitude of the site. When the new telescope was first proposed there was no thought of locating elsewhere than at the seat of government at Ottawa. However, upon further consideration it was decided that the telescope should be located where, in Canada, the best observing conditions prevailed. To determine this location preliminary selection of five likely stations was made by the aid of Sir Frederic Stupart, chief of the Meteorological Service from the meteorological records. These stations, at Ottawa, at Medicine Hat, at Banff, at Penticton, and at Victoria were occupied by Mr. W. E. Harper, astronomer at Ottawa and the astronomical conditions were observed by means of a 4.5-inch telescope. Victoria was unmistakably superior in “seeing” or defining power, in low diurnal and seasonal range of temperature and about equal so far as quantity of clear sky is concerned. For such a large telescope as a 72-inch there could be no question of the marked astronomical advantages of such a location, and it was therefore decided to locate the telescope at Victoria. While the observatory should not be in the city itself it should not be too far away, not only on account of accessibility and facility in obtaining supplies, but also the advantageous conditions of good seeing, low diurnal range of temperature and small rainfall were confined to a relatively small area near Victoria. An isolated monadnock called locally Little Saanich Mountain but now named Observatory Hill, was selected. This hill is about 7 miles north of Victoria and has a main road and an interurban railway passing its base. It has an elevation of 730 feet, sufficient area around the summit for all necessary buildings and was by far the most suitable site available.

Construction

The Provincial Government had generously agreed to give $10,000 for the purchase of a site and to build a road to the summit. This undertaking was fully met and the road, splendidly located and constructed and costing over $25,000, was completed in the spring of 1915. Contracts for the construction of the telescope pier and the circular steel walls of the building were awarded to a local firm and this work was completed in 1916. The revolving dome with accessories for the operation of the telescope was made by the Warner & Swasey Co., the builders of the telescope mounting, and was completed and erected in 1916, thus making the building ready for the telescope.

The design of the mounting was very carefully gone into by the Warner & Swasey Co. in collaboration with the writer and was completed in the autumn of 1914. Construction was at once begun and the mounting was completed and temporarily erected at Cleveland in May 1916. It was then shipped to Victoria and permanently erected in its building by November 1916.

The order for the large disc for the 72-inch mirror and for an auxiliary flat of 55 inches diameter for testing the 72-inch was given to the St. Gobain Glass Works of Paris by the Jno. A. Brashear Co. as soon as the contract was awarded. The 72-inch disc was cast and annealed by June 1914 and was fortunately shipped at once without waiting for the 55-inch disc. It left Antwerp only about a week before war was declared and it was only by this small margin that Canada now has a 72-inch telescope. Grinding and polishing were at once begun but the lack of the large flat and other difficulties delayed the completion and it was not until April 1918, about a year and a half after the completion of the mounting, that the figuring was finally completed and the telescope ready for work. Nevertheless, for an undertaking of such magnitude the work was completed in record time, four and a half years after the awarding of the contracts.

Section 2.--the Building and Dome

The Observatory Building

The building for housing a large reflecting telescope requires to be of special design for the best results. It should not rise above the shade temperature during the day and should rapidly assume and follow the external temperature at night. Such materials as brick or stone are obviously not suitable and all recent telescope buildings are entirely of metallic construction in order to assume quickly the night temperature, and of double-walled, ventilated type to prevent overheating from the sun’s rays. The building for the 72-inch telescope is entirely of steel construction, circular in form, 66 feet in external diameter and with vertical walls 32 feet high. A view from the south is given in the Frontispiece and from the north in Fig. 1, showing the city of Victoria and the straits of Juan de Fuca in the background. An external and internal covering of galvanized iron separated by about 16 inches allows free circulation of air from a peripheral opening at the base up through a similar double walled dome and out of louvres at the top. The ground floor of Terrazo is laid directly on the rock base and the observing floor 22 feet above this is formed of steel girders and checkered steel plate. In the centre of the ground floor rises the massive pier to support the telescope, of reinforced concrete and symmetrical tapering form. The pier is actually double, united below the observing floor by a massive reinforced arch and extending above the floor as two piers (see Fig. 2) one for each end of the polar axis. Temporary partitions on the ground floor provide a dark room, sleeping room, and temporary office quarters.

The Dome

This circular steel building is capped by a circular plate supported by massive girders on which is placed a curved railroad iron rail turned and adjusted perfectly level and circular. The hemispherical dome turns on this rail on 24 massive wheels mounted on roller bearings and is rotated by an electric motor mechanism operated by reversing switches on each side of the south pier. The framework of this dome, which is 66 feet in external diameter and about 38 feet high, the lower 5 feet being cylindrical, consists essentially of a circular base to which the bearing wheels are attached and two double, very deep and rigid main ribs, one of which can be seen in Fig. 3, 16 feet apart in the clear and extending parallel to each other entirely across the dome. These are united 6 feet beyond the zenith by a cross girder and this opening, which can be revolved to any azimuth and can be closed by double motor operated shutters, enables the telescope to observe at any part of the sky. Auxiliary circular ribs reaching from the base ring up to the main ribs all around the dome except at the shutter opening, form the support for the double steel covering of 12 inches separation. This ventilating space is united through suitable weather guards with the space between the building walls and forms the protection against overheating by the sun in the day time.

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